In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random vari...In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random variables,and another is for sub-orthogonal random variables.Both extend the strong law of large numbers for independent random variables under sublinear expectations to the non-independent case.展开更多
The complete convergence for weighted sums of sequences of independent,identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space is studied.By moment inequality and truncation methods,we establish the...The complete convergence for weighted sums of sequences of independent,identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space is studied.By moment inequality and truncation methods,we establish the equivalent conditions of complete convergence for weighted sums of sequences of independent,identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space.The results complement the corresponding results in probability space to those for sequences of independent,identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space.展开更多
Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the health expectations(HEs)in patients with diabetes and the factors affecting it using an integrative systematic review.Methods:A comprehensive literature search wa...Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the health expectations(HEs)in patients with diabetes and the factors affecting it using an integrative systematic review.Methods:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases including PubMed,Scopus,Science Direct,Google Scholar,ProQuest,CINAHL,SID,Iran Doc,and Magiran without time limitation using related keywords.The systematic literature search was performed using a guide provided by York University.Results:From a total of 1883 articles,17 of them finally met the eligibility criteria.According to the findings of this study,HE of diabetic patients was included in four categories:“dynamism,”“consequentialism,”“comprehensive care,”and“access to facilities.”Also,these expectations can be influenced by various factors,including“developments in societies,”“changing the conditions of health care systems,”and“individual factors.”Conclusions:Health professionals should pay attention to the expectations of diabetic patients who are involved in complex disease conditions and consider meeting them as a key factor in providing patient-centered care,improving health outcomes,and patient satisfaction.展开更多
The estimation of the probability of informed trading(PIN)model and its extensions poses significant challenges owing to various computational problems.To address these issues,we propose a novel estimation method call...The estimation of the probability of informed trading(PIN)model and its extensions poses significant challenges owing to various computational problems.To address these issues,we propose a novel estimation method called the expectation-conditional-maximization(ECM)algorithm,which can serve as an alternative to the existing methods for estimating PIN models.Our method provides optimal estimates for the original PIN model as well as two of its extensions:the multilayer PIN model and the adjusted PIN model,along with its restricted versions.Our results indicate that estimations using the ECM algorithm are generally faster,more accurate,and more memory-efficient than the standard methods used in the literature,making it a robust alternative.More importantly,the ECM algorithm is not limited to the models discussed and can be easily adapted to estimate future extensions of the PIN model.展开更多
This study investigated the relationship between parental cognitive ability and child logical reasoning ability,and the role of academic expectation and family environment in that relationship.Based on the 2020 China ...This study investigated the relationship between parental cognitive ability and child logical reasoning ability,and the role of academic expectation and family environment in that relationship.Based on the 2020 China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data,1491 children(girls ratio=53.78%;average grade=6.023 years,school grade standard deviation=1.825 years).Results following multiple regression model(OLS)show that the higher the parental cognitive ability,the higher the children’s logical reasoning ability.Secondly,parental academic expectation serves as a mediator between their cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability for higher logical reasoning by children.Third,a possible family environment acts as a mediator in the relationship between parents’cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability to be higher.We conclude from thesefindings that parents with high cognitive abilities can enhance their children’s logical reasoning skills not only by setting higher academic expectations,but also by cultivating a supportive family environment.Thesefindings imply a need for intervention to improve family quality of life to enhance children’s thinking abilities to optimize their academic learning.展开更多
Employees’innovative performance determines an organization’s innovation,which critically impacts its structural optimization and sustainability.Applying expectancy theory,we examined how and when the Pygmalion effe...Employees’innovative performance determines an organization’s innovation,which critically impacts its structural optimization and sustainability.Applying expectancy theory,we examined how and when the Pygmalion effect occurs in the relationship between leaders’expectations of innovation and employee innovative behavior.Our sample comprised 201 frontline employees(female=31.84%;mean age=41.48 years,SD=7.97 years)in a Chinese coal enterprise,who completed surveys on innovation expectations of leaders,expected positive performance outcomes,innovative self-efficacy and innovative behavior.The results revealed that employees’expected positive performance outcomes mediated the positive relationship between leaders’innovation expectations and their innovative behavior.Employees’innovative self-efficacy positively moderated the relationship between their expected positive performance outcomes and innovative behavior,with this relationship being stronger for employees with high innovative self-efficacy.Moreover,we validated the moderated mediation model.Findings suggest that leaders can stimulate employee innovative behavior through expressing expectations and they also need to consider the boundary conditions.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to investigate the learning expectations of undergraduate nursing students regarding the flipped Health Assessment course.Methods:This descriptive,qualitative study was conducted at a medica...Objective:This study aimed to investigate the learning expectations of undergraduate nursing students regarding the flipped Health Assessment course.Methods:This descriptive,qualitative study was conducted at a medical university in Fuzhou,Fujian Province,China.An interview outline was designed based on the core dimensions of Expectation Confirmation Theory(expectation sources,expectation content,and expectation importance).Thirty second-year undergraduate nursing students who had completed first-year basic medical courses and were about to take the flipped Health Assessment course were interviewed between June and July 2022.Interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results:Five major themes and thirteen subthemes were identified.Theme 1 was expectation sourcesperceived learning difficulties from past experiences,which included four subthemes:insufficient autonomous learning ability,confusion regarding learning methods,insufficient engagement in learning,and low professional identity.Theme 2 included knowledge and information expectations,which comprised three subthemes:knowledge to improve professional competence,knowledge to enhance academic competitiveness,and knowledge to boost self-efficacy.Theme 3 comprised logical expectations and included two subthemes:flexible teaching methods and efficient instructional tools.Theme 4,pleasure expectations,included two subthemes:vivid teaching styles and diversified teaching evaluations.Theme 5 comprised professional value expectations and included two subthemes:teachers'responsible professional attitudes and gentle emotional support.Conclusion:Students'learning expectations originate from perceived learning difficulties,such as insufficient learning autonomy and engagement,confusion about learning methods,and a lack of professional identity.They showed various learning expectations for the flipped Health Assessment course,including knowledge and information,logic,pleasure,and professional value expectations.展开更多
Assume that{a_(i),−∞<i<∞}is an absolutely summable sequence of real numbers.We establish the complete q-order moment convergence for the partial sums of moving average processes{X_(n)=Σ_(i=−∞)^(∞)a_(i)Y_(i+...Assume that{a_(i),−∞<i<∞}is an absolutely summable sequence of real numbers.We establish the complete q-order moment convergence for the partial sums of moving average processes{X_(n)=Σ_(i=−∞)^(∞)a_(i)Y_(i+n),n≥1}under some proper conditions,where{Yi,-∞<i<∞}is a doubly infinite sequence of negatively dependent random variables under sub-linear expectations.These results extend and complement the relevant results in probability space.展开更多
In this study, we aim to understand the characteristics of online group-buying consumers and to investigate salient factors which influence the continuance intention of online group-buying platforms （OGBP） to bridge...In this study, we aim to understand the characteristics of online group-buying consumers and to investigate salient factors which influence the continuance intention of online group-buying platforms （OGBP） to bridge this knowledge gap. An expectation-confirmation model of information systems （IS） continuance is adapted to construct a research model in online group-buying contexts. A total of 289 complete and valid responses were collected. Our findings contribute to academics and practitioners in two ways： Firstly, our respondents show that they are young （93% of the respondents＇ ages range between 19 and 28 years old）, female （88% of the respondents）, and thrifty （82% of the respondents＇ transaction amounts are below US$16）. Secondly, based on our results, price performance expectations have a direct impact on confirmation. In addition, in contrast to the IS continuance model （Bhattacherjee, 2001）, the effect of perceived usefulness on satisfaction is not supported. Thus, in online group-buying settings, confirmation is the key antecedent of satisfaction. Satisfaction and perceived usefulness are significantly associated with OGBP continuance intention. Consequently, in addition to offering a wide assortment of merchandise and a convenient online shopping experience to enhance customers＇ perceived usefulness of OGBP, OGBP managers should aim low-price marketing strategies at this female, young, thrifty and price-sensitive segment to transcend consumers＇ price expectations and attract consumers＇ continued intention to visit OGBP.展开更多
The "expectations gap" signifies the differences between what the public expects from an audit and what the auditing profession prefers the audit objectives to be.Although the gap exists,it seems that the pr...The "expectations gap" signifies the differences between what the public expects from an audit and what the auditing profession prefers the audit objectives to be.Although the gap exists,it seems that the professions trust that it could be eliminated.In this paper,further evidence was provided to deny the above point by exploring the inevitability nature and the structure of the audit expectation gap.In addition,the author concludes that expectations gap cannot be eliminated;instead,the only thing can be done is to narrow down the gap.展开更多
Limit theorems for non-additive probabilities or non-linear expectations are challenging issues which have attracted a lot of interest recently.The purpose of this paper is to study the strong law of large numbers and...Limit theorems for non-additive probabilities or non-linear expectations are challenging issues which have attracted a lot of interest recently.The purpose of this paper is to study the strong law of large numbers and the law of the iterated logarithm for a sequence of random variables in a sub-linear expectation space under a concept of extended independence which is much weaker and easier to verify than the independence proposed by Peng[20].We introduce a concept of extended negative dependence which is an extension of the kind of weak independence and the extended negative independence relative to classical probability that has appeared in the recent literature.Powerful tools such as moment inequality and Kolmogorov’s exponential inequality are established for these kinds of extended negatively independent random variables,and these tools improve a lot upon those of Chen,Chen and Ng[1].The strong law of large numbers and the law of iterated logarithm are also obtained by applying these inequalities.展开更多
We give a definition of relative entropy with respect to a sublinear expectation and establish large deviation principle for the empirical measures for independent random variables under the sublinear expectation.
Efficient massive MIMO detection for practical deployment, which is with spatially correlated channel and high-order modulation, is a challenging topic for the fifth generation mobile communication(5 G). In this paper...Efficient massive MIMO detection for practical deployment, which is with spatially correlated channel and high-order modulation, is a challenging topic for the fifth generation mobile communication(5 G). In this paper, we propose a lattice reduction aided expectation propagation(LRA-EP) algorithm for massive MIMO detection. LRA-EP applies expectation propagation in lattice reduced MIMO system to approach the distribution of lattice reduced constellation point by iterative refinement on its parameters(mean and covariance). The parameter refinement is based on the lattice reduced, well-conditioned MIMO channel. Numerical result shows that LRA-EP outperforms classic EP based MIMO detection(EPD) with 5～7 dB in terms of required signalto-noise ratio(SNR) for 1% packet error rate in spatially correlated channel for 256-QAM. We also show that LRA-EP has lower computation complexity than EPD.展开更多
Energy spectra of neutrons are important for identification of unknown neutron sources and for determination of the equivalent dose. Although standard energy spectra of neutrons are available in some situations, e.g.,...Energy spectra of neutrons are important for identification of unknown neutron sources and for determination of the equivalent dose. Although standard energy spectra of neutrons are available in some situations, e.g., for some radiotherapy treatment machines, they are unknown in other cases, e.g., for photoneutrons created in radiotherapy rooms and neutrons generated in nuclear reactors. In situations where neutron energy spectra need to be determined, unfolding the required neutron energy spectra using the Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS) and nested neutron spectrometer (NNS) has been found promising. However, without any prior knowledge on the spectra, the unfolding process has remained a tedious task. In this work, a standalone numerical tool named ‘‘NRUunfold’’ was developed which could satisfactorily unfold neutron spectra for BSS or NNS, or any other systems using similar detection methodology. A generic and versatile algorithm based on maximum-likelihood expectation– maximization method was developed and benchmarked against the widely used STAY’SL algorithm which was based on the least squares method. The present method could output decent results in the absence of precisely calculated initial guess, although it was also remarked that employment of exceptionally bizarre initial spectra could lead to some unreasonable output spectra. The neutron count rates computed using the manufacturer’s response functions were used for sensitivity studies. The present NRUunfold code could be useful for neutron energy spectrum unfolding for BSS or NNS applications in the absence of a precisely calculated initial guess.展开更多
This paper has two aims. The first one is to investigate the existence of chaotic structures in the oil prices, expectations of investors and stock returns by combining the Lyapunov exponent and Kolmogorov entropy, an...This paper has two aims. The first one is to investigate the existence of chaotic structures in the oil prices, expectations of investors and stock returns by combining the Lyapunov exponent and Kolmogorov entropy, and the second one is to analyze the dependence behavior of oil prices, expectations of investors and stock returns from January 02, 1990, to June06, 2017. Lyapunov exponents and Kolmogorov entropy determined that the oil price and the stock return series exhibited chaotic behavior. TAR-TR-GARCH and TAR-TR-TGARCH copula methods were applied to study the co-movement among the selected variables. The results showed significant evidence of nonlinear tail dependence between the volatility of the oil prices, the expectations of investors and the stock returns. Further, upper and lower tail dependence and comovement between the analyzed series could not be rejected. Moreover, the TAR-TR-GARCH and TAR-TR-TGARCH copula methods revealed that the volatility of oil price had crucial effects on the stock returns and on the expectations of investors in the long run.展开更多
The concept of double conditional expectation is introduced.A series of properties for the double conditional expectation are obtained several convergence theorems and Jensen inequality are proved.Finally we discuss t...The concept of double conditional expectation is introduced.A series of properties for the double conditional expectation are obtained several convergence theorems and Jensen inequality are proved.Finally we discuss the special cases and application for double conditional expectation.展开更多
The character and an algorithm about DRVIP（ discrete random variable with interval probability） and the secured kind DRVFP （discrete random variable with crisp event-fuzzy probability） are researched. Using the fu...The character and an algorithm about DRVIP（ discrete random variable with interval probability） and the secured kind DRVFP （discrete random variable with crisp event-fuzzy probability） are researched. Using the fuzzy resolution theorem, the solving mathematical expectation of a DRVFP can be translated into solving mathematical expectation of a series of RVIP. It is obvious that solving mathematical expectation of a DRVIP is a typical linear programming problem. A very functional calculating formula for solving mathematical expectation of DRVIP was obtained by using the Dantzig＇s simplex method. The example indicates that the result obtained by using the functional calculating formula fits together completely with the result obtained by using the linear programming method, but the process using the formula deduced is simpler.展开更多
AIM To investigate whether minority ethnicity and the duration of education influence preoperative disability and expectations in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.METHODS We prospectively included 829 patie...AIM To investigate whether minority ethnicity and the duration of education influence preoperative disability and expectations in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.METHODS We prospectively included 829 patients undergoing primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty(TKA) from April 2013 to December 2014 at a single centre. Patients filled in pre-operative questionnaires with information regarding place of birth, duration of education, expectations for outcome of surgery and baseline characteristics. Patients were stratified based on ethnicity. Majority ethnicity was defined as born inthe study country and minority ethnicity was defined as born in any other country. Similarly, patients were stratified based on duration of education in groups defined as < 9 years, 9-12 years and > 12 years, respectively.RESULTS We found that 92.2% of patients were of majority ethnicity. We found that 24.5%, 44.8% and 30.8% of patients had an education of < 9 years, 9-12 years and > 12 years, respectively. The mean preoperative(preOP) oxford knee score(OKS) in the total population was 23.6. Patients of minority ethnicity had lower mean pre-OP OKS(18.6 vs 23.9, P < 0.001), higher pain levels(VAS 73.0 vs 58.7, P < 0.001), expected higher levels of post-OP pain(VAS 14.1 vs 6.1, P = 0.02) and of overall symptoms(VAS 16.6 vs 6.4, P = 0.006). Patients with > 12 years education had lower mean pre-OP OKS(21.5 vs 23.8 and 24.6, P < 0.001) and higher pre-OP VAS pain(65.4 vs 59.2 and 56.4, P < 0.001) compared to groups with shorter education. One year post-operative(post-OP) patients of minority ethnicity had lower mean OKS, higher pain and lower QoL. One year post-OP patients with > 12 years education reported higher pain compared to patients with shorter educations. However, the response-rate was low(44.6%), and therefore post-OP results were not considered to be significant.CONCLUSION Minority ethnicity and the duration of education influ-ence preoperative disability and expectation in patients undergoing TKA. This should be taken into account when patients are advised pre-operatively.展开更多
The neutron spectrum unfolding by Bonner sphere spectrometer(BSS) is considered a complex multidimensional model,which requires complex mathematical methods to solve the first kind of Fredholm integral equation. In or...The neutron spectrum unfolding by Bonner sphere spectrometer(BSS) is considered a complex multidimensional model,which requires complex mathematical methods to solve the first kind of Fredholm integral equation. In order to solve the problem of the maximum likelihood expectation maximization(MLEM) algorithm which is easy to suffer the pitfalls of local optima and the particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm which is easy to get unreasonable flight direction and step length of particles, which leads to the invalid iteration and affect efficiency and accuracy, an improved PSO-MLEM algorithm, combined of PSO and MLEM algorithm, is proposed for neutron spectrum unfolding. The dynamic acceleration factor is used to balance the ability of global and local search, and improves the convergence speed and accuracy of the algorithm. Firstly, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulated the BSS to obtain the response function and count rates of BSS. In the simulation of count rate, four reference spectra from the IAEA Technical Report Series No. 403 were used as input parameters of the Monte Carlo method. The PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the neutron spectrum of the simulated data and was verified by the difference of the unfolded spectrum to the reference spectrum. Finally, the 252Cf neutron source was measured by BSS, and the PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the experimental neutron spectrum.Compared with maximum entropy deconvolution(MAXED), PSO and MLEM algorithm, the PSO-MLEM algorithm has fewer parameters and automatically adjusts the dynamic acceleration factor to solve the problem of local optima. The convergence speed of the PSO-MLEM algorithm is 1.4 times and 3.1 times that of the MLEM and PSO algorithms. Compared with PSO, MLEM and MAXED, the correlation coefficients of PSO-MLEM algorithm are increased by 33.1%, 33.5% and 1.9%, and the relative mean errors are decreased by 98.2%, 97.8% and 67.4%.展开更多
Objective:To assess the correlation between expectations of recovery and whiplash patients' perceptions of injury severity using a simplified instrument.Expectations of recovery have been shown to predict rate of ...Objective:To assess the correlation between expectations of recovery and whiplash patients' perceptions of injury severity using a simplified instrument.Expectations of recovery have been shown to predict rate of recovery from whiplash injury in population-based studies.The perception of having more severe pathology or more ominous diagnostic labels has also been associated with a worse prognosis.Methods:Consecutive patients with whiplash-associated disorder grade 1 or 2,presenting in the acute stage to a primary care centre,were asked "do you think that your injury will…" with response options "get better soon;get better slowly;never get better;don't know." Injury severity perception (ISP) was measured with a numerical rating scale which ranged from 0-10,on which subjects were asked to rate how severe (in terms of damage) they thought their injury was.The anchors were labeled "no damage" (0) and "severe,and maybe permanent damage" (10).The primary outcome measure was the correlation between the subject's ISP score and expectation of recovery.Results:A total of 94 subjects (34 males,60 females,and mean age (40.6±10.0) years,range 19-60 years) were included.The initial responses to expectation of recovery were:get better soon (29/94);get better slowly (22/94);never get better (11/94);don't know (32/94).The mean ISP score was 4.9±1.7 (range 2-9 out of 10).There was a high correlation between expectations and ISP scores (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 0.68).Those who expected to recover soon and those who expected to get better slowly had the lowest ISP scores.Conclusions:The more slowly whiplash patients expect to recover,or the less sure they are of recovery,the more severe their initial perceptions of injury.展开更多
文摘In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random variables,and another is for sub-orthogonal random variables.Both extend the strong law of large numbers for independent random variables under sublinear expectations to the non-independent case.
基金supported by Doctoral Scientific Research Starting Foundation of Jingdezhen Ceramic University(Grant No.102/01003002031)Re-accompanying Funding Project of Academic Achievements of Jingdezhen Ceramic University(Grant Nos.215/20506277,215/20506341)。
文摘The complete convergence for weighted sums of sequences of independent,identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space is studied.By moment inequality and truncation methods,we establish the equivalent conditions of complete convergence for weighted sums of sequences of independent,identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space.The results complement the corresponding results in probability space to those for sequences of independent,identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space.
基金supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran(no.9711199007).
文摘Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the health expectations(HEs)in patients with diabetes and the factors affecting it using an integrative systematic review.Methods:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases including PubMed,Scopus,Science Direct,Google Scholar,ProQuest,CINAHL,SID,Iran Doc,and Magiran without time limitation using related keywords.The systematic literature search was performed using a guide provided by York University.Results:From a total of 1883 articles,17 of them finally met the eligibility criteria.According to the findings of this study,HE of diabetic patients was included in four categories:“dynamism,”“consequentialism,”“comprehensive care,”and“access to facilities.”Also,these expectations can be influenced by various factors,including“developments in societies,”“changing the conditions of health care systems,”and“individual factors.”Conclusions:Health professionals should pay attention to the expectations of diabetic patients who are involved in complex disease conditions and consider meeting them as a key factor in providing patient-centered care,improving health outcomes,and patient satisfaction.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)[grant no 122K637].
文摘The estimation of the probability of informed trading(PIN)model and its extensions poses significant challenges owing to various computational problems.To address these issues,we propose a novel estimation method called the expectation-conditional-maximization(ECM)algorithm,which can serve as an alternative to the existing methods for estimating PIN models.Our method provides optimal estimates for the original PIN model as well as two of its extensions:the multilayer PIN model and the adjusted PIN model,along with its restricted versions.Our results indicate that estimations using the ECM algorithm are generally faster,more accurate,and more memory-efficient than the standard methods used in the literature,making it a robust alternative.More importantly,the ECM algorithm is not limited to the models discussed and can be easily adapted to estimate future extensions of the PIN model.
基金supported by scientific research fund of Jiangxi Provincial Social Sciences“14th Five-Year Plan”(No.23SH05).
文摘This study investigated the relationship between parental cognitive ability and child logical reasoning ability,and the role of academic expectation and family environment in that relationship.Based on the 2020 China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data,1491 children(girls ratio=53.78%;average grade=6.023 years,school grade standard deviation=1.825 years).Results following multiple regression model(OLS)show that the higher the parental cognitive ability,the higher the children’s logical reasoning ability.Secondly,parental academic expectation serves as a mediator between their cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability for higher logical reasoning by children.Third,a possible family environment acts as a mediator in the relationship between parents’cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability to be higher.We conclude from thesefindings that parents with high cognitive abilities can enhance their children’s logical reasoning skills not only by setting higher academic expectations,but also by cultivating a supportive family environment.Thesefindings imply a need for intervention to improve family quality of life to enhance children’s thinking abilities to optimize their academic learning.
基金funded by“National Natural Science Foundation of China”grant number[71872119]“Shanxi Provincial Government Major Decision-making Consulting Project”grant number[ZB20240114]The APC was funded by“Shanxi Provincial Government Major Decision-making Consulting Project”grant number[ZB20240114].
文摘Employees’innovative performance determines an organization’s innovation,which critically impacts its structural optimization and sustainability.Applying expectancy theory,we examined how and when the Pygmalion effect occurs in the relationship between leaders’expectations of innovation and employee innovative behavior.Our sample comprised 201 frontline employees(female=31.84%;mean age=41.48 years,SD=7.97 years)in a Chinese coal enterprise,who completed surveys on innovation expectations of leaders,expected positive performance outcomes,innovative self-efficacy and innovative behavior.The results revealed that employees’expected positive performance outcomes mediated the positive relationship between leaders’innovation expectations and their innovative behavior.Employees’innovative self-efficacy positively moderated the relationship between their expected positive performance outcomes and innovative behavior,with this relationship being stronger for employees with high innovative self-efficacy.Moreover,we validated the moderated mediation model.Findings suggest that leaders can stimulate employee innovative behavior through expressing expectations and they also need to consider the boundary conditions.
基金This research received grant from 2022 Undergraduate Education and Teaching Research Project of Fujian Medical University(22028).
文摘Objective:This study aimed to investigate the learning expectations of undergraduate nursing students regarding the flipped Health Assessment course.Methods:This descriptive,qualitative study was conducted at a medical university in Fuzhou,Fujian Province,China.An interview outline was designed based on the core dimensions of Expectation Confirmation Theory(expectation sources,expectation content,and expectation importance).Thirty second-year undergraduate nursing students who had completed first-year basic medical courses and were about to take the flipped Health Assessment course were interviewed between June and July 2022.Interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results:Five major themes and thirteen subthemes were identified.Theme 1 was expectation sourcesperceived learning difficulties from past experiences,which included four subthemes:insufficient autonomous learning ability,confusion regarding learning methods,insufficient engagement in learning,and low professional identity.Theme 2 included knowledge and information expectations,which comprised three subthemes:knowledge to improve professional competence,knowledge to enhance academic competitiveness,and knowledge to boost self-efficacy.Theme 3 comprised logical expectations and included two subthemes:flexible teaching methods and efficient instructional tools.Theme 4,pleasure expectations,included two subthemes:vivid teaching styles and diversified teaching evaluations.Theme 5 comprised professional value expectations and included two subthemes:teachers'responsible professional attitudes and gentle emotional support.Conclusion:Students'learning expectations originate from perceived learning difficulties,such as insufficient learning autonomy and engagement,confusion about learning methods,and a lack of professional identity.They showed various learning expectations for the flipped Health Assessment course,including knowledge and information,logic,pleasure,and professional value expectations.
基金Supported by the Academic Achievement Re-cultivation Projects of Jingdezhen Ceramic University(Grant Nos.215/20506341215/20506277)the Doctoral Scientific Research Starting Foundation of Jingdezhen Ceramic University(Grant No.102/01003002031)。
文摘Assume that{a_(i),−∞<i<∞}is an absolutely summable sequence of real numbers.We establish the complete q-order moment convergence for the partial sums of moving average processes{X_(n)=Σ_(i=−∞)^(∞)a_(i)Y_(i+n),n≥1}under some proper conditions,where{Yi,-∞<i<∞}is a doubly infinite sequence of negatively dependent random variables under sub-linear expectations.These results extend and complement the relevant results in probability space.
文摘In this study, we aim to understand the characteristics of online group-buying consumers and to investigate salient factors which influence the continuance intention of online group-buying platforms （OGBP） to bridge this knowledge gap. An expectation-confirmation model of information systems （IS） continuance is adapted to construct a research model in online group-buying contexts. A total of 289 complete and valid responses were collected. Our findings contribute to academics and practitioners in two ways： Firstly, our respondents show that they are young （93% of the respondents＇ ages range between 19 and 28 years old）, female （88% of the respondents）, and thrifty （82% of the respondents＇ transaction amounts are below US$16）. Secondly, based on our results, price performance expectations have a direct impact on confirmation. In addition, in contrast to the IS continuance model （Bhattacherjee, 2001）, the effect of perceived usefulness on satisfaction is not supported. Thus, in online group-buying settings, confirmation is the key antecedent of satisfaction. Satisfaction and perceived usefulness are significantly associated with OGBP continuance intention. Consequently, in addition to offering a wide assortment of merchandise and a convenient online shopping experience to enhance customers＇ perceived usefulness of OGBP, OGBP managers should aim low-price marketing strategies at this female, young, thrifty and price-sensitive segment to transcend consumers＇ price expectations and attract consumers＇ continued intention to visit OGBP.
文摘The "expectations gap" signifies the differences between what the public expects from an audit and what the auditing profession prefers the audit objectives to be.Although the gap exists,it seems that the professions trust that it could be eliminated.In this paper,further evidence was provided to deny the above point by exploring the inevitability nature and the structure of the audit expectation gap.In addition,the author concludes that expectations gap cannot be eliminated;instead,the only thing can be done is to narrow down the gap.
基金Research supported by grants from the NSF of China(1173101212031005)+2 种基金Ten Thousands Talents Plan of Zhejiang Province(2018R52042)NSF of Zhejiang Province(LZ21A010002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Limit theorems for non-additive probabilities or non-linear expectations are challenging issues which have attracted a lot of interest recently.The purpose of this paper is to study the strong law of large numbers and the law of the iterated logarithm for a sequence of random variables in a sub-linear expectation space under a concept of extended independence which is much weaker and easier to verify than the independence proposed by Peng[20].We introduce a concept of extended negative dependence which is an extension of the kind of weak independence and the extended negative independence relative to classical probability that has appeared in the recent literature.Powerful tools such as moment inequality and Kolmogorov’s exponential inequality are established for these kinds of extended negatively independent random variables,and these tools improve a lot upon those of Chen,Chen and Ng[1].The strong law of large numbers and the law of iterated logarithm are also obtained by applying these inequalities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11171262)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (200804860048)
文摘We give a definition of relative entropy with respect to a sublinear expectation and establish large deviation principle for the empirical measures for independent random variables under the sublinear expectation.
文摘Efficient massive MIMO detection for practical deployment, which is with spatially correlated channel and high-order modulation, is a challenging topic for the fifth generation mobile communication(5 G). In this paper, we propose a lattice reduction aided expectation propagation(LRA-EP) algorithm for massive MIMO detection. LRA-EP applies expectation propagation in lattice reduced MIMO system to approach the distribution of lattice reduced constellation point by iterative refinement on its parameters(mean and covariance). The parameter refinement is based on the lattice reduced, well-conditioned MIMO channel. Numerical result shows that LRA-EP outperforms classic EP based MIMO detection(EPD) with 5～7 dB in terms of required signalto-noise ratio(SNR) for 1% packet error rate in spatially correlated channel for 256-QAM. We also show that LRA-EP has lower computation complexity than EPD.
基金support from the Neutron computer cluster from the Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong
文摘Energy spectra of neutrons are important for identification of unknown neutron sources and for determination of the equivalent dose. Although standard energy spectra of neutrons are available in some situations, e.g., for some radiotherapy treatment machines, they are unknown in other cases, e.g., for photoneutrons created in radiotherapy rooms and neutrons generated in nuclear reactors. In situations where neutron energy spectra need to be determined, unfolding the required neutron energy spectra using the Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS) and nested neutron spectrometer (NNS) has been found promising. However, without any prior knowledge on the spectra, the unfolding process has remained a tedious task. In this work, a standalone numerical tool named ‘‘NRUunfold’’ was developed which could satisfactorily unfold neutron spectra for BSS or NNS, or any other systems using similar detection methodology. A generic and versatile algorithm based on maximum-likelihood expectation– maximization method was developed and benchmarked against the widely used STAY’SL algorithm which was based on the least squares method. The present method could output decent results in the absence of precisely calculated initial guess, although it was also remarked that employment of exceptionally bizarre initial spectra could lead to some unreasonable output spectra. The neutron count rates computed using the manufacturer’s response functions were used for sensitivity studies. The present NRUunfold code could be useful for neutron energy spectrum unfolding for BSS or NNS applications in the absence of a precisely calculated initial guess.
文摘This paper has two aims. The first one is to investigate the existence of chaotic structures in the oil prices, expectations of investors and stock returns by combining the Lyapunov exponent and Kolmogorov entropy, and the second one is to analyze the dependence behavior of oil prices, expectations of investors and stock returns from January 02, 1990, to June06, 2017. Lyapunov exponents and Kolmogorov entropy determined that the oil price and the stock return series exhibited chaotic behavior. TAR-TR-GARCH and TAR-TR-TGARCH copula methods were applied to study the co-movement among the selected variables. The results showed significant evidence of nonlinear tail dependence between the volatility of the oil prices, the expectations of investors and the stock returns. Further, upper and lower tail dependence and comovement between the analyzed series could not be rejected. Moreover, the TAR-TR-GARCH and TAR-TR-TGARCH copula methods revealed that the volatility of oil price had crucial effects on the stock returns and on the expectations of investors in the long run.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10371092)the Foundation of Wuhan University
文摘The concept of double conditional expectation is introduced.A series of properties for the double conditional expectation are obtained several convergence theorems and Jensen inequality are proved.Finally we discuss the special cases and application for double conditional expectation.
文摘The character and an algorithm about DRVIP（ discrete random variable with interval probability） and the secured kind DRVFP （discrete random variable with crisp event-fuzzy probability） are researched. Using the fuzzy resolution theorem, the solving mathematical expectation of a DRVFP can be translated into solving mathematical expectation of a series of RVIP. It is obvious that solving mathematical expectation of a DRVIP is a typical linear programming problem. A very functional calculating formula for solving mathematical expectation of DRVIP was obtained by using the Dantzig＇s simplex method. The example indicates that the result obtained by using the functional calculating formula fits together completely with the result obtained by using the linear programming method, but the process using the formula deduced is simpler.
基金Supported by the Danish Rheumatism Association,No.R111-A2587
文摘AIM To investigate whether minority ethnicity and the duration of education influence preoperative disability and expectations in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.METHODS We prospectively included 829 patients undergoing primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty(TKA) from April 2013 to December 2014 at a single centre. Patients filled in pre-operative questionnaires with information regarding place of birth, duration of education, expectations for outcome of surgery and baseline characteristics. Patients were stratified based on ethnicity. Majority ethnicity was defined as born inthe study country and minority ethnicity was defined as born in any other country. Similarly, patients were stratified based on duration of education in groups defined as < 9 years, 9-12 years and > 12 years, respectively.RESULTS We found that 92.2% of patients were of majority ethnicity. We found that 24.5%, 44.8% and 30.8% of patients had an education of < 9 years, 9-12 years and > 12 years, respectively. The mean preoperative(preOP) oxford knee score(OKS) in the total population was 23.6. Patients of minority ethnicity had lower mean pre-OP OKS(18.6 vs 23.9, P < 0.001), higher pain levels(VAS 73.0 vs 58.7, P < 0.001), expected higher levels of post-OP pain(VAS 14.1 vs 6.1, P = 0.02) and of overall symptoms(VAS 16.6 vs 6.4, P = 0.006). Patients with > 12 years education had lower mean pre-OP OKS(21.5 vs 23.8 and 24.6, P < 0.001) and higher pre-OP VAS pain(65.4 vs 59.2 and 56.4, P < 0.001) compared to groups with shorter education. One year post-operative(post-OP) patients of minority ethnicity had lower mean OKS, higher pain and lower QoL. One year post-OP patients with > 12 years education reported higher pain compared to patients with shorter educations. However, the response-rate was low(44.6%), and therefore post-OP results were not considered to be significant.CONCLUSION Minority ethnicity and the duration of education influ-ence preoperative disability and expectation in patients undergoing TKA. This should be taken into account when patients are advised pre-operatively.
基金supported by the National Natural science Foundation of China (No. 42127807)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No. 2020YJ0334)the Sichuan Science and Technology Breeding Program (No. 2022041)。
文摘The neutron spectrum unfolding by Bonner sphere spectrometer(BSS) is considered a complex multidimensional model,which requires complex mathematical methods to solve the first kind of Fredholm integral equation. In order to solve the problem of the maximum likelihood expectation maximization(MLEM) algorithm which is easy to suffer the pitfalls of local optima and the particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm which is easy to get unreasonable flight direction and step length of particles, which leads to the invalid iteration and affect efficiency and accuracy, an improved PSO-MLEM algorithm, combined of PSO and MLEM algorithm, is proposed for neutron spectrum unfolding. The dynamic acceleration factor is used to balance the ability of global and local search, and improves the convergence speed and accuracy of the algorithm. Firstly, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulated the BSS to obtain the response function and count rates of BSS. In the simulation of count rate, four reference spectra from the IAEA Technical Report Series No. 403 were used as input parameters of the Monte Carlo method. The PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the neutron spectrum of the simulated data and was verified by the difference of the unfolded spectrum to the reference spectrum. Finally, the 252Cf neutron source was measured by BSS, and the PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the experimental neutron spectrum.Compared with maximum entropy deconvolution(MAXED), PSO and MLEM algorithm, the PSO-MLEM algorithm has fewer parameters and automatically adjusts the dynamic acceleration factor to solve the problem of local optima. The convergence speed of the PSO-MLEM algorithm is 1.4 times and 3.1 times that of the MLEM and PSO algorithms. Compared with PSO, MLEM and MAXED, the correlation coefficients of PSO-MLEM algorithm are increased by 33.1%, 33.5% and 1.9%, and the relative mean errors are decreased by 98.2%, 97.8% and 67.4%.
文摘Objective:To assess the correlation between expectations of recovery and whiplash patients' perceptions of injury severity using a simplified instrument.Expectations of recovery have been shown to predict rate of recovery from whiplash injury in population-based studies.The perception of having more severe pathology or more ominous diagnostic labels has also been associated with a worse prognosis.Methods:Consecutive patients with whiplash-associated disorder grade 1 or 2,presenting in the acute stage to a primary care centre,were asked "do you think that your injury will…" with response options "get better soon;get better slowly;never get better;don't know." Injury severity perception (ISP) was measured with a numerical rating scale which ranged from 0-10,on which subjects were asked to rate how severe (in terms of damage) they thought their injury was.The anchors were labeled "no damage" (0) and "severe,and maybe permanent damage" (10).The primary outcome measure was the correlation between the subject's ISP score and expectation of recovery.Results:A total of 94 subjects (34 males,60 females,and mean age (40.6±10.0) years,range 19-60 years) were included.The initial responses to expectation of recovery were:get better soon (29/94);get better slowly (22/94);never get better (11/94);don't know (32/94).The mean ISP score was 4.9±1.7 (range 2-9 out of 10).There was a high correlation between expectations and ISP scores (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 0.68).Those who expected to recover soon and those who expected to get better slowly had the lowest ISP scores.Conclusions:The more slowly whiplash patients expect to recover,or the less sure they are of recovery,the more severe their initial perceptions of injury.
