The concept of emissivity has been with the scientific and engineering world since Planck formulated his blackbody radiation law more than a century ago.Nevertheless,emissivity is an elusive concept even for ex⁃perts....The concept of emissivity has been with the scientific and engineering world since Planck formulated his blackbody radiation law more than a century ago.Nevertheless,emissivity is an elusive concept even for ex⁃perts.It is a vague and fuzzy concept for the wider community of engineers.The importance of remote sensing of temperature by measuring IR radiation has been recognized in a wide range of industrial,medical,and environ⁃mental uses.One of the major sources of errors in IR radiometry is the emissivity of the surface being measured.In real experiments,emissivity may be influenced by many factors:surface texture,spectral properties,oxida⁃tion,and aging of surfaces.While commercial blackbodies are prevalent,the much-needed grey bodies with a known emissivity,are unavailable.This study describes how to achieve a calibrated and stable emissivity with a blackbody,a perforated screen,and a reliable and linear novel IR thermal sensor,18 dubbed TMOS.The Digital TMOS is now a low-cost commercial product,it requires low power,and it has a small form factor.The method⁃ology is based on two-color measurements,with two different optical filters,with selected wavelengths conform⁃ing to the grey body definition of the use case under study.With a photochemically etched perforated screen,the effective emissivity of the screen is simply the hole density area of the surface area that emits according to the blackbody temperature radiation.The concept is illustrated with ray tracing simulations,which demonstrate the approach.Measured results are reported.展开更多
The rapid evolution of hypersonic vehicle technologies necessitates robust thermal protection systems capable of withstanding extreme oxidative ablation.This study introduces a novel gradient-architected ZrB_(2)-MoSi_...The rapid evolution of hypersonic vehicle technologies necessitates robust thermal protection systems capable of withstanding extreme oxidative ablation.This study introduces a novel gradient-architected ZrB_(2)-MoSi_(2)-SiC dense layer embedded within a lightweight three-dimensional(3D)needled carbon fiber composite.Utilizing the volatility of ethanol and polycarbosilane,the ceramic slurry is selectively infused into targeted regions of the fibrous structure,optimizing the ZrB_(2)to MoSi_(2)ratio to enhance performance.The resulting dense layer exhibits exceptional emissivity,surpassing 0.90 in the 1-3μm range and exceeding 0.87 in the 2-14μm range.Moreover,it demonstrates remarkable oxidative ablation resistance.Specifically,at an optimized ZrB_(2)to MoSi_(2)ratio of 6:4,the dense layer achieves a minimal linear ablation rate of 0.015μm·s^(-1) under a 1.5 MW·m^(-2)oxyacetylene flame for 1000 s.Even after exposure to oxyacetylene ablation at surface temperatures of approximately 1750℃for 1000 s,the dense layer retains its structural integrity,highlighting its enduring oxidation resistance.The incorporation of MoSi_(2)not only enhances emissivity but also fortifies the ZrO_(2)and SiO_(2)oxide layers,crucial for environments with elevated oxygen levels,thereby mitigating the active oxidation of SiC.This combination of high emissivity and long-term oxidation resistance at ultra-high temperatures positions the ZrB_(2)-MoSi_(2)-SiC dense layer as an exceptionally promising candidate for advanced thermal protection in hypersonic vehicles.展开更多
Flame temperature and spectral emissivity were the important parameters characterizing the sufficient degree of fuel combustion and the particle radiative characteristics in the Rocket Based Combined Cycle(RBCC)combus...Flame temperature and spectral emissivity were the important parameters characterizing the sufficient degree of fuel combustion and the particle radiative characteristics in the Rocket Based Combined Cycle(RBCC)combustor.To investigate the combustion characteristics of the complex supersonic flame in the RBCC combustor,a new radiation thermometry combined with Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)algorithm and the least squares method was proposed to measure the temperature,emissivity and spectral radiative properties based on the flame emission spectrum.In-situ measurements of the flame temperature,emissivity and spectral radiative properties were carried out in the RBCC direct-connected test bench with laser-induced plasma combustion enhancement(LIPCE)and without LIPCE.The flame average temperatures at fuel global equivalence ratio(a)of 1.0b and 0.6 with LIPCE were 4.51%and 2.08%higher than those without LIPCE.The flame combustion oscillation of kerosene tended to be stable in the recirculation zone of cavity with the thermal and chemical effects of laser induced plasma.The differences of flame temperature at a=1.0b and 0.6 were 503 K and 523 K with LIPCE,which were 20.07%and42.64%lower than those without LIPCE.The flame emissivity with methane assisted ignition was 80.46%lower than that without methane assisted ignition,due to the carbon-hydrogen ratio of kerosene was higher than that of methane.The spectral emissivities at 600 nm with LIPCE were 1.25%,22.2%,and 4.22%lower than those without LIPCE at a=1.0a(with methane assisted ignition),1.0b(without methane assisted ignition)and 0.6.The effect of concentration in the emissivity was removed by normalization to analyze the flame radiative properties in the RBCC combustor chamber.The maximum differences of flame normalized emissivity were 50.91%without LIPCE and 27.53%with LIPCE.The flame radiative properties were stabilized under the thermal and chemical effects of laser induced plasma at a=0.6.展开更多
Platinum films were sputter-deposited on two groups of nickel alloy substrates, in which the first group was the samples with rough surface, and the other group with polished surface. The platinum thin-films were appl...Platinum films were sputter-deposited on two groups of nickel alloy substrates, in which the first group was the samples with rough surface, and the other group with polished surface. The platinum thin-films were applied to serve as the low-emissivity layers to reflect thermal radiation. Then, the platinum-coated samples were heated in air at 600 ℃ for 200 h to explore the effect of high-temperature environment on the emissivity of coated platinum film. After annealing, the average IR emissivity （at the wavelength of 3-14 μm） of the platinum film was only about 0.1 for polished sample and 0.45 for rough sample. The diffusion between platinum and the nickelalloy elements at 600 ℃ had been also discussed.展开更多
Spray-drying was used to produce the high emissivity NiCr2O4 powders with a spinel structure. Preliminary investigations focused on fabricating the high emissivity powders for infrared radiation coatings and finding t...Spray-drying was used to produce the high emissivity NiCr2O4 powders with a spinel structure. Preliminary investigations focused on fabricating the high emissivity powders for infrared radiation coatings and finding the relationship between microstructure and emissivity. The NiCr2O4 powders were characterized for composition, microstructure, and infrared emissivity by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, infrared radiant instrument, and Fourier transform infrared spectra （FT-IR）. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis show that the appropriate baking temperature for NiCr2O4 powder preparation is about 1200？C. The emissivity measurement and FT-IR spectra show that, because of the special spinel structure, the NiCr2O4 powders have a high emissivity about 0.91. Spray-drying is a suitable method to produce the high emissivity ceramic powders.展开更多
The infrared transmittance and emissivity of heat-insulating coatings pigmented with various structural particles were studied using Kubelka-Munk theory and Mie theory. The primary design purpose was to obtain the low...The infrared transmittance and emissivity of heat-insulating coatings pigmented with various structural particles were studied using Kubelka-Munk theory and Mie theory. The primary design purpose was to obtain the low transmittance and low emissivity coatings to reduce the heat transfer by thermal radiation for high-temperature applications. In the case of silica coating layers constituted with various structural titania particles （solid, hollow, and core-shell spherical）, the dependence of transmittance and emissivity of the coating layer on the particle structure and the layer thickness was investigated and optimized. The results indicate that the coating pigmented with core-shell titania particles exhibits a lower infrared transmittance and a lower emissivity value than that with other structural particles and is suitable to radiative heat-insulating applications.展开更多
In general, the dependence of the logarithm of the emissivity upon wavelength is usually used in the treatment of data measured by multi-wavelength pyrometer. In this paper, the suitability of this expression for diff...In general, the dependence of the logarithm of the emissivity upon wavelength is usually used in the treatment of data measured by multi-wavelength pyrometer. In this paper, the suitability of this expression for different materials has been examined. Further more, an effective method for automatically searching the mathematical model between emissivity and wavelength has been procsed. The calculated results show that the accuracy is improved by using this data treatment method.展开更多
A new coating on lining in industrial furnace for energy saving has been developed. Properties and microstructure of the coatings were revealed by emissivity instrument,X-ray diffraction （XRD）,transmission electron ...A new coating on lining in industrial furnace for energy saving has been developed. Properties and microstructure of the coatings were revealed by emissivity instrument,X-ray diffraction （XRD）,transmission electron microscope （TEM） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）,respectively. The result indicates that the emissivity of coatings is higher than 0.90 and the thickness of coatings is about 200 μm. ZrO2,Cr2O3 and SiC in the coating benefit practical applications of coatings at high temperature with durable high emissivity and the continuous structure between the coatings and the substrate makes the coatings high cohesion and excellent adhesion for both specimens with and without sintering at high temperature. Result from laboratory experiment shows that the heating speed of specimen with coating is higher than that of controlled specimen and the temperature increases 30°C during the heating. The average temperature drop of specimen with coatings has a 13.5% improvement in the cooling speed. The application of coatings on the checker brick in a blast furnace of 1750m^3 indicates that the coating causes the blast temperature to an average increase of 28°C,reduces the fluctuation of blast temperature before the blowing-in and leads to a fuel saving of 10% approximately.展开更多
An accurate accounting of land surface emissivity(ε) is important both for the retrieval of surface temperatures and the calculation of the longwave surface energy budgets.Since ε is one of the important parameteriz...An accurate accounting of land surface emissivity(ε) is important both for the retrieval of surface temperatures and the calculation of the longwave surface energy budgets.Since ε is one of the important parameterizations in land surface models(LSMs),accurate accounting also improves the accuracy of surface temperatures and sensible heat fluxes simulated by LSMs.In order to obtain an accurate emissivity,this paper focuses on estimating ε from data collected in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert by two different methods.In the first method,ε was derived from the surface broadband emissivity in the 8–14 μm thermal infrared atmospheric window,which was determined from spectral radiances observed by field measurements using a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,the mean ε being 0.9051.The second method compared the observed and calculated heat fluxes under nearneutral atmospheric stability and estimated ε indirectly by minimizing the root-mean-square difference between them.The result of the second method found a mean value of 0.9042,which is consistent with the result by the first method.Although the two methods recover ε from different field experiments and data,the difference of meanvalues is 0.0009.The first method is superior to the indirect method,and is also more convenient.展开更多
Air plasma spraying （APS） was used to produce high emissivity coatings with a NiCr204 spinel structure. The relationship between the emissivity and the crystal structure was investigated. X-ray diffraction （XRD） a...Air plasma spraying （APS） was used to produce high emissivity coatings with a NiCr204 spinel structure. The relationship between the emissivity and the crystal structure was investigated. X-ray diffraction （XRD） analyses show that NiCr204 spinel has been fabri- cated with the space group Fd3m. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） photographs show that the coating consists of a laminated structure with homogeneous grains and high porosity because of the unique feature of plasma spraying. The emissivity measurement and Fourier transformation infrared radiation （FT-IR） spectra show that NiCr204 has a high emissivity of about 0.91 because of its special spinel structure APS is a suitable method to produce high emissivity coatings.展开更多
LaMgAl_(11)O_(19)(LMA),characterized by high melting point,low density and thermal conductivity as well as good infrared emissivity,is regarded as a potential candidate for the thermal protection of hypersonic vehicle...LaMgAl_(11)O_(19)(LMA),characterized by high melting point,low density and thermal conductivity as well as good infrared emissivity,is regarded as a potential candidate for the thermal protection of hypersonic vehicles.Nevertheless,the unsatisfied phase stability at high temperature results in declining of the emissivity below 6μm,which limits the extensive applications of LaMgAl_(11)O_(19).In order to overcome this obstacle,three dense bulk high-entropy ceramics,(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Pr_(0.2))MgAl_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-1),(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Dy_(0.2))Mg Al_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-2)and La(Mg_(0.2)Fe_(0.2)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2)Zn_(0.2))Al_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-3),were designed and successfully prepared through solid state reaction at 1700℃for 4 h in one step.XRD analyses show that the phase compositions of HE LMA-1,HE LMA-2 and HE LMA-3 are single-phase solid solutions with the relative density of 95.61%,95.49%and 94.31%,respectively.Heat treatment experiments demonstrate that the phase composition of HE LMA-1 remains a single phase after high-temperature heating,while second phase appears in other two samples.The stability of HE LMA-1 is attributed to small average size differenceδ(~4%)of constitute elements.Intriguingly,the average emissivity of HE LMA-1 in the range of 3-6μm reaches 0.9,which is significantly higher than that of LMA and other two HE LMA samples.The emissivity of all samples remains above 0.95 from 6 to 10μm.In the far infrared region(10-14μm),although the emissivity of these specimens decreases slightly,it still exceeds 0.85.The UV-Vis absorption spectra indicate that the formation of many discrete impurity energy levels with small intervals in HE LMA-1 promotes the f electrons to transit between adjacent impurity energy levels and conduction band,which enhances the infrared emission of HE LMA-1 below 6μm.In a word,with improved phase stability and thermal emissivity in infrared range,high-entropy REMgAl_(11)O_(19),especially(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Pr_(0.2))MgAl_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-1),is a promising candidate in thermal protection coatings of hypersonic vehicles.展开更多
NiCr2O4（NCO）spinel composites with different Mn/Ni atomic ratios（Mn/Ni=0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20）were synthesized via solid state reaction method.Phase compositions and microstructure of samples were characterized b...NiCr2O4（NCO）spinel composites with different Mn/Ni atomic ratios（Mn/Ni=0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20）were synthesized via solid state reaction method.Phase compositions and microstructure of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）.The TG-DSC curves showed that the appropriate baking temperature for Mn-doped NCO spinel preparation was approximately 1 320℃.X-ray diffraction patterns exhibited the formation of NCO spinel with Fd-3m space group.Valence state of the Mn ions was determined from 2p and 3s X-ray photoelectron spectra.Manganese ions were mostly in divalent and trivalent states,and the ratio of Mn^2＋/Mn^3＋was 0.78-0.98.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）was used to analyze the spectral emissivity of Mn doped NCO spinel.It was revealed that the infrared emissivity of Mn-doped NCO spinel in 1.8-5μm could be significantly enhanced with increasing content of Mn^2＋,reaching as high as 0.9398.Mn-doped NCO spinel showed excellent radiation performance and good prospect in high emissivity applications in the temperature range of 800-1 200℃.展开更多
Transition metal disilicides are widely used as heating elements and infrared emission coatings.However,the limited intrinsic infrared emissivity and high thermal conductivity are the main limitations to their applica...Transition metal disilicides are widely used as heating elements and infrared emission coatings.However,the limited intrinsic infrared emissivity and high thermal conductivity are the main limitations to their applications as infrared emission coatings in the thermal protection system.To cope with these prob-lems,four medium and high-entropy transition metal disilicides,i.e.,(V_(0.25)Ta_(0.25)Mo_(0.25)W_(0.25))Si_(2)(ME-1),(Nb_(0.25)Ta_(0.25)Mo_(0.25)W_(0.25))Si_(2)(ME-2),(V_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Mo_(0.2)W_(0.2))Si_(2)(HE-1),and(Cr_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Mo_(0.2)W_(0.2))Si_(2)(HE-2),were designed and synthesized by spark plasma sintering method using transition metal binary disilicides as precursors.The introduction of multi-elements into transition metal disilicides not only im-proved the infrared emissivity but also reduced the electrical and thermal conductivity.Among them,(Cr_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Mo_(0.2)W_(0.2))Si_(2)(HE-2)had the lowest electrical conductivity of 3789 S cm-1,which is over one order of magnitude lower than that of MoSi_(2)(50000 S cm^(-1)),and total infrared emissivity of 0.42 at room temperature,which is nearly double of that of TaSi_(2).Benefiting from low electrical conductivity and phonon scattering due to lattice distortion,the medium and high-entropy transition metal disilicides also demonstrated a significant decline in thermal conductivity compared to their binary counterparts.Of all samples,HE-2 exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity of 6.4 W m^(−1)K^(−1).The high-entropy tran-sition metal disilicides also present excellent oxidation resistance at high temperatures.The improved infrared emissivity,reduced thermal conductivity,excellent oxidation resistance,and lower densities of these medium and high-entropy transition metal disilicides portend that they are promising as infrared emission coating materials for applications in thermal protection systems.展开更多
According to the basic infrared stealth mechanism of low infrared emissivity powders,the ZAO powder materials were prepared by liquid coprecipitation method,and the starting materials were Zn( NO3) 6H2O and Al( NO3) 3...According to the basic infrared stealth mechanism of low infrared emissivity powders,the ZAO powder materials were prepared by liquid coprecipitation method,and the starting materials were Zn( NO3) 6H2O and Al( NO3) 39H2O. The process parameters were obtained,and the relationship between technology parameters and infrared emissivity was investigated. The temperature of thermal treatment,crystal structure and surface micrograph of ZAO powder was analyzed by the help of TG-DTA,XRD and SEM. The infrared stealth performance of ZAO powder was studied by IR-2 emissivity spectroscopy. Results showed that the infrared emissivity was the lowest when pH was 8. 0,calcination temperature was 1100 ℃,calcination time was 2 h,and the Al2O3doping content was 3% ( mass percentage) . The crystal structure of doped ZAO powder was lead-zinc, and there exists distortion of crystal lattice in nanocrystalline ZnO. The average particle size was 10 μm. The lowest infrared emissivity reached to 0. 61 at between 8 μm and 14 μm. It means that the ZAO powders will be excellent infrared stealthy materials.展开更多
The Geometrical Optics(GO)approach and the FAST Emissivity Model(FASTEM)are widely used to estimate the surface radiative components in atmospheric radiative transfer simulations,but their applications are limited in ...The Geometrical Optics(GO)approach and the FAST Emissivity Model(FASTEM)are widely used to estimate the surface radiative components in atmospheric radiative transfer simulations,but their applications are limited in specific conditions.In this study,a two-scale reflectivity model(TSRM)and a two-scale emissivity model(TSEM)are developed from the two-scale roughness theory.Unlike GO which only computes six non-zero elements in the reflectivity matrix,The TSRM includes 16 elements of Stokes reflectivity matrix which are important for improving radiative transfer simulation accuracy in a scattering atmosphere.It covers the frequency range from L-to W-bands.The dependences of all TSRM elements on zenith angle,wind speed,and frequency are derived and analyzed in details.For a set of downwelling radiances in microwave frequencies,the reflected upwelling brightness temperature(BTs)are calculated from both TSRM and GO and compared for analyzing their discrepancies.The TSRM not only includes the effects of GO but also accounts for the small-scale Bragg scattering effect in an order of several degrees in Kelvins in brightness temperature.Also,the third and fourth components of the Stokes vector can only be produced from the TSRM.For the emitted radiation,BT differences in vertical polarization between a TSEM and FASTEM are generally less than 5 K when the satellite zenith angle is less than 40°,whereas those for the horizontal component can be quite significant,greater than 20 K.展开更多
Temperature is the most important parameter for the improvement of combustion efficiency and the control of pollutants.In order to obtain accurate flame temperatures in a rotary kiln incinerator using non-intrusive th...Temperature is the most important parameter for the improvement of combustion efficiency and the control of pollutants.In order to obtain accurate flame temperatures in a rotary kiln incinerator using non-intrusive thermographic method,the effective flame emissivity was studied.A combined narrow-and wide-band model and Mie scattering method were used to calculate the radiative properties for gases and fly-ash particles under different combustion conditions.The effects of the air/waste ratio and fly-ash particles on the effective flame emissivity were discussed.The results of numerical calculations showed that the effective emissivity decreased from 0.90 to 0.80 when the air/waste ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.8,and the effect of the fly-ash particles was ignorable under the conditions discussed in this paper.Experimental measurement results indicated that the accuracy of the thermographic temperature measurements improved significantly if the setting of the flame emissivity was adjusted according to the air/waste ratio.展开更多
An inverse estimation method and corresponding measurement system are developed to measure the apparent spectral directional emissivities of semitransparent materials. The normal spectral emissivity and transmissivity...An inverse estimation method and corresponding measurement system are developed to measure the apparent spectral directional emissivities of semitransparent materials. The normal spectral emissivity and transmissivity serve as input for the inverse analysis. Consequently, the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the semitransparent material could be retrieved by using the pseudo source adding method as the forward method and the stochastic particle swarm optimization algorithm as the inverse method. Finally, the arbitrary apparent spectral directional emissivity of semitransparent material is estimated by using the pseudo source adding method given the retrieval refractive index and absorption coefficient. The present system has the advantage of a simple experimental structure, high accuracy, and excellent capability to measure the emissivity in an arbitrary direction. Furthermore, the apparent spectral directional emissivity of sapphire at 773 K is measured by using this system in a spectral range of 3 μm-12 μm and a viewing range of 0°-90°. The present method paves the way for a new directional spectral emissivity measurement strategy.展开更多
Thermal control coatings were fabricated by mixing of La1-xSrxMnO3(LSMO)powder and acrylic resin and brushed on Al alloy substrate.The powders of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 were prepared using sol-gel method.XR...Thermal control coatings were fabricated by mixing of La1-xSrxMnO3(LSMO)powder and acrylic resin and brushed on Al alloy substrate.The powders of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 were prepared using sol-gel method.XRD results reveal the phase structure of LSMO powders are perovskite.The transition temperature from metal to insulator of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 are 300 and 275 K,respectively.The emissivity evolution with temperature of the coatings was measured.For La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/acrylic resin coating,the emissivity increases from 0.56 to 0.88,and for La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/acrylic resin coating from 0.50 to 0.90.展开更多
Land surface emissivity is one of the important parameters in temperature inversion from thermal infrared remote sensing. Using MOD11C3 of Terra-MODIS L3 level products, spatio-temporal data sets of land surface emiss...Land surface emissivity is one of the important parameters in temperature inversion from thermal infrared remote sensing. Using MOD11C3 of Terra-MODIS L3 level products, spatio-temporal data sets of land surface emissivity in China for 10 years from 2001 to 2010 are obtained. The results show that the land surface emissivity in the northwest desert region is the lowest in China, with little seasonal variations. In contrast, there are significant seasonal variations in land surface emissivity in northeast China and northern Xinjiang, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Yangtze River Valley and the eastern and southern China. In winter, the land surface emissivity in the northeast China and northern Xinjiang is relatively high. The land surface emissivity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region is maintained at low value from November to March, while it becomes higher in other months. The land surface emissivity of the Yangtze River Valley, eastern and southern China, and Sichuan Basin varies from July to October, and peaks in August. Land surface emissivity values could be divided into five levels low emissivity （0.6163-0.9638）, moderate-low emissivity （0.9639-0.9709）, moderate emissivity （0.9710-0.9724）, moderate-high emissivity （0.9725-0.9738）, and high emissivity （0.9739-0.9999）. The percentages of areas with low emissivity, moderate-low emissivity and moderate emissivity are, respectively, about 20%, 10% and 20%. The moderate-high emissivity region makes up 40%-50% of China＇s land surface area. The inter-annual variation of moderate-high emissivity region is also very clear, with two peaks （in spring and autumn） and two troughs （in summer and winter）. The inter-annual variation of the high emissivity region is very significant, with a peak in winter （10%）, while only 1% or 2% in other seasons. There is a clear association between the spatio-temporal distribution of China＇s land surface emissivity and temperature： the higher the emissivity, the lower the temperature, and vice versa. Emissivity is an inherent property of any object, but the precise value of its emissivity depends very much on its surrounding environmental factors.展开更多
It is shown that the measurement of only one component of the Wein’s spectrum of thermal radiation in range λT ≤ 3000 (°C μm) is sufficient to estimate the true temperature and spectral emissivity of the s...It is shown that the measurement of only one component of the Wein’s spectrum of thermal radiation in range λT ≤ 3000 (°C μm) is sufficient to estimate the true temperature and spectral emissivity of the selected component with sufficient accuracy, although more than one hundred years this statement was considered as incorrect. The proposed method is based on the formation of the linear dependence of the logarithm of the emissivity of not real wavelengths and artificially generated “virtual” spectral components.展开更多
文摘The concept of emissivity has been with the scientific and engineering world since Planck formulated his blackbody radiation law more than a century ago.Nevertheless,emissivity is an elusive concept even for ex⁃perts.It is a vague and fuzzy concept for the wider community of engineers.The importance of remote sensing of temperature by measuring IR radiation has been recognized in a wide range of industrial,medical,and environ⁃mental uses.One of the major sources of errors in IR radiometry is the emissivity of the surface being measured.In real experiments,emissivity may be influenced by many factors:surface texture,spectral properties,oxida⁃tion,and aging of surfaces.While commercial blackbodies are prevalent,the much-needed grey bodies with a known emissivity,are unavailable.This study describes how to achieve a calibrated and stable emissivity with a blackbody,a perforated screen,and a reliable and linear novel IR thermal sensor,18 dubbed TMOS.The Digital TMOS is now a low-cost commercial product,it requires low power,and it has a small form factor.The method⁃ology is based on two-color measurements,with two different optical filters,with selected wavelengths conform⁃ing to the grey body definition of the use case under study.With a photochemically etched perforated screen,the effective emissivity of the screen is simply the hole density area of the surface area that emits according to the blackbody temperature radiation.The concept is illustrated with ray tracing simulations,which demonstrate the approach.Measured results are reported.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272060,51902067,51872066 and 52172041)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52032003)+5 种基金the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2020QNRC001)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2019M651282 and 2022T150157)Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.LBH-Z19022 and LBH-TZ2207)Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program,Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.SAST2019-012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRFCU5710051022)the Science Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments(No.JCKYS2022603C011).
文摘The rapid evolution of hypersonic vehicle technologies necessitates robust thermal protection systems capable of withstanding extreme oxidative ablation.This study introduces a novel gradient-architected ZrB_(2)-MoSi_(2)-SiC dense layer embedded within a lightweight three-dimensional(3D)needled carbon fiber composite.Utilizing the volatility of ethanol and polycarbosilane,the ceramic slurry is selectively infused into targeted regions of the fibrous structure,optimizing the ZrB_(2)to MoSi_(2)ratio to enhance performance.The resulting dense layer exhibits exceptional emissivity,surpassing 0.90 in the 1-3μm range and exceeding 0.87 in the 2-14μm range.Moreover,it demonstrates remarkable oxidative ablation resistance.Specifically,at an optimized ZrB_(2)to MoSi_(2)ratio of 6:4,the dense layer achieves a minimal linear ablation rate of 0.015μm·s^(-1) under a 1.5 MW·m^(-2)oxyacetylene flame for 1000 s.Even after exposure to oxyacetylene ablation at surface temperatures of approximately 1750℃for 1000 s,the dense layer retains its structural integrity,highlighting its enduring oxidation resistance.The incorporation of MoSi_(2)not only enhances emissivity but also fortifies the ZrO_(2)and SiO_(2)oxide layers,crucial for environments with elevated oxygen levels,thereby mitigating the active oxidation of SiC.This combination of high emissivity and long-term oxidation resistance at ultra-high temperatures positions the ZrB_(2)-MoSi_(2)-SiC dense layer as an exceptionally promising candidate for advanced thermal protection in hypersonic vehicles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52276185,52276189 and 51976057)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.2021MS126)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.BK20231209)the Proof-of-Concept Project of Zhongguancun Open Laboratory (Grant No.20220981113)。
文摘Flame temperature and spectral emissivity were the important parameters characterizing the sufficient degree of fuel combustion and the particle radiative characteristics in the Rocket Based Combined Cycle(RBCC)combustor.To investigate the combustion characteristics of the complex supersonic flame in the RBCC combustor,a new radiation thermometry combined with Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)algorithm and the least squares method was proposed to measure the temperature,emissivity and spectral radiative properties based on the flame emission spectrum.In-situ measurements of the flame temperature,emissivity and spectral radiative properties were carried out in the RBCC direct-connected test bench with laser-induced plasma combustion enhancement(LIPCE)and without LIPCE.The flame average temperatures at fuel global equivalence ratio(a)of 1.0b and 0.6 with LIPCE were 4.51%and 2.08%higher than those without LIPCE.The flame combustion oscillation of kerosene tended to be stable in the recirculation zone of cavity with the thermal and chemical effects of laser induced plasma.The differences of flame temperature at a=1.0b and 0.6 were 503 K and 523 K with LIPCE,which were 20.07%and42.64%lower than those without LIPCE.The flame emissivity with methane assisted ignition was 80.46%lower than that without methane assisted ignition,due to the carbon-hydrogen ratio of kerosene was higher than that of methane.The spectral emissivities at 600 nm with LIPCE were 1.25%,22.2%,and 4.22%lower than those without LIPCE at a=1.0a(with methane assisted ignition),1.0b(without methane assisted ignition)and 0.6.The effect of concentration in the emissivity was removed by normalization to analyze the flame radiative properties in the RBCC combustor chamber.The maximum differences of flame normalized emissivity were 50.91%without LIPCE and 27.53%with LIPCE.The flame radiative properties were stabilized under the thermal and chemical effects of laser induced plasma at a=0.6.
基金supported by the fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU, NoKP200901
文摘Platinum films were sputter-deposited on two groups of nickel alloy substrates, in which the first group was the samples with rough surface, and the other group with polished surface. The platinum thin-films were applied to serve as the low-emissivity layers to reflect thermal radiation. Then, the platinum-coated samples were heated in air at 600 ℃ for 200 h to explore the effect of high-temperature environment on the emissivity of coated platinum film. After annealing, the average IR emissivity （at the wavelength of 3-14 μm） of the platinum film was only about 0.1 for polished sample and 0.45 for rough sample. The diffusion between platinum and the nickelalloy elements at 600 ℃ had been also discussed.
文摘Spray-drying was used to produce the high emissivity NiCr2O4 powders with a spinel structure. Preliminary investigations focused on fabricating the high emissivity powders for infrared radiation coatings and finding the relationship between microstructure and emissivity. The NiCr2O4 powders were characterized for composition, microstructure, and infrared emissivity by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, infrared radiant instrument, and Fourier transform infrared spectra （FT-IR）. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis show that the appropriate baking temperature for NiCr2O4 powder preparation is about 1200？C. The emissivity measurement and FT-IR spectra show that, because of the special spinel structure, the NiCr2O4 powders have a high emissivity about 0.91. Spray-drying is a suitable method to produce the high emissivity ceramic powders.
文摘The infrared transmittance and emissivity of heat-insulating coatings pigmented with various structural particles were studied using Kubelka-Munk theory and Mie theory. The primary design purpose was to obtain the low transmittance and low emissivity coatings to reduce the heat transfer by thermal radiation for high-temperature applications. In the case of silica coating layers constituted with various structural titania particles （solid, hollow, and core-shell spherical）, the dependence of transmittance and emissivity of the coating layer on the particle structure and the layer thickness was investigated and optimized. The results indicate that the coating pigmented with core-shell titania particles exhibits a lower infrared transmittance and a lower emissivity value than that with other structural particles and is suitable to radiative heat-insulating applications.
文摘In general, the dependence of the logarithm of the emissivity upon wavelength is usually used in the treatment of data measured by multi-wavelength pyrometer. In this paper, the suitability of this expression for different materials has been examined. Further more, an effective method for automatically searching the mathematical model between emissivity and wavelength has been procsed. The calculated results show that the accuracy is improved by using this data treatment method.
基金the Innovation Fund for Technology Based Firms (No06C26213701371)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province in China (NoY2006F26)
文摘A new coating on lining in industrial furnace for energy saving has been developed. Properties and microstructure of the coatings were revealed by emissivity instrument,X-ray diffraction （XRD）,transmission electron microscope （TEM） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）,respectively. The result indicates that the emissivity of coatings is higher than 0.90 and the thickness of coatings is about 200 μm. ZrO2,Cr2O3 and SiC in the coating benefit practical applications of coatings at high temperature with durable high emissivity and the continuous structure between the coatings and the substrate makes the coatings high cohesion and excellent adhesion for both specimens with and without sintering at high temperature. Result from laboratory experiment shows that the heating speed of specimen with coating is higher than that of controlled specimen and the temperature increases 30°C during the heating. The average temperature drop of specimen with coatings has a 13.5% improvement in the cooling speed. The application of coatings on the checker brick in a blast furnace of 1750m^3 indicates that the coating causes the blast temperature to an average increase of 28°C,reduces the fluctuation of blast temperature before the blowing-in and leads to a fuel saving of 10% approximately.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41265002, 41130641, and 41175140)the Special Fund for Meteorology-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (Grant No. GYHY201306066)
文摘An accurate accounting of land surface emissivity(ε) is important both for the retrieval of surface temperatures and the calculation of the longwave surface energy budgets.Since ε is one of the important parameterizations in land surface models(LSMs),accurate accounting also improves the accuracy of surface temperatures and sensible heat fluxes simulated by LSMs.In order to obtain an accurate emissivity,this paper focuses on estimating ε from data collected in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert by two different methods.In the first method,ε was derived from the surface broadband emissivity in the 8–14 μm thermal infrared atmospheric window,which was determined from spectral radiances observed by field measurements using a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,the mean ε being 0.9051.The second method compared the observed and calculated heat fluxes under nearneutral atmospheric stability and estimated ε indirectly by minimizing the root-mean-square difference between them.The result of the second method found a mean value of 0.9042,which is consistent with the result by the first method.Although the two methods recover ε from different field experiments and data,the difference of meanvalues is 0.0009.The first method is superior to the indirect method,and is also more convenient.
文摘Air plasma spraying （APS） was used to produce high emissivity coatings with a NiCr204 spinel structure. The relationship between the emissivity and the crystal structure was investigated. X-ray diffraction （XRD） analyses show that NiCr204 spinel has been fabri- cated with the space group Fd3m. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） photographs show that the coating consists of a laminated structure with homogeneous grains and high porosity because of the unique feature of plasma spraying. The emissivity measurement and Fourier transformation infrared radiation （FT-IR） spectra show that NiCr204 has a high emissivity of about 0.91 because of its special spinel structure APS is a suitable method to produce high emissivity coatings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51772027 and 51972089。
文摘LaMgAl_(11)O_(19)(LMA),characterized by high melting point,low density and thermal conductivity as well as good infrared emissivity,is regarded as a potential candidate for the thermal protection of hypersonic vehicles.Nevertheless,the unsatisfied phase stability at high temperature results in declining of the emissivity below 6μm,which limits the extensive applications of LaMgAl_(11)O_(19).In order to overcome this obstacle,three dense bulk high-entropy ceramics,(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Pr_(0.2))MgAl_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-1),(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Dy_(0.2))Mg Al_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-2)and La(Mg_(0.2)Fe_(0.2)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2)Zn_(0.2))Al_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-3),were designed and successfully prepared through solid state reaction at 1700℃for 4 h in one step.XRD analyses show that the phase compositions of HE LMA-1,HE LMA-2 and HE LMA-3 are single-phase solid solutions with the relative density of 95.61%,95.49%and 94.31%,respectively.Heat treatment experiments demonstrate that the phase composition of HE LMA-1 remains a single phase after high-temperature heating,while second phase appears in other two samples.The stability of HE LMA-1 is attributed to small average size differenceδ(~4%)of constitute elements.Intriguingly,the average emissivity of HE LMA-1 in the range of 3-6μm reaches 0.9,which is significantly higher than that of LMA and other two HE LMA samples.The emissivity of all samples remains above 0.95 from 6 to 10μm.In the far infrared region(10-14μm),although the emissivity of these specimens decreases slightly,it still exceeds 0.85.The UV-Vis absorption spectra indicate that the formation of many discrete impurity energy levels with small intervals in HE LMA-1 promotes the f electrons to transit between adjacent impurity energy levels and conduction band,which enhances the infrared emission of HE LMA-1 below 6μm.In a word,with improved phase stability and thermal emissivity in infrared range,high-entropy REMgAl_(11)O_(19),especially(La_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Pr_(0.2))MgAl_(11)O_(19)(HE LMA-1),is a promising candidate in thermal protection coatings of hypersonic vehicles.
基金Funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Projects for Education Department of Hubei Province(Q20161407)
文摘NiCr2O4（NCO）spinel composites with different Mn/Ni atomic ratios（Mn/Ni=0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20）were synthesized via solid state reaction method.Phase compositions and microstructure of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）.The TG-DSC curves showed that the appropriate baking temperature for Mn-doped NCO spinel preparation was approximately 1 320℃.X-ray diffraction patterns exhibited the formation of NCO spinel with Fd-3m space group.Valence state of the Mn ions was determined from 2p and 3s X-ray photoelectron spectra.Manganese ions were mostly in divalent and trivalent states,and the ratio of Mn^2＋/Mn^3＋was 0.78-0.98.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）was used to analyze the spectral emissivity of Mn doped NCO spinel.It was revealed that the infrared emissivity of Mn-doped NCO spinel in 1.8-5μm could be significantly enhanced with increasing content of Mn^2＋,reaching as high as 0.9398.Mn-doped NCO spinel showed excellent radiation performance and good prospect in high emissivity applications in the temperature range of 800-1 200℃.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.51972082,51972089,and 52172041)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(No.52032003).
文摘Transition metal disilicides are widely used as heating elements and infrared emission coatings.However,the limited intrinsic infrared emissivity and high thermal conductivity are the main limitations to their applications as infrared emission coatings in the thermal protection system.To cope with these prob-lems,four medium and high-entropy transition metal disilicides,i.e.,(V_(0.25)Ta_(0.25)Mo_(0.25)W_(0.25))Si_(2)(ME-1),(Nb_(0.25)Ta_(0.25)Mo_(0.25)W_(0.25))Si_(2)(ME-2),(V_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Mo_(0.2)W_(0.2))Si_(2)(HE-1),and(Cr_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Mo_(0.2)W_(0.2))Si_(2)(HE-2),were designed and synthesized by spark plasma sintering method using transition metal binary disilicides as precursors.The introduction of multi-elements into transition metal disilicides not only im-proved the infrared emissivity but also reduced the electrical and thermal conductivity.Among them,(Cr_(0.2)Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Mo_(0.2)W_(0.2))Si_(2)(HE-2)had the lowest electrical conductivity of 3789 S cm-1,which is over one order of magnitude lower than that of MoSi_(2)(50000 S cm^(-1)),and total infrared emissivity of 0.42 at room temperature,which is nearly double of that of TaSi_(2).Benefiting from low electrical conductivity and phonon scattering due to lattice distortion,the medium and high-entropy transition metal disilicides also demonstrated a significant decline in thermal conductivity compared to their binary counterparts.Of all samples,HE-2 exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity of 6.4 W m^(−1)K^(−1).The high-entropy tran-sition metal disilicides also present excellent oxidation resistance at high temperatures.The improved infrared emissivity,reduced thermal conductivity,excellent oxidation resistance,and lower densities of these medium and high-entropy transition metal disilicides portend that they are promising as infrared emission coating materials for applications in thermal protection systems.
基金Sponsored by the Young Academic Backbone Funding Schemes of Harbin Normal University (Grant No KGB200906)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation( Grant No20100471069)Science and Technology Research Projects of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Department (Grant No11551119)
文摘According to the basic infrared stealth mechanism of low infrared emissivity powders,the ZAO powder materials were prepared by liquid coprecipitation method,and the starting materials were Zn( NO3) 6H2O and Al( NO3) 39H2O. The process parameters were obtained,and the relationship between technology parameters and infrared emissivity was investigated. The temperature of thermal treatment,crystal structure and surface micrograph of ZAO powder was analyzed by the help of TG-DTA,XRD and SEM. The infrared stealth performance of ZAO powder was studied by IR-2 emissivity spectroscopy. Results showed that the infrared emissivity was the lowest when pH was 8. 0,calcination temperature was 1100 ℃,calcination time was 2 h,and the Al2O3doping content was 3% ( mass percentage) . The crystal structure of doped ZAO powder was lead-zinc, and there exists distortion of crystal lattice in nanocrystalline ZnO. The average particle size was 10 μm. The lowest infrared emissivity reached to 0. 61 at between 8 μm and 14 μm. It means that the ZAO powders will be excellent infrared stealthy materials.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2022YFC3004200)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3900400)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2021JC0009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2142212).
文摘The Geometrical Optics(GO)approach and the FAST Emissivity Model(FASTEM)are widely used to estimate the surface radiative components in atmospheric radiative transfer simulations,but their applications are limited in specific conditions.In this study,a two-scale reflectivity model(TSRM)and a two-scale emissivity model(TSEM)are developed from the two-scale roughness theory.Unlike GO which only computes six non-zero elements in the reflectivity matrix,The TSRM includes 16 elements of Stokes reflectivity matrix which are important for improving radiative transfer simulation accuracy in a scattering atmosphere.It covers the frequency range from L-to W-bands.The dependences of all TSRM elements on zenith angle,wind speed,and frequency are derived and analyzed in details.For a set of downwelling radiances in microwave frequencies,the reflected upwelling brightness temperature(BTs)are calculated from both TSRM and GO and compared for analyzing their discrepancies.The TSRM not only includes the effects of GO but also accounts for the small-scale Bragg scattering effect in an order of several degrees in Kelvins in brightness temperature.Also,the third and fourth components of the Stokes vector can only be produced from the TSRM.For the emitted radiation,BT differences in vertical polarization between a TSEM and FASTEM are generally less than 5 K when the satellite zenith angle is less than 40°,whereas those for the horizontal component can be quite significant,greater than 20 K.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (Nos 2009CB219802 and 2011CB201500)the National Water Pollution Control and Management Technology Major Projects (No 2009ZX07317)the Solid Waste Creative Team Project of Zhejiang Province (No A2009R50049), China
文摘Temperature is the most important parameter for the improvement of combustion efficiency and the control of pollutants.In order to obtain accurate flame temperatures in a rotary kiln incinerator using non-intrusive thermographic method,the effective flame emissivity was studied.A combined narrow-and wide-band model and Mie scattering method were used to calculate the radiative properties for gases and fly-ash particles under different combustion conditions.The effects of the air/waste ratio and fly-ash particles on the effective flame emissivity were discussed.The results of numerical calculations showed that the effective emissivity decreased from 0.90 to 0.80 when the air/waste ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.8,and the effect of the fly-ash particles was ignorable under the conditions discussed in this paper.Experimental measurement results indicated that the accuracy of the thermographic temperature measurements improved significantly if the setting of the flame emissivity was adjusted according to the air/waste ratio.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51476043 and 51576053)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51421063)
文摘An inverse estimation method and corresponding measurement system are developed to measure the apparent spectral directional emissivities of semitransparent materials. The normal spectral emissivity and transmissivity serve as input for the inverse analysis. Consequently, the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the semitransparent material could be retrieved by using the pseudo source adding method as the forward method and the stochastic particle swarm optimization algorithm as the inverse method. Finally, the arbitrary apparent spectral directional emissivity of semitransparent material is estimated by using the pseudo source adding method given the retrieval refractive index and absorption coefficient. The present system has the advantage of a simple experimental structure, high accuracy, and excellent capability to measure the emissivity in an arbitrary direction. Furthermore, the apparent spectral directional emissivity of sapphire at 773 K is measured by using this system in a spectral range of 3 μm-12 μm and a viewing range of 0°-90°. The present method paves the way for a new directional spectral emissivity measurement strategy.
基金NSFC(51001039)National Basic Research Program of China(2007CB607602)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HIT.NSRIF.2009030)Program of Excellent Teams of Harbin Institute of Technology
文摘Thermal control coatings were fabricated by mixing of La1-xSrxMnO3(LSMO)powder and acrylic resin and brushed on Al alloy substrate.The powders of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 were prepared using sol-gel method.XRD results reveal the phase structure of LSMO powders are perovskite.The transition temperature from metal to insulator of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 are 300 and 275 K,respectively.The emissivity evolution with temperature of the coatings was measured.For La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/acrylic resin coating,the emissivity increases from 0.56 to 0.88,and for La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/acrylic resin coating from 0.50 to 0.90.
基金China Global Change Research Program, No.2010CB950902 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41071240
文摘Land surface emissivity is one of the important parameters in temperature inversion from thermal infrared remote sensing. Using MOD11C3 of Terra-MODIS L3 level products, spatio-temporal data sets of land surface emissivity in China for 10 years from 2001 to 2010 are obtained. The results show that the land surface emissivity in the northwest desert region is the lowest in China, with little seasonal variations. In contrast, there are significant seasonal variations in land surface emissivity in northeast China and northern Xinjiang, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Yangtze River Valley and the eastern and southern China. In winter, the land surface emissivity in the northeast China and northern Xinjiang is relatively high. The land surface emissivity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region is maintained at low value from November to March, while it becomes higher in other months. The land surface emissivity of the Yangtze River Valley, eastern and southern China, and Sichuan Basin varies from July to October, and peaks in August. Land surface emissivity values could be divided into five levels low emissivity （0.6163-0.9638）, moderate-low emissivity （0.9639-0.9709）, moderate emissivity （0.9710-0.9724）, moderate-high emissivity （0.9725-0.9738）, and high emissivity （0.9739-0.9999）. The percentages of areas with low emissivity, moderate-low emissivity and moderate emissivity are, respectively, about 20%, 10% and 20%. The moderate-high emissivity region makes up 40%-50% of China＇s land surface area. The inter-annual variation of moderate-high emissivity region is also very clear, with two peaks （in spring and autumn） and two troughs （in summer and winter）. The inter-annual variation of the high emissivity region is very significant, with a peak in winter （10%）, while only 1% or 2% in other seasons. There is a clear association between the spatio-temporal distribution of China＇s land surface emissivity and temperature： the higher the emissivity, the lower the temperature, and vice versa. Emissivity is an inherent property of any object, but the precise value of its emissivity depends very much on its surrounding environmental factors.
文摘It is shown that the measurement of only one component of the Wein’s spectrum of thermal radiation in range λT ≤ 3000 (°C μm) is sufficient to estimate the true temperature and spectral emissivity of the selected component with sufficient accuracy, although more than one hundred years this statement was considered as incorrect. The proposed method is based on the formation of the linear dependence of the logarithm of the emissivity of not real wavelengths and artificially generated “virtual” spectral components.
