MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction.Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor,which was activated by ZnCl_(2) and FeCl_(3) combining chemical agents under Ar atm...MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction.Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor,which was activated by ZnCl_(2) and FeCl_(3) combining chemical agents under Ar atmosphere.Thin and flower-like MnO_(2) nanowires were in-situ anchored on the surface of the biomass carbon.The biomass carbon not only offered high conductivity and good structural stability but also relieved the large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process.The obtained MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance(238 F·g^(-1) at 0.5 A·g^(-1))and a superior cycling stability with only 7% degradation after 2000 cycles.The observed good electrochemical performance is accredited to the materials’high specific surface area,multilevel hierarchical structure,and good conductivity.This study proposes a promising method that utilizes biological waste and broadens MnO_(2)-based electrode material application for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.展开更多
Attaching more importance to the problem of animal excrement pollution is the premise of realizing the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Heilongjiang Province. With the constant expansion of the scale of ...Attaching more importance to the problem of animal excrement pollution is the premise of realizing the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Heilongjiang Province. With the constant expansion of the scale of breeding industry, the amount of animal excrement will increase greatly, corresponding to the increasing pressure on water and land. Therefore, for the sake of promoting the coordinated development of animal husbandry and the environment, this paper analyzed the status of animal excrement pollution in Heilongjiang Province. On this base, the paper suggested that we must control animal excrement pollution proceeding from reality by using administrative means, legal means, economic means and technical means.展开更多
The elemental and isotopic signatures in the sediments influenced by seal excrement on Antarctic Fildes Peninsula are examined for their potential palaeoecologlcal applications. The seal hair abundance in sediments ex...The elemental and isotopic signatures in the sediments influenced by seal excrement on Antarctic Fildes Peninsula are examined for their potential palaeoecologlcal applications. The seal hair abundance in sediments exhibits remarkable fluctuation versus depth, indicating similar changes in historical populations of the seals visiting the marine terrace. The combination of δ^13 C, total organic carbon concentration （TOC）, total nitrogen concentration （TN） and atomic C/N ratio shows that the organic matters in sediments with numerous seal hairs have a marine origin and are predominantly derived from seal excrements. The large δ15 N values in sediments are attributed to trophic enrichment and NH3 vollatilization processes. The large variations in the δ^15 N values and the negative correlation between the δ15 N values and the seal hair abundances seem to be the results of changes in the paleoclimates and the volatilization rates of the ammonia produced in the seal excrements. The 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments are interpreted as a mixture of the ones from the seal excrements （30%-50%） and the chemically weathered local bedrocks （70%-50%）. The calculated proportion of seal-derived Sr based on the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios has a significant correlation with seal hair abundances in sediments. These results suggest that δ15 N values and the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments were influenced by seal excrements, similar to seal halt numbers, and thus can potentially be used to estimate the historical seal population in the Antarctic region.展开更多
The increasing number of mountain climbers made them a significant source of anthropopression. The paper is focused on the devastating impact of non-toilet human waste on high-mountain environment and discusses the sc...The increasing number of mountain climbers made them a significant source of anthropopression. The paper is focused on the devastating impact of non-toilet human waste on high-mountain environment and discusses the scale of this phenomenon. Four male members, of mean age 31.5 （±0.5） years, volunteered for this study. The study was conducted above 12,286 feet （3,745 m）, and consisted of 12 days of measuring human excrement output, as well as calorie and liquid consumption. The average results showed the amount of human excrement remains left by climbers in high-mountain environment on a daily scale; i.e., feces of approximately 128 g （32 g without water） and approximately 1.8 L of urine. During this study, the average daily diet consisted of 4,000 （± 500） calories and average 3.6 （± 1.1） quarts （3.8 ± 1 L） of water. Based on these data, an example calculation of quantitative values of human feces and urine left by climbers in 2013 on Denali （Mount McKinley） was conducted. Results show that the 1,151 people that climbed Denali within 18 days （the mean residence time in the massif） left behind over 660 kg of feces and more than 37 thousand liters of urine in the massif in 2013 alone.展开更多
The development of sericultural industry in the Pearl River Delta has contributed greatly to good ecological environment and economic prosperity of the people’s livelihood.Comprehensive utilization of sericulture res...The development of sericultural industry in the Pearl River Delta has contributed greatly to good ecological environment and economic prosperity of the people’s livelihood.Comprehensive utilization of sericulture resources can turn waste into valuable resources and expand the development approaches of sericultural industry.For example,using abundant silkworm excrement to produce chlorophyll is one of the good practices in comprehensive utilization of sericulture resources,which has leading technologies and good economic benefits.In addition to chlorophyll,the products produced from silkworm excrement can be used as the main raw materials of medicine,food,plant growth regulator and cosmetics.For instances,phytol,the important raw material for synthesis of vitamin E and vitamin K,was extracted from silkworm excrement,enabling China to become an important production base of vitamin E and vitamin K.Triacontanol extracted from silkworm excrement is a new crop growth regulator,which can increase the yield of rice and vegetable.Pectin,dietary fiber and carotenoid extracted from silkworm excrement as well can be used as natural raw material in many fields.China is the biggest manufacturer and supplier of silkworm excrement products in the world,which has a development history of about 50 years and generated high export revenue.It is believed that close combination of academic research and industry development is the only way to promote the industrial development of silkworm excrement resources.展开更多
Background Grassland degradation decreases the capacity of soil carbon sequestration,while the supplementation of exogenous organic matter enhances the soil priming effect(PE)and affects the carbon cycle in the soil.T...Background Grassland degradation decreases the capacity of soil carbon sequestration,while the supplementation of exogenous organic matter enhances the soil priming effect(PE)and affects the carbon cycle in the soil.The excrements of Tibetan sheep(Ovis aries)and plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)play an important role in soil carbon cycling.Therefore,they were used to enrich alpine meadow soils degraded to different levels after incubation at 20℃for up to 45 days.The PE was analyzed using the natural13C isoto pe tracer method in relation to the alpine meadow soil properties.Results The supplementation of the two kinds of excrement significantly increased soil PE accumulation and soil carbon sequestration.Of the two,Tibetan sheep excrement achieved a better effect.Compared with non-degraded alpine meadow soil,severely degraded alpine meadow soil had significantly different PE,but the PE of lightly and moderately degraded meadow soil was not significantly different from each other.Structural equation modelling shows that total nitrogen(TN),soil organic carbon(SOC),β-1,4-N-acetylaminoglucosidase(NAG),β-1,4-glucosidase(βG),pH,and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)are the main factors affecting PE.In particular,TN directly negatively affected PE,SOC and the NO_(3)^(-)-N:NH_(4)^(+)-N ratio indirectly affected PE by affecting soil enzyme activity and MBC.Conclusions This study demonstrates that the supplement of animal excrements can improve the extracellular enzyme activity and nitrogen content in soils,which is conducive to PE and net carbon balance.Supplementation of both Tibetan sheep and plateau pika excrements can effectively enhance soil pH,further increase microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity,and improve soil fe rtility and carbon sequestration ability of se riously degraded alpine meadow soil.The NO_(3)^(-)-N:NH_(4)^(+)-N ratio and enzyme activity in plateau pika excrement were higher than those in Tibetan sheep excrement,which promote the soil PE in alpine meadows.The findings of this study provide theoretical evidence for the rational utilization of the excrements in the alpine meadow with different levels of degradation.展开更多
The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and ...The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and hygiene of ancientChinesecities.As early as the Ming Dynasty,the Chinese people defined the principle of fertilizing fields with human excrement from the perspective of materialcirculation.The concept Peri-URban ecosystems(PURE)provides inspiration forurban-rural symbiosis regarding circulareconomy.The use of human excrement in fertilization is a major attribute differentiating the Chinese traditional agriculture from the agriculture in other regions around the world.Despite the fact that the exact record showing that human excrement was used as fertilizer in China emerged in the Western Han Dynasty(B.C.202-A.D.8),such records did not become prevalent until the Southern Song Dynasty(A.D.1127-1279).In the Ming and Qing eras(A.D.1368-1912),human excrement was even considered"top-class fertilizerand servedas themost essential fertilizerin farmland fertilization.The importance of human excrement in the Ming and Qing was mainly reflected by farmers'purchase of human excrement from urban areas.As fertilization practices became increasingly popular during the period,men of letters built a localized theoretical system centering on human excrement.Although the use of human excrement had both positive and negative impacts on public health and the ecological environment,the positive overshadowed the negativeas a whole.Today,it is worth pondering on how the utilization of human excrement as an agricultural resource can be improved so that a material cycle system can be rebuilt to re-connect the urban and rural areas.展开更多
基金financially supported by the project“National College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program”,China under grant No.190170009.
文摘MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction.Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor,which was activated by ZnCl_(2) and FeCl_(3) combining chemical agents under Ar atmosphere.Thin and flower-like MnO_(2) nanowires were in-situ anchored on the surface of the biomass carbon.The biomass carbon not only offered high conductivity and good structural stability but also relieved the large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process.The obtained MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance(238 F·g^(-1) at 0.5 A·g^(-1))and a superior cycling stability with only 7% degradation after 2000 cycles.The observed good electrochemical performance is accredited to the materials’high specific surface area,multilevel hierarchical structure,and good conductivity.This study proposes a promising method that utilizes biological waste and broadens MnO_(2)-based electrode material application for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.
基金Graduate Innovative Research Project of Heilongjiang Province (YJSCX2007-0069HLJ)Community Research Project of National Research Institutes (2005DIA3J032)Science and Technology Research Project of Harbin (2007AA9CT121)
文摘Attaching more importance to the problem of animal excrement pollution is the premise of realizing the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Heilongjiang Province. With the constant expansion of the scale of breeding industry, the amount of animal excrement will increase greatly, corresponding to the increasing pressure on water and land. Therefore, for the sake of promoting the coordinated development of animal husbandry and the environment, this paper analyzed the status of animal excrement pollution in Heilongjiang Province. On this base, the paper suggested that we must control animal excrement pollution proceeding from reality by using administrative means, legal means, economic means and technical means.
基金supported by the NationaI Natura1 Science Foundation(Grant No.40476001 and 40231002)China Postdoctoral Science foundation and KC W ang Eductional Foundation,Hong Kong.
文摘The elemental and isotopic signatures in the sediments influenced by seal excrement on Antarctic Fildes Peninsula are examined for their potential palaeoecologlcal applications. The seal hair abundance in sediments exhibits remarkable fluctuation versus depth, indicating similar changes in historical populations of the seals visiting the marine terrace. The combination of δ^13 C, total organic carbon concentration （TOC）, total nitrogen concentration （TN） and atomic C/N ratio shows that the organic matters in sediments with numerous seal hairs have a marine origin and are predominantly derived from seal excrements. The large δ15 N values in sediments are attributed to trophic enrichment and NH3 vollatilization processes. The large variations in the δ^15 N values and the negative correlation between the δ15 N values and the seal hair abundances seem to be the results of changes in the paleoclimates and the volatilization rates of the ammonia produced in the seal excrements. The 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments are interpreted as a mixture of the ones from the seal excrements （30%-50%） and the chemically weathered local bedrocks （70%-50%）. The calculated proportion of seal-derived Sr based on the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios has a significant correlation with seal hair abundances in sediments. These results suggest that δ15 N values and the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments were influenced by seal excrements, similar to seal halt numbers, and thus can potentially be used to estimate the historical seal population in the Antarctic region.
文摘The increasing number of mountain climbers made them a significant source of anthropopression. The paper is focused on the devastating impact of non-toilet human waste on high-mountain environment and discusses the scale of this phenomenon. Four male members, of mean age 31.5 （±0.5） years, volunteered for this study. The study was conducted above 12,286 feet （3,745 m）, and consisted of 12 days of measuring human excrement output, as well as calorie and liquid consumption. The average results showed the amount of human excrement remains left by climbers in high-mountain environment on a daily scale; i.e., feces of approximately 128 g （32 g without water） and approximately 1.8 L of urine. During this study, the average daily diet consisted of 4,000 （± 500） calories and average 3.6 （± 1.1） quarts （3.8 ± 1 L） of water. Based on these data, an example calculation of quantitative values of human feces and urine left by climbers in 2013 on Denali （Mount McKinley） was conducted. Results show that the 1,151 people that climbed Denali within 18 days （the mean residence time in the massif） left behind over 660 kg of feces and more than 37 thousand liters of urine in the massif in 2013 alone.
文摘The development of sericultural industry in the Pearl River Delta has contributed greatly to good ecological environment and economic prosperity of the people’s livelihood.Comprehensive utilization of sericulture resources can turn waste into valuable resources and expand the development approaches of sericultural industry.For example,using abundant silkworm excrement to produce chlorophyll is one of the good practices in comprehensive utilization of sericulture resources,which has leading technologies and good economic benefits.In addition to chlorophyll,the products produced from silkworm excrement can be used as the main raw materials of medicine,food,plant growth regulator and cosmetics.For instances,phytol,the important raw material for synthesis of vitamin E and vitamin K,was extracted from silkworm excrement,enabling China to become an important production base of vitamin E and vitamin K.Triacontanol extracted from silkworm excrement is a new crop growth regulator,which can increase the yield of rice and vegetable.Pectin,dietary fiber and carotenoid extracted from silkworm excrement as well can be used as natural raw material in many fields.China is the biggest manufacturer and supplier of silkworm excrement products in the world,which has a development history of about 50 years and generated high export revenue.It is believed that close combination of academic research and industry development is the only way to promote the industrial development of silkworm excrement resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers U21A20191,U23A20159)the Northwest A&F University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(grant number S202310712513)
文摘Background Grassland degradation decreases the capacity of soil carbon sequestration,while the supplementation of exogenous organic matter enhances the soil priming effect(PE)and affects the carbon cycle in the soil.The excrements of Tibetan sheep(Ovis aries)and plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)play an important role in soil carbon cycling.Therefore,they were used to enrich alpine meadow soils degraded to different levels after incubation at 20℃for up to 45 days.The PE was analyzed using the natural13C isoto pe tracer method in relation to the alpine meadow soil properties.Results The supplementation of the two kinds of excrement significantly increased soil PE accumulation and soil carbon sequestration.Of the two,Tibetan sheep excrement achieved a better effect.Compared with non-degraded alpine meadow soil,severely degraded alpine meadow soil had significantly different PE,but the PE of lightly and moderately degraded meadow soil was not significantly different from each other.Structural equation modelling shows that total nitrogen(TN),soil organic carbon(SOC),β-1,4-N-acetylaminoglucosidase(NAG),β-1,4-glucosidase(βG),pH,and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)are the main factors affecting PE.In particular,TN directly negatively affected PE,SOC and the NO_(3)^(-)-N:NH_(4)^(+)-N ratio indirectly affected PE by affecting soil enzyme activity and MBC.Conclusions This study demonstrates that the supplement of animal excrements can improve the extracellular enzyme activity and nitrogen content in soils,which is conducive to PE and net carbon balance.Supplementation of both Tibetan sheep and plateau pika excrements can effectively enhance soil pH,further increase microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity,and improve soil fe rtility and carbon sequestration ability of se riously degraded alpine meadow soil.The NO_(3)^(-)-N:NH_(4)^(+)-N ratio and enzyme activity in plateau pika excrement were higher than those in Tibetan sheep excrement,which promote the soil PE in alpine meadows.The findings of this study provide theoretical evidence for the rational utilization of the excrements in the alpine meadow with different levels of degradation.
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(Grant No.2020157).
文摘The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and hygiene of ancientChinesecities.As early as the Ming Dynasty,the Chinese people defined the principle of fertilizing fields with human excrement from the perspective of materialcirculation.The concept Peri-URban ecosystems(PURE)provides inspiration forurban-rural symbiosis regarding circulareconomy.The use of human excrement in fertilization is a major attribute differentiating the Chinese traditional agriculture from the agriculture in other regions around the world.Despite the fact that the exact record showing that human excrement was used as fertilizer in China emerged in the Western Han Dynasty(B.C.202-A.D.8),such records did not become prevalent until the Southern Song Dynasty(A.D.1127-1279).In the Ming and Qing eras(A.D.1368-1912),human excrement was even considered"top-class fertilizerand servedas themost essential fertilizerin farmland fertilization.The importance of human excrement in the Ming and Qing was mainly reflected by farmers'purchase of human excrement from urban areas.As fertilization practices became increasingly popular during the period,men of letters built a localized theoretical system centering on human excrement.Although the use of human excrement had both positive and negative impacts on public health and the ecological environment,the positive overshadowed the negativeas a whole.Today,it is worth pondering on how the utilization of human excrement as an agricultural resource can be improved so that a material cycle system can be rebuilt to re-connect the urban and rural areas.
