The Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)are characterized by their widespread deployment due to low cost,but the WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks.To defend against the attacks,an effective security solution i...The Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)are characterized by their widespread deployment due to low cost,but the WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks.To defend against the attacks,an effective security solution is required.However,the limits of these networks’battery-based energy to the sensor are the most critical impediments to selecting cryptographic techniques.Consequently,finding a suitable algorithm that achieves the least energy consumption in data encryption and decryption and providing a highly protected system for data remains the fundamental problem.In this research,the main objective is to obtain data security during transmission by proposing a robust and low-power encryption algorithm,in addition,to examining security algorithms such as ECC and MD5 based on previous studies.In this research,the Energy Saving and Securing Data algorithm(ESSD)algorithm is introduced,which provides the Message Digest 5(MD5)computation simplicity by modifying the Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC)under the primary condition of power consumption.These three algorithms,ECC,MD5,and ESSD,are applied to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH)and Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol(TEEN)hierarchical routing algorithms which are considered the most widely used in WSNs.The results of security methods under the LEACH protocol show that all nodes are dead at 456,496,and 496,respectively,to ECC,MD5,and ESSD.The results of security methods under the TEEN protocol show that the test ends at 3743,4815,and 4889,respectively,to ECC,MD5,and ESSD.Based on these results,the ESSD outperforms better in terms of increased security and less power consumption.In addition,it is advantageous when applied to TEEN protocol.展开更多
Sexual size dimorphism theory predicts biased operational sex ratios(OSRs)and an uneven distribution of males among certain females.We studied this phenomenon through a field census of the giant wood spider Nephila pi...Sexual size dimorphism theory predicts biased operational sex ratios(OSRs)and an uneven distribution of males among certain females.We studied this phenomenon through a field census of the giant wood spider Nephila pilipes(family Nephilidae)in Singapore,a species where females are,on average,6.9 times larger than males.Specifically,we tested two hypotheses concerning male distribution,given their tendency to aggregate in certain female webs.The optimal female size hypothesis predicts that males would predominantly occupy webs of intermediate-sized females.The web clustering hypothesis posits that more males would be found in webs closer together compared to those farther apart.Our snapshot census revealed a female-biased OSR(females:males=1.85)with an uneven distribution of males in female webs.Most males were found in webs of intermediate-sized females aligning with the optimal female size hypothesis.Proximity among female webs was indicative of male presence,lending support to the web clustering hypothesis.While our study's limited sample size warrants caution,we conclude that in N.pilipes,male occupation of female webs is facilitated by the clustering of webs,and males prefer to cohabit with optimally sized,receptive females.展开更多
文摘The Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)are characterized by their widespread deployment due to low cost,but the WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks.To defend against the attacks,an effective security solution is required.However,the limits of these networks’battery-based energy to the sensor are the most critical impediments to selecting cryptographic techniques.Consequently,finding a suitable algorithm that achieves the least energy consumption in data encryption and decryption and providing a highly protected system for data remains the fundamental problem.In this research,the main objective is to obtain data security during transmission by proposing a robust and low-power encryption algorithm,in addition,to examining security algorithms such as ECC and MD5 based on previous studies.In this research,the Energy Saving and Securing Data algorithm(ESSD)algorithm is introduced,which provides the Message Digest 5(MD5)computation simplicity by modifying the Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC)under the primary condition of power consumption.These three algorithms,ECC,MD5,and ESSD,are applied to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH)and Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol(TEEN)hierarchical routing algorithms which are considered the most widely used in WSNs.The results of security methods under the LEACH protocol show that all nodes are dead at 456,496,and 496,respectively,to ECC,MD5,and ESSD.The results of security methods under the TEEN protocol show that the test ends at 3743,4815,and 4889,respectively,to ECC,MD5,and ESSD.Based on these results,the ESSD outperforms better in terms of increased security and less power consumption.In addition,it is advantageous when applied to TEEN protocol.
基金the Singapore National Parks for authorizing our research(Permit No.NP/RP20-090-2a)MatjažKuntner was supported by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency(grants P1-0255+2 种基金J1-9163)Singapore's Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum Visiting Fellowship.ErikŠtrumbelj was supported by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency(grant P2-0442)Jana Faganeli Pucer was supported by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency(grant P2-0209).
文摘Sexual size dimorphism theory predicts biased operational sex ratios(OSRs)and an uneven distribution of males among certain females.We studied this phenomenon through a field census of the giant wood spider Nephila pilipes(family Nephilidae)in Singapore,a species where females are,on average,6.9 times larger than males.Specifically,we tested two hypotheses concerning male distribution,given their tendency to aggregate in certain female webs.The optimal female size hypothesis predicts that males would predominantly occupy webs of intermediate-sized females.The web clustering hypothesis posits that more males would be found in webs closer together compared to those farther apart.Our snapshot census revealed a female-biased OSR(females:males=1.85)with an uneven distribution of males in female webs.Most males were found in webs of intermediate-sized females aligning with the optimal female size hypothesis.Proximity among female webs was indicative of male presence,lending support to the web clustering hypothesis.While our study's limited sample size warrants caution,we conclude that in N.pilipes,male occupation of female webs is facilitated by the clustering of webs,and males prefer to cohabit with optimally sized,receptive females.
