Extragonadal germ cell tumors are rare. The most common sites for EGGCTs are in midline locations such as the mediastinum, retroperitoneum and pineal gland. These tumors rarely present in the stomach. We describe here...Extragonadal germ cell tumors are rare. The most common sites for EGGCTs are in midline locations such as the mediastinum, retroperitoneum and pineal gland. These tumors rarely present in the stomach. We describe here a case where a middle aged man presented with typical symptoms of gastric cancer. After extensive workup, which included blood work, CT abdomen scan, upper endoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasound, the patient was diagnosed with gastric cancer. However, due to very high blood levels of alpha-fetoprotein, the specimen was sent for special histochemical staining, which demonstrated that the tumor had features of both adenocarcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor. This is a very aggressive tumor with a very poor prognosis.展开更多
Objective To clarify the clinical features,therapeutic method and outcomes of the primary endodermal sinus tumors(ESTs)in the posterior cranial fossa.Methods The English literatures on EST in the posterior cranial fos...Objective To clarify the clinical features,therapeutic method and outcomes of the primary endodermal sinus tumors(ESTs)in the posterior cranial fossa.Methods The English literatures on EST in the posterior cranial fossa were retrieved from PubMed and reviewed.And a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with EST in our hospital was reported.The clinical manifestations,therapy,pathologic features,and prognosis of these cases were analyzed.Results Only seven cases of the ESTs in the posterior cranial fossa were enrolled in this review,including six cases searched from the PubMed and one case from our hospital.Six patients were boy and one patient’s gender was not available from the report.Ages ranged from 1 to 5 years(mean 3.14 years).The mean tumor size in our cohort was 4.4 cm.Six cases came from East Asia.Schiller-Duval bodies were found in all seven neoplasms.All tumors were positive for alpha-fetoprotein.The alpha-fetoprotein level in serum was increased to a very high level before therapy and depressed quickly after the effective chemotherapy.The mean follow-up time was 24.4 months(range 5-52 months).Six tumors were totally removed,and four of them recurred.Three cases died including one whose tumor was partially removed.Conclusions The serum alpha-fetoprotein level is well correlated with the severity of the tumor.A combination of operation and chemotherapy might be the effective management for EST in the posterior cranial fossa.The prognosis of extragonadal intracranial EST is poor.展开更多
Nanog is a recently discovered homeodomain transcription factor that sustains the pluripotency of embryonic stem （ES） cells and blocks their differentiation into endoderm. The murine F9 embryonal carcinoma cell line...Nanog is a recently discovered homeodomain transcription factor that sustains the pluripotency of embryonic stem （ES） cells and blocks their differentiation into endoderm. The murine F9 embryonal carcinoma cell line is a well-documented model system for endoderm cell lineage differentiation. Here, we examined the function of Nanog in F9 cell endoderm differentiation. Over-expression of Nanog returns the F9 cells to the early status of ES cells and represses the differentiation of primitive endoderm and parietal endoderm in F9 cells, whereas it has no effect on the differentiation of visceral endoderm. In contrast, the expression of C-terminal domain-truncated Nanog spontaneously promotes endoderm differentiation in F9 cells. These data suggest that Nanog is required to sustain the proper undifferentiated status of F9 cells, and the C-terminal domain of Nanog transduces the most effects in repressing primitive endoderm and parietal endoderm differentiation in F9 cells.展开更多
BACKGROUND Endodermal sinus tumors(ESTs),which arise primarily in children and adolescents,account for 20%of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors,but constitute only 1%of all ovarian malignancies.Treatment of ESTs consi...BACKGROUND Endodermal sinus tumors(ESTs),which arise primarily in children and adolescents,account for 20%of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors,but constitute only 1%of all ovarian malignancies.Treatment of ESTs consists of surgical staging with fertility-sparing surgery and chemotherapy.CASE SUMMARY A 15-year-old nulliparous patient was diagnosed with disseminated ovarian ESTs after laparoscopic unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy using uncontained power morcellation for treatment of a ruptured solid adnexal mass in another hospital.Exploratory laparotomy;total abdominal hysterectomy,right salpingooophorectomy,and lymphadenectomy were performed with optimal debulking,and surgical stage 3C was assigned to the patient.CONCLUSION In 2014,the Food and Drug Administration noted that power morcellation was probably associated with a risk of disseminating suspected cancerous tissue.Furthermore,the use of power morcellation to remove solid adnexal mass is considered a contraindication because of the potential for a malignant tumor.This case report aims to warn of the dangers of using uncontained power morcellation to treat solid adnexal masses.展开更多
Case Report An female infant patient, aged 8 months old, suffered from irregular colporrhagia for a period of 1 month after which she was taken to our hospital on 30th April, 2003. A pelvic CT examination displayed a ...Case Report An female infant patient, aged 8 months old, suffered from irregular colporrhagia for a period of 1 month after which she was taken to our hospital on 30th April, 2003. A pelvic CT examination displayed a 6.5 cm×3.0 cm shadow of a soft-tissue tumor growing longitudinally in her supravaginal uterine area （Fig. 1）. The density of the shadow was uneven, in which there were irregular low-density loci, an indication of a compression of the colon and bladder and a diffuse boundary between the posterior wall of the urinary bladder and tumor. No abnormalities were found in either kidney or ovary, the liver or gall bladder. Also no obvious lesions were seen on the chest X-ray film, and routine blood and urine laboratory examinations were normal.展开更多
A 10-year-old boy appeared with a headache, mainly in the forehead, and with lethargy at noon on November 10, 2004. He reported discontinuous gas pains, no nausea, no vomiting and no blurred vision. He thought that he...A 10-year-old boy appeared with a headache, mainly in the forehead, and with lethargy at noon on November 10, 2004. He reported discontinuous gas pains, no nausea, no vomiting and no blurred vision. He thought that he had a ＂common cold＂, but treatment for 3 days produced no result. He was diagnosed as having viral encephalitis after an examination including an electroencephalogram （EEG）, blood biochemistry and lumbar puncture, etc. in a local hospital on November 15. After further treatment for 3 days his symptoms became aggravated showing instability of gait and involuntary movement of his head and extremities. Cranial CT showed： a 4.0 cm×4.0 cm×5.0 cm lump in the cerebellar vermis which intruded into the fourth ventricle inducing evident distention of the third and lateral ventricle. He was diagnosed with blastoma of the cerebellum.展开更多
Accumulated studies have demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)play crucial regulatory roles in diverse biological processes,such as embryonic development and cell diferentiation.Comprehensive transcriptome an...Accumulated studies have demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)play crucial regulatory roles in diverse biological processes,such as embryonic development and cell diferentiation.Comprehensive transcriptome analysis identifes extensive lncRNAs,gradually elucidating their functions across various contexts.Recent studies have highlighted the essential role of lncRNAs in defnitive endoderm diferentiation,underscoring their importance in early development.In this review,we have analyzed the features of overlapping,proximal,and desert lncRNAs,classifed by genomic location,in pluripotent stem cells(PSCs)and the diferentiation derivatives.Furthermore,we focus on the endoderm lineage and review the latest advancements in lncRNA identifcation and their distinct regulatory mechanisms.By consolidating current knowledge,we aim to provide a clearer perspective on how lncRNAs contribute to endoderm diferentiation in diferent manners.展开更多
Development of animal embryos before zygotic genome activation at the mid blastula transition （MBT） is essentially supported by eggderived maternal products. Nodal proteins are crucial signals for mesoderm and endod...Development of animal embryos before zygotic genome activation at the mid blastula transition （MBT） is essentially supported by eggderived maternal products. Nodal proteins are crucial signals for mesoderm and endoderm induction after the MBT. It remains unclear which maternal factors activate zygotic expression of nodal genes in the ventrotateral blastodermal margin of the zebrafish blastulas. In this study, we show that loss of maternal Eomesodermin a （Eomesa）, a T-box transcription factor, impairs zygotic expression of the nodal genes ndr1 and ndr2 as well as mesodermal and endodermal markers, indicating an involvement in mesendoderm induction. Maternal Eomesa is also required for timely zygotic expression of the transcription factor gene mxtx2, a regulator of nodal gene expression. Eomesa directly binds to the Eomes-binding sites in the promoter or enhancer of ndr1, ndr2, and rnxtx2 to activate their transcrip- tion. Furthermore, human and mouse Nodal genes are also regulated by Eomes. Transfection of zebrafish eomesa into murine embryonic stem cells promotes mesendodermal differentiation with constant higher levels of endogenous Nodal expression, suggesting a conserved function of Eomes. Taken together, our findings reveal a conserved rote of maternal T-box transcription factors in regulating nodal gene expression and mesendoderm induction in vertebrate embryos.展开更多
Recent advances in development of protocols for directed differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs)to defined lineages,in combination with 3D organoid technology,have facilitated the generation of variou...Recent advances in development of protocols for directed differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs)to defined lineages,in combination with 3D organoid technology,have facilitated the generation of various endoderm-derived organoids for in vitro modeling of human gastrointestinal development and associated diseases.In this review,we discuss current state-ofthe-art strategies for generating hPSC-derived endodermal organoids including stomach,liver,pancreatic,small intestine,and colonic organoids.We also review the advantages of using this system to model various human diseases and evaluate the shortcomings of this technology.Finally,we emphasize how other technologies,such as genome editing and bioengineering,can be incorporated into the 3D hPSC-organoid models to generate even more robust and powerful platforms for understanding human organ development and disease modeling.展开更多
Mutations of integrin-interacting protein Kindlin-1 cause Kindler syndrome and deregulation of Kindlin-1 is implicated in human cancers. The Kindlin-1-related diseases are confined in limited tissue types. However, Ki...Mutations of integrin-interacting protein Kindlin-1 cause Kindler syndrome and deregulation of Kindlin-1 is implicated in human cancers. The Kindlin-1-related diseases are confined in limited tissue types. However, Kindlin-1 tissue distribution and the dogma that governs Kindlin-1 expression in normal human body are elusive. This study examined Kindlin-1 expression in normal human adult organs, human and mouse embryonic organs by immunohistochemical analyses. We identified a general principle that the level of Kindlin-1 expression in tissues is tightly correlated with the corresponding germ layers from which these tissues originate. We compared the expression of Kindlin-1 with Kindlin-2 and found that Kindlin-1 is highly expressed in epithelial tissues derived from ectoderm and endoderm, whereas Kindlin-2 is mainly expressed in mesoderm-derived tissues. Likewise, Kindlin-1 was also found highly expressed in endoderm/ectoderm-derived tissues in human and mouse embryos. Our findings indicate that Kindlin-1 may play an importance role in the development of endoderm/ectoderm related tissues.展开更多
Heart formation commences from a single heart tube,which fuses from bilateral primordial heart fields.The developing heart tube is composed of outer-layer myocardial cells and inner-layer endocardial cells.Several dis...Heart formation commences from a single heart tube,which fuses from bilateral primordial heart fields.The developing heart tube is composed of outer-layer myocardial cells and inner-layer endocardial cells.Several distinct populations of precardiac cells contribute to cardiac morphogenesis.However,it still remains not very clear about the lineage of endocardium at gastrulation stage.Thereby,this study focused on ascertaining the correlation between the hypoblast in gastrulation and endocardium during cardiogenesis.Firstly,the fusing heart tube morphologically is closed to endoderm-derived pharynx floor,implying the possibility that pharynx floor might be wrapped into the formation of endoderm.Secondly,HNK1 is expressed in hypoblast strongly at gastrula stage and subsequently appeared in endocardium of cardiogenesis.Moreover,fate map data displayed that DiI labeled hypoblast was also present in endocardium later on.One more evidence is chick-quail chimera of hypoblast transplantation,in which quail-hypoblast derivative could be identified inendocardium of cardiogenesis by QCPN antibody.In sum,our current data suggests that endoderm in gastrula contribute at least partly to the formation of endocardium of cardiogenesis.展开更多
目的:分析卵巢卵黄囊瘤(ovarian yolk sac tumor,OYST)患者肿瘤特异性生存期的相关影响因素,构建OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存率的列线图预测模型。方法:从监测、流行病学和结局(The Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results,SEER)数据库...目的:分析卵巢卵黄囊瘤(ovarian yolk sac tumor,OYST)患者肿瘤特异性生存期的相关影响因素,构建OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存率的列线图预测模型。方法:从监测、流行病学和结局(The Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results,SEER)数据库中筛选2000年1月—2020年12月诊断为OYST的患者共358例,将其按3:1的比例随机分为训练集(266例)和验证集(92例)。采用单因素和多因素竞争风险分析肿瘤特异性生存期的独立影响因素,构建1年、3年、5年肿瘤特异性生存率的列线图预测模型,并通过一致性指数(C指数)、受试者工作特征曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)、校准曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验、决策曲线分析评估模型的区分度、准确性及实用性。通过建立风险分层系统,将患者分成高、低风险人群,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线分析2组人群的生存差异。结果:多因素竞争风险分析结果显示,年龄、手术和区域淋巴结清扫是OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存期的独立影响因素。据此构建列线图预测模型,训练集和验证集的C指数分别为0.829(95%CI:0.825~0.833)和0.808(95%CI:0.804~0.812),预测1年、3年、5年肿瘤特异性生存率的AUC分别为0.927、0.833、0.815和0.982、0.880、0.745。校准曲线及HosmerLemeshow拟合优度检验显示模型预测的OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存率与实际生存率具有较好的一致性。临床决策分析曲线表明该模型有一定的临床实用性。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示高风险人群的肿瘤特异性生存率显著低于低风险人群(均P<0.0001)。结论:构建的OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存率的列线图预测模型具有良好的区分度和准确度,可帮助临床医师评估患者预后,制定个体化治疗方案改善患者预后。展开更多
文摘Extragonadal germ cell tumors are rare. The most common sites for EGGCTs are in midline locations such as the mediastinum, retroperitoneum and pineal gland. These tumors rarely present in the stomach. We describe here a case where a middle aged man presented with typical symptoms of gastric cancer. After extensive workup, which included blood work, CT abdomen scan, upper endoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasound, the patient was diagnosed with gastric cancer. However, due to very high blood levels of alpha-fetoprotein, the specimen was sent for special histochemical staining, which demonstrated that the tumor had features of both adenocarcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor. This is a very aggressive tumor with a very poor prognosis.
文摘Objective To clarify the clinical features,therapeutic method and outcomes of the primary endodermal sinus tumors(ESTs)in the posterior cranial fossa.Methods The English literatures on EST in the posterior cranial fossa were retrieved from PubMed and reviewed.And a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with EST in our hospital was reported.The clinical manifestations,therapy,pathologic features,and prognosis of these cases were analyzed.Results Only seven cases of the ESTs in the posterior cranial fossa were enrolled in this review,including six cases searched from the PubMed and one case from our hospital.Six patients were boy and one patient’s gender was not available from the report.Ages ranged from 1 to 5 years(mean 3.14 years).The mean tumor size in our cohort was 4.4 cm.Six cases came from East Asia.Schiller-Duval bodies were found in all seven neoplasms.All tumors were positive for alpha-fetoprotein.The alpha-fetoprotein level in serum was increased to a very high level before therapy and depressed quickly after the effective chemotherapy.The mean follow-up time was 24.4 months(range 5-52 months).Six tumors were totally removed,and four of them recurred.Three cases died including one whose tumor was partially removed.Conclusions The serum alpha-fetoprotein level is well correlated with the severity of the tumor.A combination of operation and chemotherapy might be the effective management for EST in the posterior cranial fossa.The prognosis of extragonadal intracranial EST is poor.
文摘Nanog is a recently discovered homeodomain transcription factor that sustains the pluripotency of embryonic stem （ES） cells and blocks their differentiation into endoderm. The murine F9 embryonal carcinoma cell line is a well-documented model system for endoderm cell lineage differentiation. Here, we examined the function of Nanog in F9 cell endoderm differentiation. Over-expression of Nanog returns the F9 cells to the early status of ES cells and represses the differentiation of primitive endoderm and parietal endoderm in F9 cells, whereas it has no effect on the differentiation of visceral endoderm. In contrast, the expression of C-terminal domain-truncated Nanog spontaneously promotes endoderm differentiation in F9 cells. These data suggest that Nanog is required to sustain the proper undifferentiated status of F9 cells, and the C-terminal domain of Nanog transduces the most effects in repressing primitive endoderm and parietal endoderm differentiation in F9 cells.
文摘BACKGROUND Endodermal sinus tumors(ESTs),which arise primarily in children and adolescents,account for 20%of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors,but constitute only 1%of all ovarian malignancies.Treatment of ESTs consists of surgical staging with fertility-sparing surgery and chemotherapy.CASE SUMMARY A 15-year-old nulliparous patient was diagnosed with disseminated ovarian ESTs after laparoscopic unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy using uncontained power morcellation for treatment of a ruptured solid adnexal mass in another hospital.Exploratory laparotomy;total abdominal hysterectomy,right salpingooophorectomy,and lymphadenectomy were performed with optimal debulking,and surgical stage 3C was assigned to the patient.CONCLUSION In 2014,the Food and Drug Administration noted that power morcellation was probably associated with a risk of disseminating suspected cancerous tissue.Furthermore,the use of power morcellation to remove solid adnexal mass is considered a contraindication because of the potential for a malignant tumor.This case report aims to warn of the dangers of using uncontained power morcellation to treat solid adnexal masses.
文摘Case Report An female infant patient, aged 8 months old, suffered from irregular colporrhagia for a period of 1 month after which she was taken to our hospital on 30th April, 2003. A pelvic CT examination displayed a 6.5 cm×3.0 cm shadow of a soft-tissue tumor growing longitudinally in her supravaginal uterine area （Fig. 1）. The density of the shadow was uneven, in which there were irregular low-density loci, an indication of a compression of the colon and bladder and a diffuse boundary between the posterior wall of the urinary bladder and tumor. No abnormalities were found in either kidney or ovary, the liver or gall bladder. Also no obvious lesions were seen on the chest X-ray film, and routine blood and urine laboratory examinations were normal.
文摘A 10-year-old boy appeared with a headache, mainly in the forehead, and with lethargy at noon on November 10, 2004. He reported discontinuous gas pains, no nausea, no vomiting and no blurred vision. He thought that he had a ＂common cold＂, but treatment for 3 days produced no result. He was diagnosed as having viral encephalitis after an examination including an electroencephalogram （EEG）, blood biochemistry and lumbar puncture, etc. in a local hospital on November 15. After further treatment for 3 days his symptoms became aggravated showing instability of gait and involuntary movement of his head and extremities. Cranial CT showed： a 4.0 cm×4.0 cm×5.0 cm lump in the cerebellar vermis which intruded into the fourth ventricle inducing evident distention of the third and lateral ventricle. He was diagnosed with blastoma of the cerebellum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32270857)the Wuhan Intellectual Innovation Fund(2023020201010074)+1 种基金the Open Funds of Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research(Hubei University of Medicine)(ESOF2023003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China(2042022dx0003).
文摘Accumulated studies have demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)play crucial regulatory roles in diverse biological processes,such as embryonic development and cell diferentiation.Comprehensive transcriptome analysis identifes extensive lncRNAs,gradually elucidating their functions across various contexts.Recent studies have highlighted the essential role of lncRNAs in defnitive endoderm diferentiation,underscoring their importance in early development.In this review,we have analyzed the features of overlapping,proximal,and desert lncRNAs,classifed by genomic location,in pluripotent stem cells(PSCs)and the diferentiation derivatives.Furthermore,we focus on the endoderm lineage and review the latest advancements in lncRNA identifcation and their distinct regulatory mechanisms.By consolidating current knowledge,we aim to provide a clearer perspective on how lncRNAs contribute to endoderm diferentiation in diferent manners.
基金Acknowledgements We thank Drs Alex Schier and Susan Mango （Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA） for discussion and suggestions, Dr David Kimelman （Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA） for myc-eomesa construct, and members of the Meng lab for discussion and technical assistance. This work was financially supported by grants from the Major Science Research Programs of China （2011CB943800） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31221064）.
文摘Development of animal embryos before zygotic genome activation at the mid blastula transition （MBT） is essentially supported by eggderived maternal products. Nodal proteins are crucial signals for mesoderm and endoderm induction after the MBT. It remains unclear which maternal factors activate zygotic expression of nodal genes in the ventrotateral blastodermal margin of the zebrafish blastulas. In this study, we show that loss of maternal Eomesodermin a （Eomesa）, a T-box transcription factor, impairs zygotic expression of the nodal genes ndr1 and ndr2 as well as mesodermal and endodermal markers, indicating an involvement in mesendoderm induction. Maternal Eomesa is also required for timely zygotic expression of the transcription factor gene mxtx2, a regulator of nodal gene expression. Eomesa directly binds to the Eomes-binding sites in the promoter or enhancer of ndr1, ndr2, and rnxtx2 to activate their transcrip- tion. Furthermore, human and mouse Nodal genes are also regulated by Eomes. Transfection of zebrafish eomesa into murine embryonic stem cells promotes mesendodermal differentiation with constant higher levels of endogenous Nodal expression, suggesting a conserved function of Eomes. Taken together, our findings reveal a conserved rote of maternal T-box transcription factors in regulating nodal gene expression and mesendoderm induction in vertebrate embryos.
文摘Recent advances in development of protocols for directed differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs)to defined lineages,in combination with 3D organoid technology,have facilitated the generation of various endoderm-derived organoids for in vitro modeling of human gastrointestinal development and associated diseases.In this review,we discuss current state-ofthe-art strategies for generating hPSC-derived endodermal organoids including stomach,liver,pancreatic,small intestine,and colonic organoids.We also review the advantages of using this system to model various human diseases and evaluate the shortcomings of this technology.Finally,we emphasize how other technologies,such as genome editing and bioengineering,can be incorporated into the 3D hPSC-organoid models to generate even more robust and powerful platforms for understanding human organ development and disease modeling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81301802,81230051,30830048,31170711)Grant of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2013CB910501,2010CB912203,2010CB529402)+3 种基金Program for Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(111 Project)of Ministry of EducationBeijing Natural Science Foundation(7120002)Peking University grants(BMU20120314,BMU20130364,BMU20130373)a Leading Academic Discipline Project of Beijing Education Bureau
文摘Mutations of integrin-interacting protein Kindlin-1 cause Kindler syndrome and deregulation of Kindlin-1 is implicated in human cancers. The Kindlin-1-related diseases are confined in limited tissue types. However, Kindlin-1 tissue distribution and the dogma that governs Kindlin-1 expression in normal human body are elusive. This study examined Kindlin-1 expression in normal human adult organs, human and mouse embryonic organs by immunohistochemical analyses. We identified a general principle that the level of Kindlin-1 expression in tissues is tightly correlated with the corresponding germ layers from which these tissues originate. We compared the expression of Kindlin-1 with Kindlin-2 and found that Kindlin-1 is highly expressed in epithelial tissues derived from ectoderm and endoderm, whereas Kindlin-2 is mainly expressed in mesoderm-derived tissues. Likewise, Kindlin-1 was also found highly expressed in endoderm/ectoderm-derived tissues in human and mouse embryos. Our findings indicate that Kindlin-1 may play an importance role in the development of endoderm/ectoderm related tissues.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971493, 31071054)the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB529703)
文摘Heart formation commences from a single heart tube,which fuses from bilateral primordial heart fields.The developing heart tube is composed of outer-layer myocardial cells and inner-layer endocardial cells.Several distinct populations of precardiac cells contribute to cardiac morphogenesis.However,it still remains not very clear about the lineage of endocardium at gastrulation stage.Thereby,this study focused on ascertaining the correlation between the hypoblast in gastrulation and endocardium during cardiogenesis.Firstly,the fusing heart tube morphologically is closed to endoderm-derived pharynx floor,implying the possibility that pharynx floor might be wrapped into the formation of endoderm.Secondly,HNK1 is expressed in hypoblast strongly at gastrula stage and subsequently appeared in endocardium of cardiogenesis.Moreover,fate map data displayed that DiI labeled hypoblast was also present in endocardium later on.One more evidence is chick-quail chimera of hypoblast transplantation,in which quail-hypoblast derivative could be identified inendocardium of cardiogenesis by QCPN antibody.In sum,our current data suggests that endoderm in gastrula contribute at least partly to the formation of endocardium of cardiogenesis.
文摘目的:分析卵巢卵黄囊瘤(ovarian yolk sac tumor,OYST)患者肿瘤特异性生存期的相关影响因素,构建OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存率的列线图预测模型。方法:从监测、流行病学和结局(The Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results,SEER)数据库中筛选2000年1月—2020年12月诊断为OYST的患者共358例,将其按3:1的比例随机分为训练集(266例)和验证集(92例)。采用单因素和多因素竞争风险分析肿瘤特异性生存期的独立影响因素,构建1年、3年、5年肿瘤特异性生存率的列线图预测模型,并通过一致性指数(C指数)、受试者工作特征曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)、校准曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验、决策曲线分析评估模型的区分度、准确性及实用性。通过建立风险分层系统,将患者分成高、低风险人群,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线分析2组人群的生存差异。结果:多因素竞争风险分析结果显示,年龄、手术和区域淋巴结清扫是OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存期的独立影响因素。据此构建列线图预测模型,训练集和验证集的C指数分别为0.829(95%CI:0.825~0.833)和0.808(95%CI:0.804~0.812),预测1年、3年、5年肿瘤特异性生存率的AUC分别为0.927、0.833、0.815和0.982、0.880、0.745。校准曲线及HosmerLemeshow拟合优度检验显示模型预测的OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存率与实际生存率具有较好的一致性。临床决策分析曲线表明该模型有一定的临床实用性。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示高风险人群的肿瘤特异性生存率显著低于低风险人群(均P<0.0001)。结论:构建的OYST患者肿瘤特异性生存率的列线图预测模型具有良好的区分度和准确度,可帮助临床医师评估患者预后,制定个体化治疗方案改善患者预后。
基金国家自然科学基金项目（No.81100414）,2013年重庆高校创新团队建设计划资助项目（Suppoaed by Program for Innovation Team Building at Institutions of Higher Education in Chongqing,2013）,国家临床重点专科建设项目（国卫办医函【2013】544号）.
