Aqueous zinc-ion electrochromic(EC)technology,boasting the capability to fulfill both safety and cost-ef⁃fectiveness requirements,is garnering extensive attention in various application areas including smart windows,t...Aqueous zinc-ion electrochromic(EC)technology,boasting the capability to fulfill both safety and cost-ef⁃fectiveness requirements,is garnering extensive attention in various application areas including smart windows,thermal management,displays,and camouflage.However,typical inorganic EC materials,such as tungsten oxides(WO_(3)),of⁃ten suffer from slow ion diffusion kinetics and limited optical contrast within the aqueous Zn^(2+)electrolyte because of the large size and strong Coulombic interactions of the Zn^(2+),which limits their wide applicability.Here,ordered WO_(3)nanowire films,constructed by a one-step grazing angle deposition method,is demonstrated to boost the response speed and optical contrast during EC phenomena.Compared with dense films,the ordered WO_(3)nanowire films with a porosity of 44.6%demonstrate anti-reflective property and excellent comprehensive EC performance,including fast response time(3.6 s and 1.2 s for coloring and bleaching,respectively),large optical contrast(66.6%at 700 nm)and high col⁃oration efficiency(64.3 cm^(2)·C^(-1)).A large-area prototype EC device(17 cm×12 cm)with fast color-switching is also successfully achieved.Mechanistic studies show that the improved performance is mainly due to the ordered porous nanowire structures,which provides direct electron transfer paths and sufficient interfacial contacts,thus simultaneously enhancing the electrochemical activity and fast redox kinetics.This study provides a simple and effective strategy to im⁃prove the performance of tungsten oxide-based aqueous zinc ion EC materials and devices.展开更多
In this study,a series of arylene-bridged bis(benzimidazolium)triflates 1^(–)6^(^(2+))·2[OTf^(–)]were synthesized by grafting differentπ-linkers with benzimidazolium scaffolds.Among them,compound 1^(2+)·2...In this study,a series of arylene-bridged bis(benzimidazolium)triflates 1^(–)6^(^(2+))·2[OTf^(–)]were synthesized by grafting differentπ-linkers with benzimidazolium scaffolds.Among them,compound 1^(2+)·2[OTf^(–)]with anthracene as the linker exhibited remarkable electron transfer capabilities across four distinct redox states.The inclusion of an anthracene unit as theπ-linker contributes to its exceptional redox and optoelectronic characteristics.Consequently,1^(2+)·2[OTf^(–)]was successfully utilized as both an electrochromic molecule in an ECD under applied voltage for the first time,and a highly efficient photocatalyst for the formation of carbon–phosphorus bonds via visible-light-induced cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions.展开更多
This paper summarizes our recent progress on the preparations and applications of electropolymerized thin films of redox-active ruthenium complexes.Thin films of vinyl-functionalized diruthenium or ruthenium-amine con...This paper summarizes our recent progress on the preparations and applications of electropolymerized thin films of redox-active ruthenium complexes.Thin films of vinyl-functionalized diruthenium or ruthenium-amine conjugated complexes are prepared by reductive electropolymerization.The resulting films are useful for multistate near-infrared electrochromism,ion sensing,and mimicking flip-flop and flip-flap-flop logic gates.The oxidative electropolymerization of diruthenium complexes with two distal triarylamine units affords electropolymers with an alternating diruthenium and tetraphenylbenzidine structural unit.The applications of the resulting films in multistate near-infrared electrochromism and resistive memory are discussed.展开更多
Poly（3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene）：poly（styrenesulfonate）（PEDOT：PSS） is usually sandwiched between indium tin oxide（ITO） and a functional polymer in order to improve the performance of the device. However, bec...Poly（3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene）：poly（styrenesulfonate）（PEDOT：PSS） is usually sandwiched between indium tin oxide（ITO） and a functional polymer in order to improve the performance of the device. However, because of the strong acidic nature of PEDOT：PSS, the instability of the ITO/PEDOT：PSS interface is also observed. The mechanism of degradation of the device remains is unclear and needs to be further studied. In this article, we investigate the in-situ electrochromism of PEDOT：PSS to disclose the cause of the degradation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） was used to characterize the PEDOT：PSS films, as well as the PEDOT：PSS plus polyethylene glycol（PEG） films with and without indium ions. The electrochromic devices（ECD） based on PEDOT：PSS and PEG with and without indium ions are carried out by in-situ micro-Raman and laser reflective measurement（LRM）. For comparison, ECD based on PEDOT：PSS and PEG films with LiCl, KCl, NaCl or InCl_3 are also investigated by LRM. The results show that PEDOT：PSS is further reduced when negatively biased, and oxidized when positively biased. This could identify that PEDOT：PSS with indium ions from PEDOT：PSS etching ITO will lose dopants when negatively biased. The LRM shows that the device with indium ions has a stronger effect on the reduction property of PEDOT：PSS-PEG film than the device without indium ions. The contrast of the former device is 44%, that of the latter device is about 3%. The LRM also shows that the contrasts of the device based on PEDOT：PSS＋PEG with LiCl, KCl, NaCl, InCl_3 are 30%, 27%, 15%, and 18%, respectively.展开更多
Electrochromic and auto-bleaching processes at the WO2 anodic film in 0. 5 mol/L H2SO4 solution were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, a. c. impedance technique and photocurrent spectrometry. The colouration mechani...Electrochromic and auto-bleaching processes at the WO2 anodic film in 0. 5 mol/L H2SO4 solution were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, a. c. impedance technique and photocurrent spectrometry. The colouration mechanism consists of hydrogen adsorption on the WO2 surface and the transport of H atoms in the WO, lattice. The bleaching process involves at least two steps: transport of interstitial H atoms and hydrogen desorption on the W surface, resulting in interstitial H+ ions; then extration of the H+ ions driven by the external electric field. The auto-bleaching arises from the hydroxylation due to both partial interstitial H atoms and a little of water contained in the film.展开更多
Pyrochlore-type WO3 powder was synthesized via hydrothermal method using aqueous sodium tungstate solution and oxalic acid as raw materials. The as-prepared powder was made into a soliquoid, from which films were made...Pyrochlore-type WO3 powder was synthesized via hydrothermal method using aqueous sodium tungstate solution and oxalic acid as raw materials. The as-prepared powder was made into a soliquoid, from which films were made by dip coating process with indium-tin oxide （ITO）. The obtained films were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis （TG-DTA）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, cyclic voltammetry （CV）, chronoamperometry （CA） and ultraviolet- visible （UV-Vis） absorption. Results show that the crystal of the pyrochlore-type WO3 powder is perfect. When the calcination temperature rises from room temperature to 500℃, the pyrochlore-type structure first becomes deformed, then it is destroyed and turns into amorphous phase, finally it will completely convert to WO3 with a monoclinic structure. Electrochemical and optical tests demonstrate that the film calcined at 300℃ exhibits the best electrochromic performance and has a coloration efficiency of up to 68.5 cm^2-C^-1 at 884 nm.展开更多
Electrochromic materials change color or opacity when subjected to electrical stimuli,often through reversible chemical reactions or phase transitions.Their optical switch capabilities make them promising for applicat...Electrochromic materials change color or opacity when subjected to electrical stimuli,often through reversible chemical reactions or phase transitions.Their optical switch capabilities make them promising for applications like smart windows and glasses,thus garnering widespread attention in recent years.Van der Waals layered ferroelectric α-In_(2)Se_(3),known for its rich polymorphs,is a promising candidate for exploring physical property modulation via phase transformations.However,the discovery of electrochromism in In_(2)Se_(3) has been impeded by similar optical constants among its polymorphs.Herein,we report the experimental observation of reversible electrochromism in α-In_(2)Se_(3) thin flakes accompanied by ferroelectric polarization switching.Microscopic structural characterizations reveal that the color change stems from a crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition.An improved Kramer-Kronig analysis was employed to quantify the change in optical constants of the flake.A disordered polarization switching model,inherent to the crystal symmetry of α-In_(2)Se_(3),was proposed to explain the electrically driven amorphization.This work delivers distinct insight into the unique electrochromic behavior and unveils opportunities of relevant applications for the van der Waals layered ferroelectric.展开更多
The linkage-conversion synthesis was employed for the development of low-voltage near-infrared(NIR)electrochromic aminelinked covalent organic frameworks(COFs),enabling the sophisticated display of NIR concealed infor...The linkage-conversion synthesis was employed for the development of low-voltage near-infrared(NIR)electrochromic aminelinked covalent organic frameworks(COFs),enabling the sophisticated display of NIR concealed information.Two COF systems containing triphenylamine units connected by conjugated imine bonds were transformed into conjugation-broken amine-linked COFs through linkage reduction,allowing for precise modulation of their electrochemical and electrochromic properties.The electrochemical oxidation onset potential of the amine-linked COF film was significantly reduced by approximately 0.6 V,and their absorption in the NIR region exhibits a marked enhancement and blue shift during electrochemical oxidation.Combining experimental and computational approaches,this phenomenon was attributed the previously unreported short-range charge interactions between triphenylamine and adjacent amine groups.The amine-linked COFs exhibit low electrochromic driving voltages(0.2 V),sub-second response times,high coloration efficiency,and stable electrochromic-switch properties.Notably,the low-voltage-driven amine-linked COFs showed pronounced NIR color changes with non-apparent visible color changes,leveraging this characteristic to achieve concealed information display in the NIR region.This work demonstrates the importance of linkage engineering in the design and preparation of high-quality optoelectronic functional COF materials and highlights the great application potential of optoelectronic COFs.展开更多
Building fresh air supply needs to meet certain regulations and fit people’s ever-growing indoor air quality de-mand.However,fresh air handling requires huge energy consumption that goes against the goal of net-zero ...Building fresh air supply needs to meet certain regulations and fit people’s ever-growing indoor air quality de-mand.However,fresh air handling requires huge energy consumption that goes against the goal of net-zero energy buildings.Thus,in this work,an adaptive fresh air pre-handling system is designed to reduce the cool-ing and heating loads of HVAC system.The sky-facing surface of the system uses electrochromic mechanism to manipulate the optical properties and thus make full use of solar energy(solar heating)and deep space cold source(radiative cooling)by switching between heating and cooling modes.In the cooling mode,the sky-facing surface shows a transmittance of down to zero,while the reflectance is high at 0.89 on average.In the heating mode,the electrochromic glass is highly transparent,allowing the sunlight to reach the solar heat absorber.To obtain the energy-saving potential under different climates,six cities were selected from various climate regions in China.Results show that the adaptive fresh air pre-handling system can be effective in up to 55.4%time of a year.The maximum energy-saving ratios for medium office,warehouse,and single-family house can reach up to 11.52%,26.62%,and 18.29%,respectively.In addition,the system shows multi-climate adaptability and broad application scenarios,making it a potential solution to building energy saving.展开更多
In our work,polymorphism strategy has been successfully applied to tune up chromism and luminescence properties of viologen-based materials.Two polymorphs of viologen-based complexes ofα-CdBr_(2)(PHSQ)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2...In our work,polymorphism strategy has been successfully applied to tune up chromism and luminescence properties of viologen-based materials.Two polymorphs of viologen-based complexes ofα-CdBr_(2)(PHSQ)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)(1)andβ-CdBr_(2)(PHSQ)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)(2)(PHSQ=N-(4-sulfophenyl)-4,4-bipyridinium)were synthesized by changing the solvent.They can both respond to UV light and electricity in the manner of chromism visible to the naked eye and the coloration states have good reversibility,through which an inkless erasable printing model has been established.But the coloration contrast of 1 is higher compared to 2.Meanwhile,they both exhibit photoluminescence properties and the intensity of 1 is twice that of 2,which is accompanied by photoquenching upon continuous UV light irradiation.The only divergence of disordered/ordered O atoms in the two crystalline compounds leads to significantly different chromic and luminescent properties.Further explorations simultaneously demonstrate that the different chromic performance between 1 and 2 should attribute to the alteration of stimulus-induced(light/electricity)electron transfer channels caused by the ordered/disordered O atoms in the complexes,which is achieved through C-H···O and O-H···O interactions to change crystal arrangement and structural rigidity,thus affect luminescent properties.展开更多
This paper adopted the hydrothermal method to prepare tungsten oxide(WO_(3))nanorod films and studied the effects of precursor solution concentration(0.02,0.03,0.06 mol/L peroxytungstic acid)and annealing temperature(...This paper adopted the hydrothermal method to prepare tungsten oxide(WO_(3))nanorod films and studied the effects of precursor solution concentration(0.02,0.03,0.06 mol/L peroxytungstic acid)and annealing temperature(200,300,400℃)on their electrochromic properties.The microstructure characterization of WO_(3) films were performed using scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and transmission electron microscope(TEM),and their electrochromic properties were tested by combining an electrochemical workstation with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer.The results showed that the precursor solution concentration directly affected the thickness(290,560,990 nm)and microstructure of WO_(3) films,significantly impacting their electrochromic properties.However,the annealing temperature had a negligible effect.As the precursor solution concentration increased,the optical modulation of WO_(3) films gradually decreased,reaching 51.1%,43.8%,and 35.1%,respectively.The switching time first increased and then stabilized,with coloring times of 7.3,7.7,and 7.7 s,respectively,and bleaching times of 3.8,6.5,and 6.5 s,respectively.The coloration efficiency gradually increased but the increase was relatively small,reaching 41.8,44.4,and 44.8 cm^(2)/C,respectively.Moreover,the cycling stability of WO_(3) films was poor,with the ratios of the final value of optical modulation to the initial value 0.33,0.26,and 0.34,respectively.Additionally,there were bigger differences in the bleached state transmittance,while the colored state transmittance showed smaller variations.However,the former has better cycling stability than the latter.In summary,to obtain better electrochromic properties,the thickness of WO_(3) films should not exceed 290 nm.展开更多
High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental sta...High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.展开更多
A cyclometalated diruthenium complex 2 bridged by 1,2,4,5-tetra(pyrid-2-yl)benzene with six carboxylic acid groups at two ends was synthesized.Monolayer and multilayer films FTO/TiO2/(2)n(Zr)(n=1,2)and FTO/SnO2:Sb/(2)...A cyclometalated diruthenium complex 2 bridged by 1,2,4,5-tetra(pyrid-2-yl)benzene with six carboxylic acid groups at two ends was synthesized.Monolayer and multilayer films FTO/TiO2/(2)n(Zr)(n=1,2)and FTO/SnO2:Sb/(2)n(Zr)(n=1-4)have been prepared via interfacial layer-by-layer coordination assembly of 2 with zirconium(IV)ions.All films show two consecutive redox couples in the potential range between 0 and+1.0 V vs.Ag/AgCl.These films exhibit reversible near-infrared electrochromism upon switching of redox potential.The response time of the films on SnO2:Sb is around a few seconds,while that on TiO2 is around a few tens of seconds.The film deposition cycles were found to have a great impact on the electrochromic performance.Among six films examined,the two-layered film on SnO2:Sb displays the best balanced performance with a contrast ratio of 56%at 1,150 nm and good cyclic stability(9%loss of contrast ratio after 1,000 continuous double-potential-switching cycles),which is superior to that of the previously reported electropolymerized films of a related diruthenium complex with the same bridging ligand.In addition,the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and electron transfer mechanism of these films have been investigated.展开更多
Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate sma...Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate smart sensors with high robustness,reliability,and visible readout.Herein,high-performance electrochromic(EC),electro-fluorochromic(EFC),and double-network ionogels with excellent transmissivity,high mechanical robustness,and ultrastable reversibility are prepared by combination of thienoviologen-containing ionic liquids with poly(ethyl acrylate)elastomer.The ionogels exhibit good mechanical properties(1000%stretchability and 3.2 kJ m^(−2) fracture energy).The ionogel-based EC devices have a significantly simplified device fabrication process as well as superior cycling stability in which 88%of the contract ratio is maintained at 88%at 500 cycles,even after being stored for 2 years under ambient atmosphere(relative humidity:30%∼40%,25°C).The conductivity of ionogels showed a fast and reproducible response to strain,and the conductivity decreased with increased strain.By virtue of the EC and EFC properties of the thienoviologen component,the EC and EFC efficiency decreased with the increased strain loaded on the ionogels,and almost no EC or EFC phenomena were observed when the strain was above 300%.This feasible strategy provides an opportunity for the development of visible strain sensors to monitor the body’s movements through color and fluorescence emission.展开更多
Doping plays an essential role in the properties of conducting polymers.Film thickness not only has a direct influence on their photoelectric properties,but also affects the doping ability,which may lead to the declin...Doping plays an essential role in the properties of conducting polymers.Film thickness not only has a direct influence on their photoelectric properties,but also affects the doping ability,which may lead to the decline of capacitance and electrochromic properties caused by incomplete doping.Therefore,it is essential to study the quantitative relationship between doping level and film thickness in application.Herein,empirical formula between doping level and thickness was obtained by studying the spectroelectrochemistry behaviors of two different electrochromic materials,poly(N,N'-bis(3,5-(2-thienyl)-phenyl)-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide)(poly(Th-Cl-PBI))and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT).The doping level is verified to be correlated to the reciprocal of the 3^(rd)power of film thickness.Experimental results fit these formulas very well,giving correlation coefficient R^(2)higher than 0.99.The optical contrast prediction of these two electrochromic materials is also used to verify this relationship formula.For the first time,we quantitatively connect these two important parameters of conducting polymers,doping level and thickness.展开更多
Electrochromic(EC)smart windows utilizing a reversible metal electrodeposition device(RMED)offer a compelling alternative for dynamically regulating transmissions of optical and thermal energy.An EC device(ECD)is cons...Electrochromic(EC)smart windows utilizing a reversible metal electrodeposition device(RMED)offer a compelling alternative for dynamically regulating transmissions of optical and thermal energy.An EC device(ECD)is constructed by reversible metal electrodeposition(RME)of Bi/Cu on WO_(3)·xH_(2)O film electrodeposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)transparent conductive glass.The electrolyte consists of CuCl_(2),BiCl_(3),KCl and HCl aqueous solution,supplying necessary components for both electrochemical and electrodeposition processes.The ECD shows ability to rapidly transition between colorless and black states,which achieves a large optical modulation of 77.0%at 570 nm.In the black state,the ECD exhibits a near-zero transmittance in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm while maintaining 96.6%of its initial optical modulation after coloration/bleaching cycling of 60000 s,exhibiting good cyclic stability.This RMED has relatively high stability under open-circuit voltage and also possesses excellent heat insulation performance.The results offer a solution to overcome the poor cyclic stability of RMEDs and improve the optical modulation of ECDs.展开更多
Dual-band electrochromic devices capable of the spectral-selective modulation of visible(VIS)light and near-infrared(NIR)can notably reduce the energy consumption of buildings and improve the occupants’visual and the...Dual-band electrochromic devices capable of the spectral-selective modulation of visible(VIS)light and near-infrared(NIR)can notably reduce the energy consumption of buildings and improve the occupants’visual and thermal comfort.However,the low optical modulation and poor durability of these devices severely limit its practical applications.Herein,we demonstrate an efficient and flexible bifunctional dual-band electrochromic device which not only shows excellent spectral-selective electrochromic performance with a high optical modulation and a long cycle life,but also displays a high capacitance and a high energy recycling efficiency of 51.4%,integrating energy-saving with energy-storage.The nanowires structure and abundant oxygen-vacancies of oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide nanowires endows it high flexibility and a high optical modulation of 73.1%and 85.3%at 633 and 1200 nm respectively.The prototype device assembled can modulate the VIS light and NIR independently and effectively through three distinct modes with a long cycle life(3.3%capacity loss after 10,000 cycles)and a high energy-saving performance(8.8℃lower than the common glass).Furthermore,simulations also demonstrate that our device outperforms the commercial low-emissivity glass in terms of energy-saving in most climatic zones around the world.Such windows represent an intriguing potential technology to improve the building energy efficiency.展开更多
Sodium-ion-based electrochromic device(SECD)has been identified as an appealing cost-effective alternative of lithium-based counterparts,only if it can address the challenges in association with the inadequate electro...Sodium-ion-based electrochromic device(SECD)has been identified as an appealing cost-effective alternative of lithium-based counterparts,only if it can address the challenges in association with the inadequate electrochromic performance.In this regard,the quantized strategy is a particularly promising approach owing to the large surface-to-volume ratio and high reaction activity.However,quantum dots inevitably suffer from volume changes and undesired aggregation during electrochemical cycling.Herein,bioinspired from the robust connection of alveoli in lung,we propose a stable electrode,where WO_(3) quantum dots(WQDs)are robustly anchored on Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene through the strong chemical bonds of W-O-Ti.Theoretical results reveal the fundamental mechanism of the volume changes within WQDs and the dynamic diffusion process of sodium ions.The WQD@MXene electrodes exhibit a nearly twofold enhancement in cycling performance(1000 vs 500 cycles),coloration speed(3.2 vs 6.0 s),and areal capacity(87.5 vs 43.9 mAhm^(-2) at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)),compared to those of the pristine WQD electrode.As a proof-of-concept demonstration,a smart house system integrated with SECDs demonstrates a“3-in-1”device,enabling a combination of energy-saving,energy storage,and display functionalities.The present work significantly advances the versatile applications of cost-effective electrochromic electronics in interdisciplinary.展开更多
Metallic Tin(Sn)is an attractive anode material for aqueous batteries due to its high theoretical capacity,low redox potential and strong corrosion resistance.However,the uneven deposition of Sn and severe interfacial...Metallic Tin(Sn)is an attractive anode material for aqueous batteries due to its high theoretical capacity,low redox potential and strong corrosion resistance.However,the uneven deposition of Sn and severe interfacial side reactions limit its wide application.Herein,a nanoscale fullerene(C_(60))coating on a Sn anode has been developed by the physical evaporation deposition technology to eliminate complicated side reactions.This coating improves the homogeneity of the Sn anode surface electric field,and reduces the formation of“dead tin”.As a result,the C_(60)-coated Sn anode can maintain a low voltage hysteresis cycle for more than 850 h.The aqueous Ni O//Sn cell encapsulated by this anode achieves a maximum specific discharge capacity of 79.3 m Ah.g^(-1)at a current density of 1.5 A.g^(-1).Moreover,as a proof of concept,we propose an aqueous electrochromic Sn battery,which can realize energy storage and reversibly color switch,yielding favorable optical modulation of about 61.1%at 523 nm.This work has developed a cost-effective and high-reliability interfacial engineering strategy that boosts practical uses of Sn metal electrodes,as well as promotes the application of innovative aqueous rechargeable batteries with electrochromic properties.展开更多
Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventi...Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventional liquid electrolytes are unsuitable for the integration of sensing devices.To address these constraints,wearable biofuel cells and flexible electrochromic displays have been introduced,which can improve integration with other devices,safety,and color-coded display data.Meanwhile,electrode chips prepared through screen printing technology can further improve portability.In this work,a wearable sensor device with screen-printed chips was constructed and used for non-invasive detection of glucose.Agarose gel electrolytes doped with PDA-CNTs were prepared,and the mechanical strength and moisture retention were significantly improved compared with traditional gel electrolytes.Glucose in interstitial fluid was non-invasive extracted to the skin surface using reverse iontophoresis.As a biofuel for wearable biofuel cells,glucose drives self-powered sensor and electrochromic display to produce color change,allowing for visually measurement of glucose levels in body fluids.Accurate detection results can be visualized by reading the RGB value with a cell phone.展开更多
基金Supported by Jilin Provincial Scientific and Technological Development Program(20230508109RC,20230201051GX,20220201091GX)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62035013,61275235)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion electrochromic(EC)technology,boasting the capability to fulfill both safety and cost-ef⁃fectiveness requirements,is garnering extensive attention in various application areas including smart windows,thermal management,displays,and camouflage.However,typical inorganic EC materials,such as tungsten oxides(WO_(3)),of⁃ten suffer from slow ion diffusion kinetics and limited optical contrast within the aqueous Zn^(2+)electrolyte because of the large size and strong Coulombic interactions of the Zn^(2+),which limits their wide applicability.Here,ordered WO_(3)nanowire films,constructed by a one-step grazing angle deposition method,is demonstrated to boost the response speed and optical contrast during EC phenomena.Compared with dense films,the ordered WO_(3)nanowire films with a porosity of 44.6%demonstrate anti-reflective property and excellent comprehensive EC performance,including fast response time(3.6 s and 1.2 s for coloring and bleaching,respectively),large optical contrast(66.6%at 700 nm)and high col⁃oration efficiency(64.3 cm^(2)·C^(-1)).A large-area prototype EC device(17 cm×12 cm)with fast color-switching is also successfully achieved.Mechanistic studies show that the improved performance is mainly due to the ordered porous nanowire structures,which provides direct electron transfer paths and sufficient interfacial contacts,thus simultaneously enhancing the electrochemical activity and fast redox kinetics.This study provides a simple and effective strategy to im⁃prove the performance of tungsten oxide-based aqueous zinc ion EC materials and devices.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22001200,22175138,21875180)。
文摘In this study,a series of arylene-bridged bis(benzimidazolium)triflates 1^(–)6^(^(2+))·2[OTf^(–)]were synthesized by grafting differentπ-linkers with benzimidazolium scaffolds.Among them,compound 1^(2+)·2[OTf^(–)]with anthracene as the linker exhibited remarkable electron transfer capabilities across four distinct redox states.The inclusion of an anthracene unit as theπ-linker contributes to its exceptional redox and optoelectronic characteristics.Consequently,1^(2+)·2[OTf^(–)]was successfully utilized as both an electrochromic molecule in an ECD under applied voltage for the first time,and a highly efficient photocatalyst for the formation of carbon–phosphorus bonds via visible-light-induced cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21271176,21472196,21521062,and 21501183)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB 12010400)for funding support
文摘This paper summarizes our recent progress on the preparations and applications of electropolymerized thin films of redox-active ruthenium complexes.Thin films of vinyl-functionalized diruthenium or ruthenium-amine conjugated complexes are prepared by reductive electropolymerization.The resulting films are useful for multistate near-infrared electrochromism,ion sensing,and mimicking flip-flop and flip-flap-flop logic gates.The oxidative electropolymerization of diruthenium complexes with two distal triarylamine units affords electropolymers with an alternating diruthenium and tetraphenylbenzidine structural unit.The applications of the resulting films in multistate near-infrared electrochromism and resistive memory are discussed.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2015AA034201)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(Grant No.2015LX002)
文摘Poly（3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene）：poly（styrenesulfonate）（PEDOT：PSS） is usually sandwiched between indium tin oxide（ITO） and a functional polymer in order to improve the performance of the device. However, because of the strong acidic nature of PEDOT：PSS, the instability of the ITO/PEDOT：PSS interface is also observed. The mechanism of degradation of the device remains is unclear and needs to be further studied. In this article, we investigate the in-situ electrochromism of PEDOT：PSS to disclose the cause of the degradation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） was used to characterize the PEDOT：PSS films, as well as the PEDOT：PSS plus polyethylene glycol（PEG） films with and without indium ions. The electrochromic devices（ECD） based on PEDOT：PSS and PEG with and without indium ions are carried out by in-situ micro-Raman and laser reflective measurement（LRM）. For comparison, ECD based on PEDOT：PSS and PEG films with LiCl, KCl, NaCl or InCl_3 are also investigated by LRM. The results show that PEDOT：PSS is further reduced when negatively biased, and oxidized when positively biased. This could identify that PEDOT：PSS with indium ions from PEDOT：PSS etching ITO will lose dopants when negatively biased. The LRM shows that the device with indium ions has a stronger effect on the reduction property of PEDOT：PSS-PEG film than the device without indium ions. The contrast of the former device is 44%, that of the latter device is about 3%. The LRM also shows that the contrasts of the device based on PEDOT：PSS＋PEG with LiCl, KCl, NaCl, InCl_3 are 30%, 27%, 15%, and 18%, respectively.
基金The project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Electrochromic and auto-bleaching processes at the WO2 anodic film in 0. 5 mol/L H2SO4 solution were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, a. c. impedance technique and photocurrent spectrometry. The colouration mechanism consists of hydrogen adsorption on the WO2 surface and the transport of H atoms in the WO, lattice. The bleaching process involves at least two steps: transport of interstitial H atoms and hydrogen desorption on the W surface, resulting in interstitial H+ ions; then extration of the H+ ions driven by the external electric field. The auto-bleaching arises from the hydroxylation due to both partial interstitial H atoms and a little of water contained in the film.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51274243)the Project of Innovation-Driven Plan in Central South University, China (No. 2015CX001)
文摘Pyrochlore-type WO3 powder was synthesized via hydrothermal method using aqueous sodium tungstate solution and oxalic acid as raw materials. The as-prepared powder was made into a soliquoid, from which films were made by dip coating process with indium-tin oxide （ITO）. The obtained films were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis （TG-DTA）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, cyclic voltammetry （CV）, chronoamperometry （CA） and ultraviolet- visible （UV-Vis） absorption. Results show that the crystal of the pyrochlore-type WO3 powder is perfect. When the calcination temperature rises from room temperature to 500℃, the pyrochlore-type structure first becomes deformed, then it is destroyed and turns into amorphous phase, finally it will completely convert to WO3 with a monoclinic structure. Electrochemical and optical tests demonstrate that the film calcined at 300℃ exhibits the best electrochromic performance and has a coloration efficiency of up to 68.5 cm^2-C^-1 at 884 nm.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12074278)the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe support from Suzhou Science and Technology Bureau(ZXL2022514).
文摘Electrochromic materials change color or opacity when subjected to electrical stimuli,often through reversible chemical reactions or phase transitions.Their optical switch capabilities make them promising for applications like smart windows and glasses,thus garnering widespread attention in recent years.Van der Waals layered ferroelectric α-In_(2)Se_(3),known for its rich polymorphs,is a promising candidate for exploring physical property modulation via phase transformations.However,the discovery of electrochromism in In_(2)Se_(3) has been impeded by similar optical constants among its polymorphs.Herein,we report the experimental observation of reversible electrochromism in α-In_(2)Se_(3) thin flakes accompanied by ferroelectric polarization switching.Microscopic structural characterizations reveal that the color change stems from a crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition.An improved Kramer-Kronig analysis was employed to quantify the change in optical constants of the flake.A disordered polarization switching model,inherent to the crystal symmetry of α-In_(2)Se_(3),was proposed to explain the electrically driven amorphization.This work delivers distinct insight into the unique electrochromic behavior and unveils opportunities of relevant applications for the van der Waals layered ferroelectric.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005312,22375042)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0520201)+3 种基金the Southeast University Interdisciplinary Research Program for Young Scholars(2024FGC1007)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(2023QNRC001)the support of 1W1A endstation at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility,Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciencessupported by the Big Data Computing Center of Southeast University。
文摘The linkage-conversion synthesis was employed for the development of low-voltage near-infrared(NIR)electrochromic aminelinked covalent organic frameworks(COFs),enabling the sophisticated display of NIR concealed information.Two COF systems containing triphenylamine units connected by conjugated imine bonds were transformed into conjugation-broken amine-linked COFs through linkage reduction,allowing for precise modulation of their electrochemical and electrochromic properties.The electrochemical oxidation onset potential of the amine-linked COF film was significantly reduced by approximately 0.6 V,and their absorption in the NIR region exhibits a marked enhancement and blue shift during electrochemical oxidation.Combining experimental and computational approaches,this phenomenon was attributed the previously unreported short-range charge interactions between triphenylamine and adjacent amine groups.The amine-linked COFs exhibit low electrochromic driving voltages(0.2 V),sub-second response times,high coloration efficiency,and stable electrochromic-switch properties.Notably,the low-voltage-driven amine-linked COFs showed pronounced NIR color changes with non-apparent visible color changes,leveraging this characteristic to achieve concealed information display in the NIR region.This work demonstrates the importance of linkage engineering in the design and preparation of high-quality optoelectronic functional COF materials and highlights the great application potential of optoelectronic COFs.
基金the support from National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(52276178)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20200373).
文摘Building fresh air supply needs to meet certain regulations and fit people’s ever-growing indoor air quality de-mand.However,fresh air handling requires huge energy consumption that goes against the goal of net-zero energy buildings.Thus,in this work,an adaptive fresh air pre-handling system is designed to reduce the cool-ing and heating loads of HVAC system.The sky-facing surface of the system uses electrochromic mechanism to manipulate the optical properties and thus make full use of solar energy(solar heating)and deep space cold source(radiative cooling)by switching between heating and cooling modes.In the cooling mode,the sky-facing surface shows a transmittance of down to zero,while the reflectance is high at 0.89 on average.In the heating mode,the electrochromic glass is highly transparent,allowing the sunlight to reach the solar heat absorber.To obtain the energy-saving potential under different climates,six cities were selected from various climate regions in China.Results show that the adaptive fresh air pre-handling system can be effective in up to 55.4%time of a year.The maximum energy-saving ratios for medium office,warehouse,and single-family house can reach up to 11.52%,26.62%,and 18.29%,respectively.In addition,the system shows multi-climate adaptability and broad application scenarios,making it a potential solution to building energy saving.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Nos.22075168,21701105,21871167&91961201)Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(No.2022SX-FR003)。
文摘In our work,polymorphism strategy has been successfully applied to tune up chromism and luminescence properties of viologen-based materials.Two polymorphs of viologen-based complexes ofα-CdBr_(2)(PHSQ)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)(1)andβ-CdBr_(2)(PHSQ)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)(2)(PHSQ=N-(4-sulfophenyl)-4,4-bipyridinium)were synthesized by changing the solvent.They can both respond to UV light and electricity in the manner of chromism visible to the naked eye and the coloration states have good reversibility,through which an inkless erasable printing model has been established.But the coloration contrast of 1 is higher compared to 2.Meanwhile,they both exhibit photoluminescence properties and the intensity of 1 is twice that of 2,which is accompanied by photoquenching upon continuous UV light irradiation.The only divergence of disordered/ordered O atoms in the two crystalline compounds leads to significantly different chromic and luminescent properties.Further explorations simultaneously demonstrate that the different chromic performance between 1 and 2 should attribute to the alteration of stimulus-induced(light/electricity)electron transfer channels caused by the ordered/disordered O atoms in the complexes,which is achieved through C-H···O and O-H···O interactions to change crystal arrangement and structural rigidity,thus affect luminescent properties.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52272009)the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(No.242102230151)+1 种基金the Henan Provincial University Science and Technology Innovation Team(No.25IRTSTHN009)the Key Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province(Nos.24B560021,25B560020,25B560023)。
文摘This paper adopted the hydrothermal method to prepare tungsten oxide(WO_(3))nanorod films and studied the effects of precursor solution concentration(0.02,0.03,0.06 mol/L peroxytungstic acid)and annealing temperature(200,300,400℃)on their electrochromic properties.The microstructure characterization of WO_(3) films were performed using scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and transmission electron microscope(TEM),and their electrochromic properties were tested by combining an electrochemical workstation with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer.The results showed that the precursor solution concentration directly affected the thickness(290,560,990 nm)and microstructure of WO_(3) films,significantly impacting their electrochromic properties.However,the annealing temperature had a negligible effect.As the precursor solution concentration increased,the optical modulation of WO_(3) films gradually decreased,reaching 51.1%,43.8%,and 35.1%,respectively.The switching time first increased and then stabilized,with coloring times of 7.3,7.7,and 7.7 s,respectively,and bleaching times of 3.8,6.5,and 6.5 s,respectively.The coloration efficiency gradually increased but the increase was relatively small,reaching 41.8,44.4,and 44.8 cm^(2)/C,respectively.Moreover,the cycling stability of WO_(3) films was poor,with the ratios of the final value of optical modulation to the initial value 0.33,0.26,and 0.34,respectively.Additionally,there were bigger differences in the bleached state transmittance,while the colored state transmittance showed smaller variations.However,the former has better cycling stability than the latter.In summary,to obtain better electrochromic properties,the thickness of WO_(3) films should not exceed 290 nm.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3606501,2022YFB3602902)the Key projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(62234004)+8 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2092)Pioneer and Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang(2024C01191,2024C01092)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team of Zhejiang Province(2021R01003)Ningbo Key Technologies R&D Program(2022Z085),Ningbo 3315 Programme(2020A-01-B)YONGJIANG Talent Introduction Programme(2021A-038-B,2021A-159-G)“Innovation Yongjiang 2035”Key R&D Programme(2024Z146)Ningbo JiangBei District public welfare science and technology project(2022C07)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(grant no.BX20240391)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2023M743623).
文摘High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21872154), Beijing National Science Foundation (2191003)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB12010400)
文摘A cyclometalated diruthenium complex 2 bridged by 1,2,4,5-tetra(pyrid-2-yl)benzene with six carboxylic acid groups at two ends was synthesized.Monolayer and multilayer films FTO/TiO2/(2)n(Zr)(n=1,2)and FTO/SnO2:Sb/(2)n(Zr)(n=1-4)have been prepared via interfacial layer-by-layer coordination assembly of 2 with zirconium(IV)ions.All films show two consecutive redox couples in the potential range between 0 and+1.0 V vs.Ag/AgCl.These films exhibit reversible near-infrared electrochromism upon switching of redox potential.The response time of the films on SnO2:Sb is around a few seconds,while that on TiO2 is around a few tens of seconds.The film deposition cycles were found to have a great impact on the electrochromic performance.Among six films examined,the two-layered film on SnO2:Sb displays the best balanced performance with a contrast ratio of 56%at 1,150 nm and good cyclic stability(9%loss of contrast ratio after 1,000 continuous double-potential-switching cycles),which is superior to that of the previously reported electropolymerized films of a related diruthenium complex with the same bridging ligand.In addition,the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and electron transfer mechanism of these films have been investigated.
基金research was made possible as a result of generous grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2021YFB3200700)the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22175138,21875180,and 52203240)+4 种基金the Independent Innovation Capability Improvement Project of Xi’an Jiaotong University(grant no.PY3A066)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(grant no.BX2021231)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no.sxjh032021099)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2021M692545)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(grant no.2021JQ-043).
文摘Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate smart sensors with high robustness,reliability,and visible readout.Herein,high-performance electrochromic(EC),electro-fluorochromic(EFC),and double-network ionogels with excellent transmissivity,high mechanical robustness,and ultrastable reversibility are prepared by combination of thienoviologen-containing ionic liquids with poly(ethyl acrylate)elastomer.The ionogels exhibit good mechanical properties(1000%stretchability and 3.2 kJ m^(−2) fracture energy).The ionogel-based EC devices have a significantly simplified device fabrication process as well as superior cycling stability in which 88%of the contract ratio is maintained at 88%at 500 cycles,even after being stored for 2 years under ambient atmosphere(relative humidity:30%∼40%,25°C).The conductivity of ionogels showed a fast and reproducible response to strain,and the conductivity decreased with increased strain.By virtue of the EC and EFC properties of the thienoviologen component,the EC and EFC efficiency decreased with the increased strain loaded on the ionogels,and almost no EC or EFC phenomena were observed when the strain was above 300%.This feasible strategy provides an opportunity for the development of visible strain sensors to monitor the body’s movements through color and fluorescence emission.
基金This research was suported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51521002,21905098)Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials(Grant No.20198121205002).
文摘Doping plays an essential role in the properties of conducting polymers.Film thickness not only has a direct influence on their photoelectric properties,but also affects the doping ability,which may lead to the decline of capacitance and electrochromic properties caused by incomplete doping.Therefore,it is essential to study the quantitative relationship between doping level and film thickness in application.Herein,empirical formula between doping level and thickness was obtained by studying the spectroelectrochemistry behaviors of two different electrochromic materials,poly(N,N'-bis(3,5-(2-thienyl)-phenyl)-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide)(poly(Th-Cl-PBI))and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT).The doping level is verified to be correlated to the reciprocal of the 3^(rd)power of film thickness.Experimental results fit these formulas very well,giving correlation coefficient R^(2)higher than 0.99.The optical contrast prediction of these two electrochromic materials is also used to verify this relationship formula.For the first time,we quantitatively connect these two important parameters of conducting polymers,doping level and thickness.
文摘Electrochromic(EC)smart windows utilizing a reversible metal electrodeposition device(RMED)offer a compelling alternative for dynamically regulating transmissions of optical and thermal energy.An EC device(ECD)is constructed by reversible metal electrodeposition(RME)of Bi/Cu on WO_(3)·xH_(2)O film electrodeposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)transparent conductive glass.The electrolyte consists of CuCl_(2),BiCl_(3),KCl and HCl aqueous solution,supplying necessary components for both electrochemical and electrodeposition processes.The ECD shows ability to rapidly transition between colorless and black states,which achieves a large optical modulation of 77.0%at 570 nm.In the black state,the ECD exhibits a near-zero transmittance in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm while maintaining 96.6%of its initial optical modulation after coloration/bleaching cycling of 60000 s,exhibiting good cyclic stability.This RMED has relatively high stability under open-circuit voltage and also possesses excellent heat insulation performance.The results offer a solution to overcome the poor cyclic stability of RMEDs and improve the optical modulation of ECDs.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62105148)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022TQ0148 and 2023M731651)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of NUAA(xcxjh20230609).
文摘Dual-band electrochromic devices capable of the spectral-selective modulation of visible(VIS)light and near-infrared(NIR)can notably reduce the energy consumption of buildings and improve the occupants’visual and thermal comfort.However,the low optical modulation and poor durability of these devices severely limit its practical applications.Herein,we demonstrate an efficient and flexible bifunctional dual-band electrochromic device which not only shows excellent spectral-selective electrochromic performance with a high optical modulation and a long cycle life,but also displays a high capacitance and a high energy recycling efficiency of 51.4%,integrating energy-saving with energy-storage.The nanowires structure and abundant oxygen-vacancies of oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide nanowires endows it high flexibility and a high optical modulation of 73.1%and 85.3%at 633 and 1200 nm respectively.The prototype device assembled can modulate the VIS light and NIR independently and effectively through three distinct modes with a long cycle life(3.3%capacity loss after 10,000 cycles)and a high energy-saving performance(8.8℃lower than the common glass).Furthermore,simulations also demonstrate that our device outperforms the commercial low-emissivity glass in terms of energy-saving in most climatic zones around the world.Such windows represent an intriguing potential technology to improve the building energy efficiency.
基金supported by the Singapore National Research Foundation(NRFCRP26-2021-0003,NRF),for research conducted at the National University of Singaporethe support by the ARTIC(ADT-RP2-Low Loss and Tunable Ferroelectrics for Sub-6G Applications).
文摘Sodium-ion-based electrochromic device(SECD)has been identified as an appealing cost-effective alternative of lithium-based counterparts,only if it can address the challenges in association with the inadequate electrochromic performance.In this regard,the quantized strategy is a particularly promising approach owing to the large surface-to-volume ratio and high reaction activity.However,quantum dots inevitably suffer from volume changes and undesired aggregation during electrochemical cycling.Herein,bioinspired from the robust connection of alveoli in lung,we propose a stable electrode,where WO_(3) quantum dots(WQDs)are robustly anchored on Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene through the strong chemical bonds of W-O-Ti.Theoretical results reveal the fundamental mechanism of the volume changes within WQDs and the dynamic diffusion process of sodium ions.The WQD@MXene electrodes exhibit a nearly twofold enhancement in cycling performance(1000 vs 500 cycles),coloration speed(3.2 vs 6.0 s),and areal capacity(87.5 vs 43.9 mAhm^(-2) at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)),compared to those of the pristine WQD electrode.As a proof-of-concept demonstration,a smart house system integrated with SECDs demonstrates a“3-in-1”device,enabling a combination of energy-saving,energy storage,and display functionalities.The present work significantly advances the versatile applications of cost-effective electrochromic electronics in interdisciplinary.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Project of Xiamen City(No.3502Z202372049)the Educational and Scientific Research Project for Middle-Aged and Young Teachers in Fujian Province(No.JAT220333)+3 种基金the Science and technology projects of Xiamen University of Technology(No.YKJ22058R)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund for Cross-strait Scientific and Technological Cooperation(No.U2005212)the Major Project of Science and Technology of Xiamen City(Nos.3502ZCQ20201001and 3502Z20201003)the Key Technologies Innovation and Industrialization Projects of Fujian Province(No.2023XQ022)。
文摘Metallic Tin(Sn)is an attractive anode material for aqueous batteries due to its high theoretical capacity,low redox potential and strong corrosion resistance.However,the uneven deposition of Sn and severe interfacial side reactions limit its wide application.Herein,a nanoscale fullerene(C_(60))coating on a Sn anode has been developed by the physical evaporation deposition technology to eliminate complicated side reactions.This coating improves the homogeneity of the Sn anode surface electric field,and reduces the formation of“dead tin”.As a result,the C_(60)-coated Sn anode can maintain a low voltage hysteresis cycle for more than 850 h.The aqueous Ni O//Sn cell encapsulated by this anode achieves a maximum specific discharge capacity of 79.3 m Ah.g^(-1)at a current density of 1.5 A.g^(-1).Moreover,as a proof of concept,we propose an aqueous electrochromic Sn battery,which can realize energy storage and reversibly color switch,yielding favorable optical modulation of about 61.1%at 523 nm.This work has developed a cost-effective and high-reliability interfacial engineering strategy that boosts practical uses of Sn metal electrodes,as well as promotes the application of innovative aqueous rechargeable batteries with electrochromic properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22174055)Key R&D Program of Zhenjiang City(No.NY2022012)。
文摘Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventional liquid electrolytes are unsuitable for the integration of sensing devices.To address these constraints,wearable biofuel cells and flexible electrochromic displays have been introduced,which can improve integration with other devices,safety,and color-coded display data.Meanwhile,electrode chips prepared through screen printing technology can further improve portability.In this work,a wearable sensor device with screen-printed chips was constructed and used for non-invasive detection of glucose.Agarose gel electrolytes doped with PDA-CNTs were prepared,and the mechanical strength and moisture retention were significantly improved compared with traditional gel electrolytes.Glucose in interstitial fluid was non-invasive extracted to the skin surface using reverse iontophoresis.As a biofuel for wearable biofuel cells,glucose drives self-powered sensor and electrochromic display to produce color change,allowing for visually measurement of glucose levels in body fluids.Accurate detection results can be visualized by reading the RGB value with a cell phone.
