The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions fo...The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions for the growth of strain JBW4 and for biodegradation by this strain were identified, and the metabolic products of endosulfan degradation were studied in detail. The maximum level of endosulfan biodegradation by strain JBW4 was obtained using broth at an initial pH of 7.0, an incubation temperature of 40℃ and an endosulfan concentration of I00 mg/L. The concentration of endosulfan was determined by gas chromatography. Strain JBW4 was able to degrade 87.5% of α-endosulfan and 83.9% of β-endosulfan within 5 days. These degradation rates are much higher than the previously reported bacterial strains. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; endosulfan sulfate, which is a persistent and toxic metabolite, was not detected. These results suggested that A. faecalis JBW4 degrades endosulfan via a non-oxidative pathway. The biodegradation of endosulfan by A. faecalis is reported for the first time. Additionally, the present study indicates that strain JBW4 may have potential for the biodegradation of endosulfan residues.展开更多
This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for endosulfan residue in apple. Samples were extracted with 30 ml of acetone ： ethyl acetate （9：1）, purified with FlorisiL （containing activated carbon...This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for endosulfan residue in apple. Samples were extracted with 30 ml of acetone ： ethyl acetate （9：1）, purified with FlorisiL （containing activated carbon）, and detected by GC. Under those detection conditions, the detection limits of α-endosulfan, 15-endosulfan and endosulfate were 10^-11, 10^-11, and 2.5×10^-11 g, respectively. The recoveries of α-en- dosulfan were in the range of 89.49%-95.34%, with CVs in the range of 1.45%- 2.69%; the recoveries of β-endosulfan were in the range of 99.35%-100.63%, with CVs in the range of 1.39%-4.72%; and the recoveries of endosulfan suffate were in the range of 95.32%-101.15%, with CVs in the range of 1.19%-3.21%. The accu- racy, precision and sensitivity of the method all satisfy the requirements of pesticide residue analysis.展开更多
The polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis, a key species in estuarine ecosystems, can improve the culture condition of sediment. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used globally to control insects and mites; howev...The polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis, a key species in estuarine ecosystems, can improve the culture condition of sediment. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used globally to control insects and mites; however, it is a source of pollution in aquaculture as a result of runoff or accidental release. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of endosulfan to polychaeta and its ability to improve polluted sediment. Specifically, the effects of a series of endosulfan concentrations （0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L） were investigated, and the results indicated that the 24-h median lethal concentration （24-h LCs0） was 55.57 mg/L, while the 48-h median lethal concentration （48-h LCs0） was 15.56 mg/L, and the safe concentration was about 1.556 mg/L. In a 30-d exposure experiment, the animal specimen could decompose endosulfan effectively while improving endosulfan-polluted aquatic sediment.展开更多
Aim: To find out the toxic effect of endosulfan on the testicular function of pubertal rats. Methods: Male rats of pu-bertal age were orally administered endosulfan at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Twen...Aim: To find out the toxic effect of endosulfan on the testicular function of pubertal rats. Methods: Male rats of pu-bertal age were orally administered endosulfan at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Twenty-four hours af-ter the last treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate were re-moved and weighed. A 10 % testicular homogenate was prepared for biochemical estimations. Results: In endosul-fan-treated rats, there were a reduction in the body weight and the weights of testis and accessory sex organs, a de-crease in the testicular lactate and pyruvate activities, and in the testicular DNA and RNA concentrations, whereas thetesticular protein concentration was slightly increased; the specific activity of testicular steroidogenic enzyme, 3β-OH-steroid dehydrogenase and the ascorbic acid level were decreased, which were correlated with a decrease in steroidoge-nesis. The lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase and brash-border enzyme alkaline phosphatase activities were also de-creased in the testis of treated rats. Conclusion: In pubertal rats, endosulfan treatment inhibits the testicular functions.(Asian J Androl 1999 Dec; 1: 203-206)展开更多
Objective Endosulfan is an extremely toxic organochlorine pesticide to aquatic organisms which might be hampering fish health through impairment of metabolism sometimes leading to death. So an experimental protocol wa...Objective Endosulfan is an extremely toxic organochlorine pesticide to aquatic organisms which might be hampering fish health through impairment of metabolism sometimes leading to death. So an experimental protocol was designed to look at endosulfan effects on a number of selected biochemical endpoints as well as to develop a mechanistic understanding of biochemical effects of endosulfan in freshwater fish. Methods The adult freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus were collected and acclimatized to laboratory condition for two weeks prior to experimentation. The toxicity bioassay test of commercial grade endosulfan (35% EC) was conducted for 21 days to determine its initial lethal concentration. The fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of endosulfan (0.06 mg/L) for 21 days. Pesticide - withdrawal experiments were also performed to study recovery. Protein synthesis inhibitors were injected to know the possible mechanism of recovery. The specimens of C. batrachus were sacrificed and brain, liver and caudal white skeletal muscle were removed. Tissues were homogenized and fractions were obtained by differential centrifugation. The activities of citrate synthase (CS), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PDH) and lactate dehydrogease (LDH) were assayed spectrophotometrically. Similarly, DNA, RNA and protein content were measured as per standard procedure. Results The exposure of sublethal concentration of endosulfan decreased the activity of citrate synthase (CS) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PDH) in the brain, liver and skeletal muscle of the freshwater catfish, C. batrachus. The brain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was also reduced in response to endosulfan toxicity. The maximum reduction in activities of these enzyme was 34%-43%. Withdrawal of endosulfan restored the enzyme activity to control level in all the three tissues. The recovery in enzyme activity appears to be due to dissociation of endosulfan or its metabolite(s) from the enzyme molecules and/or fresh synthesis of enzymes. The treatment of actinomycin D or cycloheximide partially inhibited the withdrawal-dependent increase in enzyme activity. This substantiates de novo synthesis of enzyme during recovery period. Since the reduction in enzyme activity was more pronounced in response to actinomycin D, endosulfan might be inhibiting the transcription process. But endosulfan did not produce any significant effect on DNA content and RNA/DNA. However, the RNA and protein contents of brain, liver and skeletal muscle decreased significantly in tissues. The maximum decrease in RNA and protein was approximately 30%-37%. Withdrawal of endosulfan from the medium for 21 days restored the RNA, and protein contents nearly to their control levels. The treatment of actinomycin D or cycloheximide partially inhibited the withdrawal- dependent increase in these macromolecular contents. This effect was more pronounced in case of actinomycin D which again supports the possibility of endosulfan-induced inhibition at transcription level. Conclusion The present study suggests endosulfan-induced impairment of metabolism in fish, which appeared to be due to inhibition of transcription at some unknown points.展开更多
Pesticide contamination causes precarious implications on human health and environment.Thus the investigation of its sorption phenomenon is highly imperative.Endosulfan insecticide was examined for its adsorption beha...Pesticide contamination causes precarious implications on human health and environment.Thus the investigation of its sorption phenomenon is highly imperative.Endosulfan insecticide was examined for its adsorption behavior on ten assorted soils through batch equilibrium method.Adsorption coefficient values(Kd)ranged from 1.4μg/mL to 18μg/mL.The highest Kd value was obtained for Peshawar soil owing to the presence of highest amount of organic matter(1.4%).Negative values of Gibbs free energy displayed a low interaction between soil and pesticide,exhibiting that the reaction was physiosorption and exothermic in nature.Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation of soil pH and Kd(R^2=–0.77 and p=0.03)and a positive correlation with organic matter(R^2=0.96).Activated carbon prepared from Saccharum officinarum bagasse removed significant amount pesticide.The maximum removal observed was 93%and 97%in 5×10^–6 and 7.5×10^–6,respectively.Activated carbon prepared from biomass for removal purposes was proved to be highly efficient and cost effective.展开更多
A sublethal concentration of technical grade endosulfan (END) inhibited 35 to 55% of the activities of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH...A sublethal concentration of technical grade endosulfan (END) inhibited 35 to 55% of the activities of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver and the skeletal muscle of a freshwater catfish, Clarias halrachus, after 7 days of exposure. The activity remained in the inhibited state up to 28 days. The withdrawal of END from the medium after 1 week of exposure gradually restored the activities to control levels within 21 days in the skeletal muscle and 28 days in the liver. The administration of actinomycin D or cycloheximide between the 14th and the 21st day of the withdrawal of END almost completely inhibited the withdrawal-dependent recovery in the activities of all the three enzymes. This indicates de novo synthesis of the enzymes during the recovery period. A conjoint treatment of END and triiodothyronine (T_3) raised the activities of cMDH, mMDH, and LDH in the liver and the skeletal muscle up to the control levels. This shows that the inhibitory effect of END may be relieved in presence of T_3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed few changes in the pattern of cytoplasmic proteins of the liver and the skeletal muscle in response to exposure to END. 1990 Academic Press. Inc.展开更多
Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable ...Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.展开更多
Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is known for its toxicity and ability to accumulate in the environment. In India endosulfan was banned only in 2011 and hence toxic residues are still persistent in the environ...Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is known for its toxicity and ability to accumulate in the environment. In India endosulfan was banned only in 2011 and hence toxic residues are still persistent in the environment. The abilities of three plant species Chittaratha (Alpinia calcarata), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) to remove endosulfan from soil in the absence and presence of zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVIs) (1000 mg/Kg of soil), i.e., by phytoremediation and nano-phytoremediation, were determined. Extracted soil samples from the experimental plot were analyzed using Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and final dehalogenated product was confirmed by Mass Spectrometer (MS). A. calcarata had the best efficiency compared to the other two plant species and the efficiency decreased in the order A. calcarata > O. sanctum> C. citrates. The initial endosulfan removal rate was high (82% was removed within 7 days) when nano phytoremediation experiments were conducted with A. calcarata but then gradually decreased, probably because the activity of nZVI decreased over time. The nZVI endosulfan degradation mechanism appears to involve hydrogenolysis and sequential dehalogenation which was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Only small amounts of endosulfan were accumulated in the plants because the added nZVIs might have promoted the reductive dechlorination of endosulfan.展开更多
The rapid growth in global population continues to challenge the world’s ability to provide enough food. As one of the most crucial issues for human development, food production must increase to offset hunger and pov...The rapid growth in global population continues to challenge the world’s ability to provide enough food. As one of the most crucial issues for human development, food production must increase to offset hunger and poverty as well as social unrest. To augment the yield of crops a variety of pesticides like Endosulfan, Rogor, Aldrin, Chlorpyrifos, etc. are being used liberally by the farmers. In the present investigation, Endosulfan was administered orally (daily) by gavage method to female Swiss albino mice group for 4 weeks @ 3.0 mg/kg b.w. After that, they were left for 6 months and then sacrificed and liver tissues were fixed for light microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopic study. The histopathological study of Endosulfan administered group liver showed hepatocytes with congestion in central vein with less dense cytoplasm, haemorrhaged bile duct, degenerated cytoplasm and central vein with vacuolations in sinusoidal spaces. Neoplastic changes in hepatocytes are the major finding of study. The ultrastuctural study revealed dilation in the nuclear pore complex and massive movement of cytoplasmic material from cytoplasm to the nucleus which is major finding which denotes neoplastic changes. Presence of abundant free lying polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, which denotes neoplastic changes in the cellis also one of theimportant finding observed. The present study thus deciphers that Endosulfan toxicity leads to onset of neoplasia thence carcinogenesis in liver cells in Swiss albino mice which is the novel finding in the field of toxicology.展开更多
Chemicals are comprehensively used worldwide to control herbs,weeds,pests,and other competing agents with various growing crops.The consumption of crops grown with these chemicals(even in small quantities)can upshot i...Chemicals are comprehensively used worldwide to control herbs,weeds,pests,and other competing agents with various growing crops.The consumption of crops grown with these chemicals(even in small quantities)can upshot into accumulation in the human body.People can accidentally inhale these hazardous chemicals if they are in an area where they were applied.These chemicals can be ingested in a human with contaminated food and drinks.Ultimately it causes various adverse effects(chronic toxicity,teratogenic,mutagenic,carcinogenic effect,reproductive,and organ toxicity)on human health.Among the pool of these chemicals used as pesticides in the environment,exposure of endosulfan to humans has a potential health risk throughout the globe.The poisoning of endosulfan is reported frequently in society,therefore,this article highlights the toxicological and other harmful properties of endosulfan to humans and emphasized its essential biomonitoring.Its quick monitoring and effective hazard evaluation are possible with multiomics technologies and some other analytical approaches.This review summarizes the introduction and mechanism of action of endosulfan along with some other toxic chemicals used in the agriculture work,the toxicity of endosulfan in human/environment,and importantly its biomonitoring(detection of chemicals and their metabolites in a biological sample)in human because biomonitoring is often considered as the most preferred method.Biomonitoring could be easily done in human samples(blood,hair,milk,and urine)with a multi-omics approach,which is a quick,reliable,and state-of-the-art technique.展开更多
This study assesses the role of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in the breakdown of endosulfan in a soil environment. Two strains of E. fetida were used in this study to assess the effect of salinity on toxicity and me...This study assesses the role of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in the breakdown of endosulfan in a soil environment. Two strains of E. fetida were used in this study to assess the effect of salinity on toxicity and metabolism of endosulfan in these earthworms. One strain of E. fetida (R) was reared in high salinity soil (over 2.0 dS/m of electric conductivity) from Shiwha lake, Korea. A control strain (W) was reared in pig manure compost. Acute toxicity of endosulfan was lower in the R strain when endosulfan was injected. In vitro metabolic studies of endosulfan based on microsomal preparations showed that both strains produced two major metabolites, endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan diol. The production rate of endodulfan sulfate was not significantly different between the strains, while endosulfan diol production was significantly different. In vivo metabolism studies showed only one primary metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, was produced by both strains. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed annetocin was the indicative protein newly expressed in the R strain in relation to salinity exposure. These findings suggest salinity may induce hydrolyzing enzymes to produce endosulfan diol from endosulfan.展开更多
Endosulfan is a persistent, toxic broad-spectrum organochlorine insecticide and acaricide used on food and non-food crops. To overcome the problem of hydrophobicity of endosulfan, surfactants play a major role in soil...Endosulfan is a persistent, toxic broad-spectrum organochlorine insecticide and acaricide used on food and non-food crops. To overcome the problem of hydrophobicity of endosulfan, surfactants play a major role in soil remediation. A concentration of 1 g/L tween 80 released 83.89% ± 1.22% of endosulfan from the soil in 24 hours and a total of only 13.96% ± 0.14% was found remaining in the soil. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that promises effective and inexpensive cleanup of contaminated hazardous waste sites. The potential of aquatic plant species Salvinia molesta and the terrestrial plant species, Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), to remove persistent organochlorine pesticide endosulfan from contaminated water and soil respectively were investigated. Remediation of endosulfan in water using different aquatic plants showed that Salvinia molesta is more efficient in endosulfan removal as the percentage removal of endosulfan obtained was 97.94% ± 0.33% in 21 days (with an initial concentration of 123 μg/L endosulfan). Among the selected terrestrial plant species, Spinach and Tomato, percentage removal of endosulfan was found to be higher with tomato. On Day 21, complete removal of pesticide (with an initial concentration of 140 μg/Kg endosulfan) occurred in the soil in which phytoremediation was done with tomato while spinach took about 28 days for complete removal of endosulfan. Microbial degradation offers an effective approach to remove toxicants from the environment. Microbial degradation of endosulfan was studied and Pseudomonas species was able to completely degrade endosulfan in 16 days. The technologies developed can be utilized for the complete removal of endosulfan from a contaminated area. The surfactant enhanced recovery and phytoremediation will help to decontaminate the polluted water and soil. The recovered endosulfan in the surfactants and plants can be subjected to biodegradation by bacterial species using a bio reactor.展开更多
Computing chemistry was applied to understand biotransforrnation mechanism of an organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan. The stereo specific metabolic activity of human CYP-2B6 （cytochrome P450） on endosulfan has been...Computing chemistry was applied to understand biotransforrnation mechanism of an organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan. The stereo specific metabolic activity of human CYP-2B6 （cytochrome P450） on endosulfan has been well demonstrated. Sequence and structural similarity search revealed that the bacterium Bacillus megaterium encodes CYP-BM3, which is similar to CYP-2B6. The functional similarity was studied at organism level by batch-scale studies and it was proved that B. megaterium could metabolize endosulfan to endosulfan sulfate, as CYP-2B6 does in human system. The gene expression analyses also confirmed the possible role of CYP-BM3 in endosulfan metabolism. Thus, our results show that the protein structure based in-silico approach can help us to understand and identify microbes for remediation strategy development. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report which has extrapolated the bacterial gene for endosulfan biotransformation through in silico prediction approach for metabolic gene identification.展开更多
The present study carried out the α-endosulfan removal from water by adsorption over natural clays from the western region of Burkina Faso. The adsorption experiments were performed over raw clay samples at room temp...The present study carried out the α-endosulfan removal from water by adsorption over natural clays from the western region of Burkina Faso. The adsorption experiments were performed over raw clay samples at room temperature in batch reactor and the obtained adsorption isotherms were well fitted by Fowler-Guggenheim model. It was pointed out for all samples that α-endosulfan was physisorbed in the interlayer space of the clay samples. The maximal adsorption capacities were respectively about 9.12, 6.98 and 4.13 mg/g for KO2, KO1 and KW1 samples. The differences in terms of adsorption capacity for the three samples were due to the presence of illite in the samples KO2 and KO1 when the KW1 sample contained essentially kaolinite in its structure. When the interlayer space was large enough as for samples with illite a greater amount of α-endosulfan molecules were adsorbed. It was also shown that the samples with the higher surface area were the most efficient for the removal of α-endosulfan molecules from water. Moreover, this study exhibited that the α-endosulfan adsorption depended on the crystallites size;the samples presenting largest crystallites had the greatest adsorption capacities.展开更多
Endosulfan and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were previously widely used organochlorine pesticides.Much attention has been paid to trends in human exposure to endosulfan and HCB and to the transport and distribution of endosu...Endosulfan and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were previously widely used organochlorine pesticides.Much attention has been paid to trends in human exposure to endosulfan and HCB and to the transport and distribution of endosulfan and HCB within the body.We determined endosulfan I,endosulfan II,and HCB concentrations in serum samples collected from the general population of Wuxi in Jiangsu Province(China)between 2012 and 2016.The endosulfan concentrations varied little throughout the study period,but the HCB concentrations increased.The HCB concentrations were significantly higher in serum from overweight people and smokers than in serum from normal weight people(p?0.028)and non-smokers(p?0.011),respectively.HCB binds to human serum albumin(HSA)and can form halogen bonds to CYS-461 and ARG-484 at site II(subdomain IIIA).Fatty acids and nicotine increase the affinity between HCB and HSA,explaining the higher HCB concentrations in serum from overweight people and smokers than normal weight people and non-smokers,respectively.展开更多
Background and aims:Environmental pollutants,particularly organochlorine insecticides like endosulfan(ENDO),are increasingly linked to liver toxicity and related diseases.Despite its widespread historical use,the mech...Background and aims:Environmental pollutants,particularly organochlorine insecticides like endosulfan(ENDO),are increasingly linked to liver toxicity and related diseases.Despite its widespread historical use,the mechanisms underlying ENDO-induced liver damage remain poorly understood.This study aims to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of ENDO-induced hepatotoxicity.Methods:C57BL/6 mice were exposed to ENDO for two weeks.Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)was subsequently performed on mouse livers to explore ENDO-induced hepatotoxicity at the single-cell level.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)across cell types and treatments were identified and then subjected to pathway enrichment to uncover key biological processes affected by ENDO.Transcription factor(TF)regulatory network,pseudotime trajectory,and cellular communication analysis were used to explore the molecular and cellular changes after ENDO exposure.Results:ENDO not only caused direct hepatocyte injury but also activated hepatic stellate cells and lymphocytes,triggering inflammatory responses with upregulation of multiple key chemokines and cytotoxic genes.Additionally,ENDO exposure led to the recruitment and activation of myeloid cells,contributing to the inflammatory milieu.An increase in intercellular communication and changes to the hepatic microenvironment,especially the interaction between activated hepatic stellate cells and CD8^(+)T cells were observed,further implicating these processes in ENDO-induced liver damage.Conclusions:This study provides new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver injury induced by organochlorine insecticides like ENDO.Key genes and pathways involved in ENDO-associated liver toxicity have been identified at a single-cell resolution.These findings suggest that altered cellular communications and inflammatory responses may play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of ENDO-induced liver injury.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21377075,41071164,21277083,40801203,41001152)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20113702110007)
文摘The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions for the growth of strain JBW4 and for biodegradation by this strain were identified, and the metabolic products of endosulfan degradation were studied in detail. The maximum level of endosulfan biodegradation by strain JBW4 was obtained using broth at an initial pH of 7.0, an incubation temperature of 40℃ and an endosulfan concentration of I00 mg/L. The concentration of endosulfan was determined by gas chromatography. Strain JBW4 was able to degrade 87.5% of α-endosulfan and 83.9% of β-endosulfan within 5 days. These degradation rates are much higher than the previously reported bacterial strains. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; endosulfan sulfate, which is a persistent and toxic metabolite, was not detected. These results suggested that A. faecalis JBW4 degrades endosulfan via a non-oxidative pathway. The biodegradation of endosulfan by A. faecalis is reported for the first time. Additionally, the present study indicates that strain JBW4 may have potential for the biodegradation of endosulfan residues.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0200205-2)~~
文摘This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for endosulfan residue in apple. Samples were extracted with 30 ml of acetone ： ethyl acetate （9：1）, purified with FlorisiL （containing activated carbon）, and detected by GC. Under those detection conditions, the detection limits of α-endosulfan, 15-endosulfan and endosulfate were 10^-11, 10^-11, and 2.5×10^-11 g, respectively. The recoveries of α-en- dosulfan were in the range of 89.49%-95.34%, with CVs in the range of 1.45%- 2.69%; the recoveries of β-endosulfan were in the range of 99.35%-100.63%, with CVs in the range of 1.39%-4.72%; and the recoveries of endosulfan suffate were in the range of 95.32%-101.15%, with CVs in the range of 1.19%-3.21%. The accu- racy, precision and sensitivity of the method all satisfy the requirements of pesticide residue analysis.
基金Supported by Technology Development Program for Fisheries, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea
文摘The polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis, a key species in estuarine ecosystems, can improve the culture condition of sediment. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used globally to control insects and mites; however, it is a source of pollution in aquaculture as a result of runoff or accidental release. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of endosulfan to polychaeta and its ability to improve polluted sediment. Specifically, the effects of a series of endosulfan concentrations （0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L） were investigated, and the results indicated that the 24-h median lethal concentration （24-h LCs0） was 55.57 mg/L, while the 48-h median lethal concentration （48-h LCs0） was 15.56 mg/L, and the safe concentration was about 1.556 mg/L. In a 30-d exposure experiment, the animal specimen could decompose endosulfan effectively while improving endosulfan-polluted aquatic sediment.
文摘Aim: To find out the toxic effect of endosulfan on the testicular function of pubertal rats. Methods: Male rats of pu-bertal age were orally administered endosulfan at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Twenty-four hours af-ter the last treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate were re-moved and weighed. A 10 % testicular homogenate was prepared for biochemical estimations. Results: In endosul-fan-treated rats, there were a reduction in the body weight and the weights of testis and accessory sex organs, a de-crease in the testicular lactate and pyruvate activities, and in the testicular DNA and RNA concentrations, whereas thetesticular protein concentration was slightly increased; the specific activity of testicular steroidogenic enzyme, 3β-OH-steroid dehydrogenase and the ascorbic acid level were decreased, which were correlated with a decrease in steroidoge-nesis. The lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase and brash-border enzyme alkaline phosphatase activities were also de-creased in the testis of treated rats. Conclusion: In pubertal rats, endosulfan treatment inhibits the testicular functions.(Asian J Androl 1999 Dec; 1: 203-206)
文摘Objective Endosulfan is an extremely toxic organochlorine pesticide to aquatic organisms which might be hampering fish health through impairment of metabolism sometimes leading to death. So an experimental protocol was designed to look at endosulfan effects on a number of selected biochemical endpoints as well as to develop a mechanistic understanding of biochemical effects of endosulfan in freshwater fish. Methods The adult freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus were collected and acclimatized to laboratory condition for two weeks prior to experimentation. The toxicity bioassay test of commercial grade endosulfan (35% EC) was conducted for 21 days to determine its initial lethal concentration. The fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of endosulfan (0.06 mg/L) for 21 days. Pesticide - withdrawal experiments were also performed to study recovery. Protein synthesis inhibitors were injected to know the possible mechanism of recovery. The specimens of C. batrachus were sacrificed and brain, liver and caudal white skeletal muscle were removed. Tissues were homogenized and fractions were obtained by differential centrifugation. The activities of citrate synthase (CS), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PDH) and lactate dehydrogease (LDH) were assayed spectrophotometrically. Similarly, DNA, RNA and protein content were measured as per standard procedure. Results The exposure of sublethal concentration of endosulfan decreased the activity of citrate synthase (CS) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PDH) in the brain, liver and skeletal muscle of the freshwater catfish, C. batrachus. The brain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was also reduced in response to endosulfan toxicity. The maximum reduction in activities of these enzyme was 34%-43%. Withdrawal of endosulfan restored the enzyme activity to control level in all the three tissues. The recovery in enzyme activity appears to be due to dissociation of endosulfan or its metabolite(s) from the enzyme molecules and/or fresh synthesis of enzymes. The treatment of actinomycin D or cycloheximide partially inhibited the withdrawal-dependent increase in enzyme activity. This substantiates de novo synthesis of enzyme during recovery period. Since the reduction in enzyme activity was more pronounced in response to actinomycin D, endosulfan might be inhibiting the transcription process. But endosulfan did not produce any significant effect on DNA content and RNA/DNA. However, the RNA and protein contents of brain, liver and skeletal muscle decreased significantly in tissues. The maximum decrease in RNA and protein was approximately 30%-37%. Withdrawal of endosulfan from the medium for 21 days restored the RNA, and protein contents nearly to their control levels. The treatment of actinomycin D or cycloheximide partially inhibited the withdrawal- dependent increase in these macromolecular contents. This effect was more pronounced in case of actinomycin D which again supports the possibility of endosulfan-induced inhibition at transcription level. Conclusion The present study suggests endosulfan-induced impairment of metabolism in fish, which appeared to be due to inhibition of transcription at some unknown points.
文摘Pesticide contamination causes precarious implications on human health and environment.Thus the investigation of its sorption phenomenon is highly imperative.Endosulfan insecticide was examined for its adsorption behavior on ten assorted soils through batch equilibrium method.Adsorption coefficient values(Kd)ranged from 1.4μg/mL to 18μg/mL.The highest Kd value was obtained for Peshawar soil owing to the presence of highest amount of organic matter(1.4%).Negative values of Gibbs free energy displayed a low interaction between soil and pesticide,exhibiting that the reaction was physiosorption and exothermic in nature.Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation of soil pH and Kd(R^2=–0.77 and p=0.03)and a positive correlation with organic matter(R^2=0.96).Activated carbon prepared from Saccharum officinarum bagasse removed significant amount pesticide.The maximum removal observed was 93%and 97%in 5×10^–6 and 7.5×10^–6,respectively.Activated carbon prepared from biomass for removal purposes was proved to be highly efficient and cost effective.
文摘A sublethal concentration of technical grade endosulfan (END) inhibited 35 to 55% of the activities of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver and the skeletal muscle of a freshwater catfish, Clarias halrachus, after 7 days of exposure. The activity remained in the inhibited state up to 28 days. The withdrawal of END from the medium after 1 week of exposure gradually restored the activities to control levels within 21 days in the skeletal muscle and 28 days in the liver. The administration of actinomycin D or cycloheximide between the 14th and the 21st day of the withdrawal of END almost completely inhibited the withdrawal-dependent recovery in the activities of all the three enzymes. This indicates de novo synthesis of the enzymes during the recovery period. A conjoint treatment of END and triiodothyronine (T_3) raised the activities of cMDH, mMDH, and LDH in the liver and the skeletal muscle up to the control levels. This shows that the inhibitory effect of END may be relieved in presence of T_3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed few changes in the pattern of cytoplasmic proteins of the liver and the skeletal muscle in response to exposure to END. 1990 Academic Press. Inc.
基金financially supported by the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Evening program), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
文摘Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.
文摘Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is known for its toxicity and ability to accumulate in the environment. In India endosulfan was banned only in 2011 and hence toxic residues are still persistent in the environment. The abilities of three plant species Chittaratha (Alpinia calcarata), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) to remove endosulfan from soil in the absence and presence of zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVIs) (1000 mg/Kg of soil), i.e., by phytoremediation and nano-phytoremediation, were determined. Extracted soil samples from the experimental plot were analyzed using Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and final dehalogenated product was confirmed by Mass Spectrometer (MS). A. calcarata had the best efficiency compared to the other two plant species and the efficiency decreased in the order A. calcarata > O. sanctum> C. citrates. The initial endosulfan removal rate was high (82% was removed within 7 days) when nano phytoremediation experiments were conducted with A. calcarata but then gradually decreased, probably because the activity of nZVI decreased over time. The nZVI endosulfan degradation mechanism appears to involve hydrogenolysis and sequential dehalogenation which was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Only small amounts of endosulfan were accumulated in the plants because the added nZVIs might have promoted the reductive dechlorination of endosulfan.
文摘The rapid growth in global population continues to challenge the world’s ability to provide enough food. As one of the most crucial issues for human development, food production must increase to offset hunger and poverty as well as social unrest. To augment the yield of crops a variety of pesticides like Endosulfan, Rogor, Aldrin, Chlorpyrifos, etc. are being used liberally by the farmers. In the present investigation, Endosulfan was administered orally (daily) by gavage method to female Swiss albino mice group for 4 weeks @ 3.0 mg/kg b.w. After that, they were left for 6 months and then sacrificed and liver tissues were fixed for light microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopic study. The histopathological study of Endosulfan administered group liver showed hepatocytes with congestion in central vein with less dense cytoplasm, haemorrhaged bile duct, degenerated cytoplasm and central vein with vacuolations in sinusoidal spaces. Neoplastic changes in hepatocytes are the major finding of study. The ultrastuctural study revealed dilation in the nuclear pore complex and massive movement of cytoplasmic material from cytoplasm to the nucleus which is major finding which denotes neoplastic changes. Presence of abundant free lying polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, which denotes neoplastic changes in the cellis also one of theimportant finding observed. The present study thus deciphers that Endosulfan toxicity leads to onset of neoplasia thence carcinogenesis in liver cells in Swiss albino mice which is the novel finding in the field of toxicology.
文摘Chemicals are comprehensively used worldwide to control herbs,weeds,pests,and other competing agents with various growing crops.The consumption of crops grown with these chemicals(even in small quantities)can upshot into accumulation in the human body.People can accidentally inhale these hazardous chemicals if they are in an area where they were applied.These chemicals can be ingested in a human with contaminated food and drinks.Ultimately it causes various adverse effects(chronic toxicity,teratogenic,mutagenic,carcinogenic effect,reproductive,and organ toxicity)on human health.Among the pool of these chemicals used as pesticides in the environment,exposure of endosulfan to humans has a potential health risk throughout the globe.The poisoning of endosulfan is reported frequently in society,therefore,this article highlights the toxicological and other harmful properties of endosulfan to humans and emphasized its essential biomonitoring.Its quick monitoring and effective hazard evaluation are possible with multiomics technologies and some other analytical approaches.This review summarizes the introduction and mechanism of action of endosulfan along with some other toxic chemicals used in the agriculture work,the toxicity of endosulfan in human/environment,and importantly its biomonitoring(detection of chemicals and their metabolites in a biological sample)in human because biomonitoring is often considered as the most preferred method.Biomonitoring could be easily done in human samples(blood,hair,milk,and urine)with a multi-omics approach,which is a quick,reliable,and state-of-the-art technique.
文摘This study assesses the role of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in the breakdown of endosulfan in a soil environment. Two strains of E. fetida were used in this study to assess the effect of salinity on toxicity and metabolism of endosulfan in these earthworms. One strain of E. fetida (R) was reared in high salinity soil (over 2.0 dS/m of electric conductivity) from Shiwha lake, Korea. A control strain (W) was reared in pig manure compost. Acute toxicity of endosulfan was lower in the R strain when endosulfan was injected. In vitro metabolic studies of endosulfan based on microsomal preparations showed that both strains produced two major metabolites, endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan diol. The production rate of endodulfan sulfate was not significantly different between the strains, while endosulfan diol production was significantly different. In vivo metabolism studies showed only one primary metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, was produced by both strains. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed annetocin was the indicative protein newly expressed in the R strain in relation to salinity exposure. These findings suggest salinity may induce hydrolyzing enzymes to produce endosulfan diol from endosulfan.
文摘Endosulfan is a persistent, toxic broad-spectrum organochlorine insecticide and acaricide used on food and non-food crops. To overcome the problem of hydrophobicity of endosulfan, surfactants play a major role in soil remediation. A concentration of 1 g/L tween 80 released 83.89% ± 1.22% of endosulfan from the soil in 24 hours and a total of only 13.96% ± 0.14% was found remaining in the soil. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that promises effective and inexpensive cleanup of contaminated hazardous waste sites. The potential of aquatic plant species Salvinia molesta and the terrestrial plant species, Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), to remove persistent organochlorine pesticide endosulfan from contaminated water and soil respectively were investigated. Remediation of endosulfan in water using different aquatic plants showed that Salvinia molesta is more efficient in endosulfan removal as the percentage removal of endosulfan obtained was 97.94% ± 0.33% in 21 days (with an initial concentration of 123 μg/L endosulfan). Among the selected terrestrial plant species, Spinach and Tomato, percentage removal of endosulfan was found to be higher with tomato. On Day 21, complete removal of pesticide (with an initial concentration of 140 μg/Kg endosulfan) occurred in the soil in which phytoremediation was done with tomato while spinach took about 28 days for complete removal of endosulfan. Microbial degradation offers an effective approach to remove toxicants from the environment. Microbial degradation of endosulfan was studied and Pseudomonas species was able to completely degrade endosulfan in 16 days. The technologies developed can be utilized for the complete removal of endosulfan from a contaminated area. The surfactant enhanced recovery and phytoremediation will help to decontaminate the polluted water and soil. The recovered endosulfan in the surfactants and plants can be subjected to biodegradation by bacterial species using a bio reactor.
基金supported by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) under Network mode NWP-19(1.3)
文摘Computing chemistry was applied to understand biotransforrnation mechanism of an organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan. The stereo specific metabolic activity of human CYP-2B6 （cytochrome P450） on endosulfan has been well demonstrated. Sequence and structural similarity search revealed that the bacterium Bacillus megaterium encodes CYP-BM3, which is similar to CYP-2B6. The functional similarity was studied at organism level by batch-scale studies and it was proved that B. megaterium could metabolize endosulfan to endosulfan sulfate, as CYP-2B6 does in human system. The gene expression analyses also confirmed the possible role of CYP-BM3 in endosulfan metabolism. Thus, our results show that the protein structure based in-silico approach can help us to understand and identify microbes for remediation strategy development. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report which has extrapolated the bacterial gene for endosulfan biotransformation through in silico prediction approach for metabolic gene identification.
文摘The present study carried out the α-endosulfan removal from water by adsorption over natural clays from the western region of Burkina Faso. The adsorption experiments were performed over raw clay samples at room temperature in batch reactor and the obtained adsorption isotherms were well fitted by Fowler-Guggenheim model. It was pointed out for all samples that α-endosulfan was physisorbed in the interlayer space of the clay samples. The maximal adsorption capacities were respectively about 9.12, 6.98 and 4.13 mg/g for KO2, KO1 and KW1 samples. The differences in terms of adsorption capacity for the three samples were due to the presence of illite in the samples KO2 and KO1 when the KW1 sample contained essentially kaolinite in its structure. When the interlayer space was large enough as for samples with illite a greater amount of α-endosulfan molecules were adsorbed. It was also shown that the samples with the higher surface area were the most efficient for the removal of α-endosulfan molecules from water. Moreover, this study exhibited that the α-endosulfan adsorption depended on the crystallites size;the samples presenting largest crystallites had the greatest adsorption capacities.
文摘Endosulfan and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were previously widely used organochlorine pesticides.Much attention has been paid to trends in human exposure to endosulfan and HCB and to the transport and distribution of endosulfan and HCB within the body.We determined endosulfan I,endosulfan II,and HCB concentrations in serum samples collected from the general population of Wuxi in Jiangsu Province(China)between 2012 and 2016.The endosulfan concentrations varied little throughout the study period,but the HCB concentrations increased.The HCB concentrations were significantly higher in serum from overweight people and smokers than in serum from normal weight people(p?0.028)and non-smokers(p?0.011),respectively.HCB binds to human serum albumin(HSA)and can form halogen bonds to CYS-461 and ARG-484 at site II(subdomain IIIA).Fatty acids and nicotine increase the affinity between HCB and HSA,explaining the higher HCB concentrations in serum from overweight people and smokers than normal weight people and non-smokers,respectively.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2303603 and 2020YFA0908004)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Nos.JCYJ20220818102613029,JCYJ20240813175901003,and JCYJ20240813103823031)+4 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M752143)the Shenzhen Medical Research Funds(No.B2302051)the Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023D003 and CI2023E005TS05)the CACMS Innovation Fund(CI2023E002 and ZG2024001-05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central public welfare research institutes(ZZ13-ZD-07,ZZ14-YQ-050,ZZ14-FL-010,ZZ14-ND-010,ZZ15-ND-10,ZZ16-ND-10-23,ZZ17-ND-10 and ZZ18-ND-10).
文摘Background and aims:Environmental pollutants,particularly organochlorine insecticides like endosulfan(ENDO),are increasingly linked to liver toxicity and related diseases.Despite its widespread historical use,the mechanisms underlying ENDO-induced liver damage remain poorly understood.This study aims to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of ENDO-induced hepatotoxicity.Methods:C57BL/6 mice were exposed to ENDO for two weeks.Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)was subsequently performed on mouse livers to explore ENDO-induced hepatotoxicity at the single-cell level.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)across cell types and treatments were identified and then subjected to pathway enrichment to uncover key biological processes affected by ENDO.Transcription factor(TF)regulatory network,pseudotime trajectory,and cellular communication analysis were used to explore the molecular and cellular changes after ENDO exposure.Results:ENDO not only caused direct hepatocyte injury but also activated hepatic stellate cells and lymphocytes,triggering inflammatory responses with upregulation of multiple key chemokines and cytotoxic genes.Additionally,ENDO exposure led to the recruitment and activation of myeloid cells,contributing to the inflammatory milieu.An increase in intercellular communication and changes to the hepatic microenvironment,especially the interaction between activated hepatic stellate cells and CD8^(+)T cells were observed,further implicating these processes in ENDO-induced liver damage.Conclusions:This study provides new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver injury induced by organochlorine insecticides like ENDO.Key genes and pathways involved in ENDO-associated liver toxicity have been identified at a single-cell resolution.These findings suggest that altered cellular communications and inflammatory responses may play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of ENDO-induced liver injury.
