Featured by its uniqueness and historic significance, American exceptionalism plays an indispensable role in shaping the American political,especially the foreign policies, as well as social lives. To understand the o...Featured by its uniqueness and historic significance, American exceptionalism plays an indispensable role in shaping the American political,especially the foreign policies, as well as social lives. To understand the origins of American exceptionalism, people must look into its national values-Puritanism, individualism and political system.展开更多
This paper concentrates on American exceptionalism.It is divided into five parts.Firstly,a brief introduction about the paper is given.Secondly,the definition of American exceptionalism and a general overview of it ar...This paper concentrates on American exceptionalism.It is divided into five parts.Firstly,a brief introduction about the paper is given.Secondly,the definition of American exceptionalism and a general overview of it are given.Thirdly,the good side of American exceptionalism that makes the United States superior to other countries is clarified.Fourthly,the bad side of American exceptionalism is discussed.Finally,a concise conclusion of American exceptionalism is made.展开更多
HIV screening can be used to detect,control and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.The attitude towards HIV screening relates to the general trend of human rights protection of AIDS sufferers and infectors.HIV exceptional...HIV screening can be used to detect,control and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.The attitude towards HIV screening relates to the general trend of human rights protection of AIDS sufferers and infectors.HIV exceptionalism has been adopted in traditional international practice.That means the specific notified,voluntary consent shall be obtained from examinees before they are screened.However,there is move to abandon HIV exceptionalism in order to detect more infectors and treat AIDS the same as another infectious disease.This has resulted in 'compulsory screening' and 'consent after notification'.In China, 'voluntary' screening, 'real-name detection' and 'compulsory screening' exist in different regions.Thus,it is crucial to identify the legal regulation principle of HIV screening from the perspective of human rights.展开更多
The ongoing spread of HIV after sobering news about the goal “End of AIDS” is not encouraging, apart from regional differences. We focus on the consequences of the two essentially failed HIV prevention strategies in...The ongoing spread of HIV after sobering news about the goal “End of AIDS” is not encouraging, apart from regional differences. We focus on the consequences of the two essentially failed HIV prevention strategies in certain countries. The first failed because the correct messages concerning preventive behavior did not reach the required levels of target populations to interrupt HIV infection chains. There was a lack of appropriate framework conditions for the target populations to engage in the required scale. The additional biomedical strategy “Treatment as Prevention” didn’t achieve the breakthrough as was hoped. The consequences thereof affect the financial burden on societies, which can take several decades. We draw attention to the unbalanced principles of proportionality to which governments are committed, but which are practiced in favor of those vulnerable people;these people abuse their autonomy and contribute to the further spread of HIV at the expense of financial burdens, social and medical care systems;this behavior is tolerated, although the transmission of HIV is mostly preventable. We point to extreme tendencies, such as the chem-sex settings, whose unswayable participants engage in indirect violence against the societies. Another possible consequence of the still uncontrolled spread of HIV is the potential for HIV to increase its virulence.展开更多
To solve the problems that the exception handling code is hard to test and maintain and that it affects the robustness and reliability of software, a method for evaluating the exception handling of programs is present...To solve the problems that the exception handling code is hard to test and maintain and that it affects the robustness and reliability of software, a method for evaluating the exception handling of programs is presented. The exception propagation graph （EPG） that describes the large programs with exception handling constructs is proposed by simplifying the control flow graph and it is applied to a case to verify its validity. According to the EPG, the exception handling code that never executes is identified; the points that are the most critical to controlling exception propagation are found; and the irrational exception handling code is corrected. The constructing algorithm for the EPG is given; thus, this provides a basis for automatically constructing the EPG and automatically correcting the irrational exception handling code.展开更多
With the profound changes taking place in the international power structure and the accelerated changes occurring in the world that have not been seen in a century,the discord between China and the United States(US)in...With the profound changes taking place in the international power structure and the accelerated changes occurring in the world that have not been seen in a century,the discord between China and the United States(US)in the realm of global governance is becoming increasingly prominent.Moreover,the raging COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated the divergences between the two countries in terms of global governance strategy.Since the end of World War II,although the diplomatic strategies of the US and their implementation have varied from administration to administration,such strategies have generally been defined by the US desire for hegemony in global governance.China’s engagement in global governance,by contrast,has undergone twists and turns,and its strategies and policies have kept pace with the times,which has gradually led to a global governance strategy that highlights extensive consultation,joint contribution,and shared benefits.The divergences between China and the US in terms of global governance strategy are embodied in governance values,areas,and approaches,relations among governance entities,and balance between national and global governance,which have resulted mainly from the two countries’different cultural backgrounds,historical traditions,realistic goals,and national strength.In the context of intensifying competition among major countries today,these strategic divergences between China and the US have exerted a profound impact on global governance cooperation and the reform of the global governance system,and exacerbated the fragmentation of global governance and the competition over leadership.Therefore,a comparison of the global governance strategies pursued by China and the US will help enhance mutual understanding,avoid confrontation and conflict,properly manage disagreements,and promote a healthy and stable development of bilateral relations between China and the US.展开更多
This paper deals with translation and knowledge production of both an exemplar mould for Islamic woman identity and a cosmetic ＂moderate＂ veneer for Islamism. The paper particularly tackles the question of the visib...This paper deals with translation and knowledge production of both an exemplar mould for Islamic woman identity and a cosmetic ＂moderate＂ veneer for Islamism. The paper particularly tackles the question of the visibility of Islamic women in the translational narrative sphere and its implication with respect to both the co-optation of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the dominant Islamist gender politics and selling political Islam to international politics. Utilizing Baker＇s thesis of translation as re-narration, especially narrative flaming strategies, the paper reads Mokrane Guezzou＇s translation of Zainab al-Ghazali＇s autobiography Return of the Pharaoh： Memoir in Nasir＇s Prison （2006） to examine the framing of al-Ghazali＇s personal narrative and its implications for furthering the Middle Eastern democratization march （in response to Bush＇s ＂Freedom Agenda＂）, while keeping the Muslim Brothers＇ gender politics intact. The paper＇s argument is the gendered politics of Guezzou＇s translation and their influence on the transnational and international spheres. Firstly, in tune with the expectation of the transnational constituency of Muslim Brothers＇ readership, al-Ghazali＇s personal and self-aggrandizing narrative is packaged and re-framed within the public narrative of the Muslim Brothers＇ gender/gendered ethos to co-opt her politicized inscription of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the Muslim Brothers＇ male-ranked organizational structure and thereby reproduce the mould of a ＂moderate＂ Muslim sister. The individualistic leaning of the narrative is transposed onto the meta-narratives of the Exodus in ancient times and Holocaust in modem times. The female imprint of the narrative is suppressed onto the conflict between militant masculinities with Nasir centerstaged in the title, referenced as the pharaoh, and semantically associated with Hitler and fascism in the translator＇s note. Her gender agency is de-framed and her visibility and access to organizational rank is harnessed to her social identity in marriage and her subscription to and fulfillment of the masculine constructed and assessed criteria of ＂virtue, piety and modesty＂ （Guezzou, 2006, p. ix）. Secondly, in line with the changing dynamics of geo-strategic realities, the translational renarration contributes to configuring the race-based underpinning of Arab exceptionalism onto the compatibility of （the ＂purely political＂ and hence ＂moderate＂） Islamism with democracy through projecting the Muslim Brotherhood＇s anti-fascist, democratic, modern/moderate and gender inclusive image. After all, Islamic women＇s visibility is a testament of feminism capable of redeeming Islamism and selling ＂moderate＂ political Islam to international politics/readership.展开更多
This paper explores the influence of Christian nationalism on U.S.foreign policy,examining its historical roots,ideological foundations,and contemporary implications.Christian nationalism,an ideology that links Christ...This paper explores the influence of Christian nationalism on U.S.foreign policy,examining its historical roots,ideological foundations,and contemporary implications.Christian nationalism,an ideology that links Christianity with national identity,has shaped U.S.foreign policy in areas such as religious freedom,Middle East diplomacy,and national security.Through its emphasis on the moral duty to defend Christianity and its promotion of conservative social values,Christian nationalism has affected U.S.relations with countries around the world,particularly in the Middle East and with religious minorities.The paper discusses the complexities and controversies surrounding Christian nationalism,its impact on the U.S.’s global image,and the challenges it poses to religious pluralism.The future of Christian nationalism’s influence on U.S.foreign policy is uncertain,as societal shifts and evolving global dynamics may prompt a reevaluation of its role in shaping America’s international actions.Overall,the paper provides a nuanced analysis of how Christian nationalism has intertwined with U.S.foreign policy and how its influence might evolve in the future.展开更多
美国微软开发的VB.NET2005可视化程序设计语言中,有一个DivideByZeroException类,它是当程序中有整数除法运算而除数为零时发生的异常,这种异常通过"Catch e As DivideByZeroException"语句来捕捉,捕捉到后根据相应的容错处...美国微软开发的VB.NET2005可视化程序设计语言中,有一个DivideByZeroException类,它是当程序中有整数除法运算而除数为零时发生的异常,这种异常通过"Catch e As DivideByZeroException"语句来捕捉,捕捉到后根据相应的容错处理语句继续执行。但在教学实践和实际编程中发现,在整数除法运算中发生除数为零的情况时,DivideByZeroException类异常并不能发生,这反映了微软开发的VB.NET2005程序设计语言中的一个漏洞。对这个问题进行了分析,并提出了弥补该漏洞的解决方案。展开更多
In liver haemangiomas, the risk of complication rises with increasing size, and treatment can be obligatory. Here we present a case of a 46-year-old female who suffered from a giant haemangioma causing severe portal h...In liver haemangiomas, the risk of complication rises with increasing size, and treatment can be obligatory. Here we present a case of a 46-year-old female who suffered from a giant haemangioma causing severe portal hypertension and vena cava compression, leading to therapy refractory ascites, hyponatremia and venostasis-associated thrombosis with pulmonary embolism. The patients did not experience tumour rupture or consumptive coagulopathy. Surgical resection was impossible because of steatosis of the non-affected liver. Orthotopic liver transplantation was identified as the only treatment option. The patient's renal function remained stable even though progressive morbidity and organ allocation were improbable according to the patient's lab model for end-stage liver disease(lab MELD) score. Therefore, non-standard exception status was approved by the European organ allocation network "Eurotransplant". The patient underwent successful orthotopic liver transplantation 16 mo after admission to our centre. Our case report indicates the underrepresentation of morbidity associated with refractory ascites in the lab MELD-based transplant allocation system, and it indicates the necessity of promptly applying for non-standard exception status to enable transplantation in patients with a severe clinical condition but low lab MELD score. Our case highlights the fact that liver transplantation should be considered early in patients with non-resectable, symptomatic benign liver tumours.展开更多
The great gowel ghift was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the 15th to 18th centuries. Based on the history and theory of great vowel shift, the thesis makes an investigation on the p...The great gowel ghift was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the 15th to 18th centuries. Based on the history and theory of great vowel shift, the thesis makes an investigation on the principle, exceptions and effect of Great Vowel Shift.展开更多
AIM: To hypothesize that the product of calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score excluding exception points and donor age(D-MELD) risk capping ± Rule 14 could improve post liver transplant and overall s...AIM: To hypothesize that the product of calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score excluding exception points and donor age(D-MELD) risk capping ± Rule 14 could improve post liver transplant and overall survival after listing.METHODS: Probabilities derived from the United Network for Organ Sharing database between 2002 and 2004 were used to simulate potential outcomes for all patients listed for transplantation. The Markov simula-tion was then modified by screening matches using a 1200 or 1600 D-MELD risk cap ± allowing transplants for Model for End-Stage Liver Disease(MELD) ≤ 14(Rule 14). The differential impact of the rule changes was assessed.RESULTS: The Markov simulation accurately reproduced overall and post transplant survival. A 1200 D-MELD risk cap improved post-transplant survival. Both the 1200 and 1600 risk caps improved overall survival for waitlisted patients. The addition of Rule 14 further improved post transplant and overall survival by redistribution of donor livers to recipients in higher MELD subgroups. The mechanism for improved overall and post-transplant survival after listing was due to shifting a larger percentage of transplants to the moderate MELD score subgroup(MELD 15-29) while also ensuring that high MELD recipients have livers of high quality to achieve excellent post transplant survival.CONCLUSION: A 1200 D-MELD risk cap + Rule 14 provided the greatest overall benefit primarily by focusing liver transplantation towards the moderate MELD recipient.展开更多
文摘Featured by its uniqueness and historic significance, American exceptionalism plays an indispensable role in shaping the American political,especially the foreign policies, as well as social lives. To understand the origins of American exceptionalism, people must look into its national values-Puritanism, individualism and political system.
文摘This paper concentrates on American exceptionalism.It is divided into five parts.Firstly,a brief introduction about the paper is given.Secondly,the definition of American exceptionalism and a general overview of it are given.Thirdly,the good side of American exceptionalism that makes the United States superior to other countries is clarified.Fourthly,the bad side of American exceptionalism is discussed.Finally,a concise conclusion of American exceptionalism is made.
文摘HIV screening can be used to detect,control and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.The attitude towards HIV screening relates to the general trend of human rights protection of AIDS sufferers and infectors.HIV exceptionalism has been adopted in traditional international practice.That means the specific notified,voluntary consent shall be obtained from examinees before they are screened.However,there is move to abandon HIV exceptionalism in order to detect more infectors and treat AIDS the same as another infectious disease.This has resulted in 'compulsory screening' and 'consent after notification'.In China, 'voluntary' screening, 'real-name detection' and 'compulsory screening' exist in different regions.Thus,it is crucial to identify the legal regulation principle of HIV screening from the perspective of human rights.
文摘The ongoing spread of HIV after sobering news about the goal “End of AIDS” is not encouraging, apart from regional differences. We focus on the consequences of the two essentially failed HIV prevention strategies in certain countries. The first failed because the correct messages concerning preventive behavior did not reach the required levels of target populations to interrupt HIV infection chains. There was a lack of appropriate framework conditions for the target populations to engage in the required scale. The additional biomedical strategy “Treatment as Prevention” didn’t achieve the breakthrough as was hoped. The consequences thereof affect the financial burden on societies, which can take several decades. We draw attention to the unbalanced principles of proportionality to which governments are committed, but which are practiced in favor of those vulnerable people;these people abuse their autonomy and contribute to the further spread of HIV at the expense of financial burdens, social and medical care systems;this behavior is tolerated, although the transmission of HIV is mostly preventable. We point to extreme tendencies, such as the chem-sex settings, whose unswayable participants engage in indirect violence against the societies. Another possible consequence of the still uncontrolled spread of HIV is the potential for HIV to increase its virulence.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No60503020)the National Basic Research Program of China (973Program) (No2002CB312000)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (NoBK2006094)the Science Research Foundation of China University of Mining and Technology
文摘To solve the problems that the exception handling code is hard to test and maintain and that it affects the robustness and reliability of software, a method for evaluating the exception handling of programs is presented. The exception propagation graph （EPG） that describes the large programs with exception handling constructs is proposed by simplifying the control flow graph and it is applied to a case to verify its validity. According to the EPG, the exception handling code that never executes is identified; the points that are the most critical to controlling exception propagation are found; and the irrational exception handling code is corrected. The constructing algorithm for the EPG is given; thus, this provides a basis for automatically constructing the EPG and automatically correcting the irrational exception handling code.
基金the phased result of a school-level research project(2020)of the Party School of the Central Committee of CPC(National Academy of Governance)entitled“Research on the Concept of Global Governance Featuring Extensive Consultation,Joint Contribution,and Shared Benefits amid Great Changes of the World Unseen in a Century”(2020YB015)。
文摘With the profound changes taking place in the international power structure and the accelerated changes occurring in the world that have not been seen in a century,the discord between China and the United States(US)in the realm of global governance is becoming increasingly prominent.Moreover,the raging COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated the divergences between the two countries in terms of global governance strategy.Since the end of World War II,although the diplomatic strategies of the US and their implementation have varied from administration to administration,such strategies have generally been defined by the US desire for hegemony in global governance.China’s engagement in global governance,by contrast,has undergone twists and turns,and its strategies and policies have kept pace with the times,which has gradually led to a global governance strategy that highlights extensive consultation,joint contribution,and shared benefits.The divergences between China and the US in terms of global governance strategy are embodied in governance values,areas,and approaches,relations among governance entities,and balance between national and global governance,which have resulted mainly from the two countries’different cultural backgrounds,historical traditions,realistic goals,and national strength.In the context of intensifying competition among major countries today,these strategic divergences between China and the US have exerted a profound impact on global governance cooperation and the reform of the global governance system,and exacerbated the fragmentation of global governance and the competition over leadership.Therefore,a comparison of the global governance strategies pursued by China and the US will help enhance mutual understanding,avoid confrontation and conflict,properly manage disagreements,and promote a healthy and stable development of bilateral relations between China and the US.
文摘This paper deals with translation and knowledge production of both an exemplar mould for Islamic woman identity and a cosmetic ＂moderate＂ veneer for Islamism. The paper particularly tackles the question of the visibility of Islamic women in the translational narrative sphere and its implication with respect to both the co-optation of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the dominant Islamist gender politics and selling political Islam to international politics. Utilizing Baker＇s thesis of translation as re-narration, especially narrative flaming strategies, the paper reads Mokrane Guezzou＇s translation of Zainab al-Ghazali＇s autobiography Return of the Pharaoh： Memoir in Nasir＇s Prison （2006） to examine the framing of al-Ghazali＇s personal narrative and its implications for furthering the Middle Eastern democratization march （in response to Bush＇s ＂Freedom Agenda＂）, while keeping the Muslim Brothers＇ gender politics intact. The paper＇s argument is the gendered politics of Guezzou＇s translation and their influence on the transnational and international spheres. Firstly, in tune with the expectation of the transnational constituency of Muslim Brothers＇ readership, al-Ghazali＇s personal and self-aggrandizing narrative is packaged and re-framed within the public narrative of the Muslim Brothers＇ gender/gendered ethos to co-opt her politicized inscription of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the Muslim Brothers＇ male-ranked organizational structure and thereby reproduce the mould of a ＂moderate＂ Muslim sister. The individualistic leaning of the narrative is transposed onto the meta-narratives of the Exodus in ancient times and Holocaust in modem times. The female imprint of the narrative is suppressed onto the conflict between militant masculinities with Nasir centerstaged in the title, referenced as the pharaoh, and semantically associated with Hitler and fascism in the translator＇s note. Her gender agency is de-framed and her visibility and access to organizational rank is harnessed to her social identity in marriage and her subscription to and fulfillment of the masculine constructed and assessed criteria of ＂virtue, piety and modesty＂ （Guezzou, 2006, p. ix）. Secondly, in line with the changing dynamics of geo-strategic realities, the translational renarration contributes to configuring the race-based underpinning of Arab exceptionalism onto the compatibility of （the ＂purely political＂ and hence ＂moderate＂） Islamism with democracy through projecting the Muslim Brotherhood＇s anti-fascist, democratic, modern/moderate and gender inclusive image. After all, Islamic women＇s visibility is a testament of feminism capable of redeeming Islamism and selling ＂moderate＂ political Islam to international politics/readership.
文摘This paper explores the influence of Christian nationalism on U.S.foreign policy,examining its historical roots,ideological foundations,and contemporary implications.Christian nationalism,an ideology that links Christianity with national identity,has shaped U.S.foreign policy in areas such as religious freedom,Middle East diplomacy,and national security.Through its emphasis on the moral duty to defend Christianity and its promotion of conservative social values,Christian nationalism has affected U.S.relations with countries around the world,particularly in the Middle East and with religious minorities.The paper discusses the complexities and controversies surrounding Christian nationalism,its impact on the U.S.’s global image,and the challenges it poses to religious pluralism.The future of Christian nationalism’s influence on U.S.foreign policy is uncertain,as societal shifts and evolving global dynamics may prompt a reevaluation of its role in shaping America’s international actions.Overall,the paper provides a nuanced analysis of how Christian nationalism has intertwined with U.S.foreign policy and how its influence might evolve in the future.
文摘美国微软开发的VB.NET2005可视化程序设计语言中,有一个DivideByZeroException类,它是当程序中有整数除法运算而除数为零时发生的异常,这种异常通过"Catch e As DivideByZeroException"语句来捕捉,捕捉到后根据相应的容错处理语句继续执行。但在教学实践和实际编程中发现,在整数除法运算中发生除数为零的情况时,DivideByZeroException类异常并不能发生,这反映了微软开发的VB.NET2005程序设计语言中的一个漏洞。对这个问题进行了分析,并提出了弥补该漏洞的解决方案。
文摘In liver haemangiomas, the risk of complication rises with increasing size, and treatment can be obligatory. Here we present a case of a 46-year-old female who suffered from a giant haemangioma causing severe portal hypertension and vena cava compression, leading to therapy refractory ascites, hyponatremia and venostasis-associated thrombosis with pulmonary embolism. The patients did not experience tumour rupture or consumptive coagulopathy. Surgical resection was impossible because of steatosis of the non-affected liver. Orthotopic liver transplantation was identified as the only treatment option. The patient's renal function remained stable even though progressive morbidity and organ allocation were improbable according to the patient's lab model for end-stage liver disease(lab MELD) score. Therefore, non-standard exception status was approved by the European organ allocation network "Eurotransplant". The patient underwent successful orthotopic liver transplantation 16 mo after admission to our centre. Our case report indicates the underrepresentation of morbidity associated with refractory ascites in the lab MELD-based transplant allocation system, and it indicates the necessity of promptly applying for non-standard exception status to enable transplantation in patients with a severe clinical condition but low lab MELD score. Our case highlights the fact that liver transplantation should be considered early in patients with non-resectable, symptomatic benign liver tumours.
文摘The great gowel ghift was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the 15th to 18th centuries. Based on the history and theory of great vowel shift, the thesis makes an investigation on the principle, exceptions and effect of Great Vowel Shift.
文摘AIM: To hypothesize that the product of calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score excluding exception points and donor age(D-MELD) risk capping ± Rule 14 could improve post liver transplant and overall survival after listing.METHODS: Probabilities derived from the United Network for Organ Sharing database between 2002 and 2004 were used to simulate potential outcomes for all patients listed for transplantation. The Markov simula-tion was then modified by screening matches using a 1200 or 1600 D-MELD risk cap ± allowing transplants for Model for End-Stage Liver Disease(MELD) ≤ 14(Rule 14). The differential impact of the rule changes was assessed.RESULTS: The Markov simulation accurately reproduced overall and post transplant survival. A 1200 D-MELD risk cap improved post-transplant survival. Both the 1200 and 1600 risk caps improved overall survival for waitlisted patients. The addition of Rule 14 further improved post transplant and overall survival by redistribution of donor livers to recipients in higher MELD subgroups. The mechanism for improved overall and post-transplant survival after listing was due to shifting a larger percentage of transplants to the moderate MELD score subgroup(MELD 15-29) while also ensuring that high MELD recipients have livers of high quality to achieve excellent post transplant survival.CONCLUSION: A 1200 D-MELD risk cap + Rule 14 provided the greatest overall benefit primarily by focusing liver transplantation towards the moderate MELD recipient.
