Pestalotiopsis is a taxonomically confused,pathogenic and chemically creative genus requiring a critical reexamination using a multi-gene phylogeny based on ex-type and ex-epitype cultures.In this study 40 isolates of...Pestalotiopsis is a taxonomically confused,pathogenic and chemically creative genus requiring a critical reexamination using a multi-gene phylogeny based on ex-type and ex-epitype cultures.In this study 40 isolates of Pestalotiopsis,comprised of 28 strains collected from living and dead plant material of various host plants from China were studied by means of morphology and analysis of ITS,β–tubulin and tef1 gene sequence data.Based on molecular and morphological data we describe 14 new species(Pestalotiopsis asiatica,P.chinensis,P.chrysea,P.clavata,P.diversiseta,P.ellipsospora,P.inflexa,P.intermedia,P.linearis,P.rosea,P.saprophyta,P.umberspora,P.unicolor and P.verruculosa)and three species are epitypified(P.adusta,P.clavispora and P.foedans).Of the 10 gene regions(ACT,β-tubulin,CAL,GPDH,GS,ITS,LSU,RPB 1,SSU and tef1)utilized to resolve cryptic Pestalotiopsis species,ITS,β–tubulin and tef1 proved to be the better markers.The other gene regions were less useful due to poor success in PCR amplification and/or in their ability to resolve species boundaries.As a single gene tef1 met the requirements for an ideal candidate and functions well for species delimitation due to its better species resolution and PCR success.Althoughβ-tubulin showed fairly good differences among species,a combination of ITS,β-tubulin and tef1 gene data gave the best resolution as compared to single gene analysis.This work provides a backbone tree for 22 ex-type/epitypified species of Pestalotiopsis and can be used in future studies of the genus.展开更多
Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplodia have been hampered by the lack of an ex-type culture linked to the holotype of D.mutila,which is the type of the genus.In this study a large collection of Diplodia str...Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplodia have been hampered by the lack of an ex-type culture linked to the holotype of D.mutila,which is the type of the genus.In this study a large collection of Diplodia strains,obtained from ash and other woody hosts showing V-shaped cankers and branch dieback,were identified based on morphological characters and DNA sequence data from ITS and EF1-α loci.Results of combined morphological and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Fraxinus isolates from Italy,the Netherlands,Portugal and Spain belong to three distinct species namely Diplodia fraxini,Diplodia mutila and Diplodia subglobosa sp.nov.An epitype was designated for Diplodia mutila,with associated ex-epitype cultures.The name D.fraxini is re-instated and a neotype designated.Two species,Diplodia seriata and Diplodia pseudoseriata were reported for the first time on Fraxinus spp.展开更多
Resolving species delimitation issues of European Cantharellus is crucial to correctly name chanterelles around the globe.Thirty names referring to Cantharellus s.str.have been described in Europe,some of which are us...Resolving species delimitation issues of European Cantharellus is crucial to correctly name chanterelles around the globe.Thirty names referring to Cantharellus s.str.have been described in Europe,some of which are used in other continents.Based on combined analyses of ITS2,LSU,RPB2 and TEF-1,merely eight species are here recognized in Europe applying the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria,one of which,C.roseofagetorum,is described as new.Morphological characters used in species delimitation are mapped and their variability evaluated.The colour of the hymenophore in young specimens is found to be a rather constant morphological character of taxonomic use.European species of Cantharellus are morphologically distinguished by unique combinations of characters,such as the presence of a pink pileal coating,pileus and hymenophore colour when young,and in some cases,the mean spore length and ecology.Eighteen type specimens from Europe are sequenced.Based on revised species concepts sixteen novel taxonomic synonyms are here proposed for European chanterelles:C.alborufescens(=C.henrici,C.ilicis,C.lilacinopruinatus),C.amethysteus(=C.cibarius subsp.squamulosus,C.cibarius var.umbrinus,C.rufipes),C.cibarius(=C.cibarius var.atlanticus,C.parviluteus),C.ferruginascens(=C.cibarius var.flavipes),C.friesii(=C.ignescens),C.pallens(=C.cibarius var.albidus,C.cibarius var.bicolor,C.subpruinosus),and C.romagnesianus(=C.pseudominimus,C.lourizanianus,C.romagnesianus var.parvisporus).The type of Cantharellus,C.cibarius,is epitypified.Descriptions,colour illustrations and a key to all European species are provided.展开更多
review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most...review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference,and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named.Most classical species,particularly of microfungi,are not represented by adequate type material,or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens,that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study,or for developing robust identification systems.Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer fromthe lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees.In some cases,epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species,genera,families,or orders of fungi.This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification,describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process.A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented.Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed.As examples of epitypification,or to provide reference specimens,a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata,A.bakeriana,Phaeosphaeria elongata,Ophiobolus cirsii,and O.erythrosporus.In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance,and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable.Although we provided guidelines for epitypification,the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author,who should have experience of the fungus concerned.This responsibility is to be taken seriously,as once a later typification is made,it may not be possible to undo that,particularly in the case of epitypes,without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.展开更多
基金We thank Thailand Research Fund(grant:BRG5280002)The National Research Council of Thailand(grant for Pestalotiopsis No:55201020008)+4 种基金Mae Fah Luang University(grant for Pestalotiopsis No:55101020004)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant:30930005)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant:KSCX2-YW-Z0935)Mushroom Research Foundation,Chiang Mai,ThailandState Key Laboratory of Mycology,Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China and the King Saud University for supporting this research.
文摘Pestalotiopsis is a taxonomically confused,pathogenic and chemically creative genus requiring a critical reexamination using a multi-gene phylogeny based on ex-type and ex-epitype cultures.In this study 40 isolates of Pestalotiopsis,comprised of 28 strains collected from living and dead plant material of various host plants from China were studied by means of morphology and analysis of ITS,β–tubulin and tef1 gene sequence data.Based on molecular and morphological data we describe 14 new species(Pestalotiopsis asiatica,P.chinensis,P.chrysea,P.clavata,P.diversiseta,P.ellipsospora,P.inflexa,P.intermedia,P.linearis,P.rosea,P.saprophyta,P.umberspora,P.unicolor and P.verruculosa)and three species are epitypified(P.adusta,P.clavispora and P.foedans).Of the 10 gene regions(ACT,β-tubulin,CAL,GPDH,GS,ITS,LSU,RPB 1,SSU and tef1)utilized to resolve cryptic Pestalotiopsis species,ITS,β–tubulin and tef1 proved to be the better markers.The other gene regions were less useful due to poor success in PCR amplification and/or in their ability to resolve species boundaries.As a single gene tef1 met the requirements for an ideal candidate and functions well for species delimitation due to its better species resolution and PCR success.Althoughβ-tubulin showed fairly good differences among species,a combination of ITS,β-tubulin and tef1 gene data gave the best resolution as compared to single gene analysis.This work provides a backbone tree for 22 ex-type/epitypified species of Pestalotiopsis and can be used in future studies of the genus.
基金supported by the programme Ciencia 2008,co-funded by the Human Potential Operational Programme(National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-2013)the European Social Fund(EU)+1 种基金financed by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia(Portugal)through grant PEst-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011the financial support of his PhD scholarship(P.O.R.Sardegna F.S.E.Operational Programme of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia,European Social Fund 2007-2013-Axis Ⅳ Human Resources,Objective 1.3,Line of Activity 1.3.1.)。
文摘Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplodia have been hampered by the lack of an ex-type culture linked to the holotype of D.mutila,which is the type of the genus.In this study a large collection of Diplodia strains,obtained from ash and other woody hosts showing V-shaped cankers and branch dieback,were identified based on morphological characters and DNA sequence data from ITS and EF1-α loci.Results of combined morphological and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Fraxinus isolates from Italy,the Netherlands,Portugal and Spain belong to three distinct species namely Diplodia fraxini,Diplodia mutila and Diplodia subglobosa sp.nov.An epitype was designated for Diplodia mutila,with associated ex-epitype cultures.The name D.fraxini is re-instated and a neotype designated.Two species,Diplodia seriata and Diplodia pseudoseriata were reported for the first time on Fraxinus spp.
基金This study would not have been possible without numerous friends and colleagues that provided specimens or/and shared photographs and knowledge with us:M.Becerra,J.B.Blanco-Dios,E.Campo,A.Estades,R.Fernandez-Sasia,J.Fernandez Vicente,E.Fidalgo,J.Martin,A.Melendez,M.A`.PerezDe-Gregorio.B.Rodrıguez,E.Rubio,L.Rubio Casas,J.C.Salom,P.Siquier,J.Teres,S.Serrano and J.C.Zamora.We thank J.Rejos,curator of AH,for his patience and managing loans of herbarium material for this study.Likewise,we thank the curators of AMB(Associazione Micologica BresadolaG.Consiglio),DAOM(S.Redhead),E(D.Harris),K(B.Aguirre-Hudson),LOU-Fungi(J.B.Blanco-Dios),MPU(C.Loup),O(K.Bendiksen,K.-H.Larsson),PRM(J.Holec)and OSC(A.Liston).Roberto Fernandez Sasia and J.Mornand kindly made the types of C.parviluteus and C.cibarius var.flavipes available to us.We are much indebted to G.Eyssartier,who shared with us material,useful comments and was always collaborative.Pierre-Arthur Moreau and S.Poumarat made available scans of the original drawing of C.cibarius var.alborufescens.Jaume Llistosella gave us valuable information about R.Maire’s trip to Catalonia and the type localities of C.cibarius var.albidus and C.cibarius var.bicolor.Scott Redhead investigated in depth the priority date of the name Cantharellus rufipes and found that was published later(1888)than we believed(1878),which hindered us from making the unfortunate decision to adopt C.rufipes instead of the earlier and well-established C.amethysteus(1887).The first author thanks Luis A.Parra for making available his nomenclatural expertise at any time and help with literature search,and Maria Prieto for enriching discussions and valuable advise.We also acknowledge Massimo Candusso for providing literature.Eric Danell and Svengunnar Ryman showed I.Olariaga localities around Uppsala where fresh material of C.cibarius and C.pallens could be collected.I.Olariaga author also thanks A.Felipe for companionship during numerous field trips to collect Cantharellus material.This study has been partially funded by a project granted by the University of Alcala(CCG2013/EXP-072+1 种基金by a grant(I.Olariaga)for Training of Researchers from the Basque Government(2002/2003)by the Agency of Protected Areas of the Ministry of Environment Protection of Georgia(D.Rodrıguez).
文摘Resolving species delimitation issues of European Cantharellus is crucial to correctly name chanterelles around the globe.Thirty names referring to Cantharellus s.str.have been described in Europe,some of which are used in other continents.Based on combined analyses of ITS2,LSU,RPB2 and TEF-1,merely eight species are here recognized in Europe applying the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria,one of which,C.roseofagetorum,is described as new.Morphological characters used in species delimitation are mapped and their variability evaluated.The colour of the hymenophore in young specimens is found to be a rather constant morphological character of taxonomic use.European species of Cantharellus are morphologically distinguished by unique combinations of characters,such as the presence of a pink pileal coating,pileus and hymenophore colour when young,and in some cases,the mean spore length and ecology.Eighteen type specimens from Europe are sequenced.Based on revised species concepts sixteen novel taxonomic synonyms are here proposed for European chanterelles:C.alborufescens(=C.henrici,C.ilicis,C.lilacinopruinatus),C.amethysteus(=C.cibarius subsp.squamulosus,C.cibarius var.umbrinus,C.rufipes),C.cibarius(=C.cibarius var.atlanticus,C.parviluteus),C.ferruginascens(=C.cibarius var.flavipes),C.friesii(=C.ignescens),C.pallens(=C.cibarius var.albidus,C.cibarius var.bicolor,C.subpruinosus),and C.romagnesianus(=C.pseudominimus,C.lourizanianus,C.romagnesianus var.parvisporus).The type of Cantharellus,C.cibarius,is epitypified.Descriptions,colour illustrations and a key to all European species are provided.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botanythe agricultural science and technology foundation of Guizhou province(Nos.NY[2013]3042)+3 种基金the international collaboration plan ofGuizhou province(No.G[2012]7006)the innovation team construction for science and technology of Guizhou province(No.[2012]4007)from the Science and Technology Department ofGuizhou province,Chinafunding from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación project CGL2011-25003MFLU grant number 56101020032 is thanked for supporting studies on Dothideomycetes.
文摘review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference,and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named.Most classical species,particularly of microfungi,are not represented by adequate type material,or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens,that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study,or for developing robust identification systems.Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer fromthe lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees.In some cases,epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species,genera,families,or orders of fungi.This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification,describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process.A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented.Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed.As examples of epitypification,or to provide reference specimens,a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata,A.bakeriana,Phaeosphaeria elongata,Ophiobolus cirsii,and O.erythrosporus.In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance,and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable.Although we provided guidelines for epitypification,the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author,who should have experience of the fungus concerned.This responsibility is to be taken seriously,as once a later typification is made,it may not be possible to undo that,particularly in the case of epitypes,without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.
