Surfactant food emulsifiers are among the most extensively used food additives.Like all authorized food additives,emulsifiers have been evaluated by risk assessors,who consider them as safe.However,there are growing c...Surfactant food emulsifiers are among the most extensively used food additives.Like all authorized food additives,emulsifiers have been evaluated by risk assessors,who consider them as safe.However,there are growing concerns among scientists about their possible harmful effects on intestinal barriers and microbiota.It is also suggested that emulsifier consumption might be one of the main causes of the rising incidence of a number of diseases,such as allergic diseases,celiac disease,type I diabetes and Crohn’s disease.Moreover,it has recently been suggested that emulsifier consumption might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and can promote colitis-associated colorectal cancer also.This paper provides an overview of the current scientific knowledge on possible effects of surfactant emulsifiers on intestinal barriers and also of regulatory risk assessment approaches.Our main objective is to reveal the reasons for the discrepancies between the opinions of risk assessors and the scientific world.We would like to draw the attention of the academic world to the need of specific in vivo and/or clinical studies for each emulsifier in order to help risk assessors make adequate evaluations and rule out with certainty that authorized food emulsifiers pose a safety concern to consumers’health.展开更多
Neuropathic pain originates from damages to the somatosensory nervous system（IASP-International Association for the Study of Pain-taxonomy）.Lesions（traumas,compression,iatrogenic and pharmacological causes）or dise...Neuropathic pain originates from damages to the somatosensory nervous system（IASP-International Association for the Study of Pain-taxonomy）.Lesions（traumas,compression,iatrogenic and pharmacological causes）or diseases（infections,diabetes,ischemia,cancer）lead to the establishment of hypersensitivity.展开更多
EFSA released the 89-page Scientific Opinion“Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels”.This opinion,and the ensuring media coverage,has ...EFSA released the 89-page Scientific Opinion“Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels”.This opinion,and the ensuring media coverage,has left uncertainty in the minds of consumers,feed and supplement manufacturers and flaxseed producers of how much ground flaxseed can safely be consumed without crossing the threshold of cyanide toxicity.This editorial updates the science and tries to bring clarity to the question“how much flaxseed can I safely feed my dog,cat,horse on a daily basis?”and“how much can I safely eat?”The great majority of ground flaxseed products have a cyanogenic glycoside content of less than 200 mg/kg seed.For people,consuming 30 grams of such flaxseed the average peak blood cyanide concentration will be about 5μmole/L,much less than the toxic threshold value of 20 to 40μmole/L favoured by EFSA.Thus,as much as 120 grams of crushed/ground flaxseed can be consumed by a 70 kg adult person before a toxic threshold of 40μmole/L is reached(up to 1.7 grams ground flaxseed/kg body weight).The toxic threshold of cyanide for dogs is 2 to 4-fold greater than for humans,and unknown for cats and horses.The daily serving amounts for dogs and cats are about 0.23 grams/kg body mass per day,which will result in blood cyanide well below the toxic threshold.The highest recommended daily serving amount for horses is 454 grams per day,or 0.8 to 2 grams per kg/body mass depending on mass of the horse.This amount for horses should not be exceeded.展开更多
文摘Surfactant food emulsifiers are among the most extensively used food additives.Like all authorized food additives,emulsifiers have been evaluated by risk assessors,who consider them as safe.However,there are growing concerns among scientists about their possible harmful effects on intestinal barriers and microbiota.It is also suggested that emulsifier consumption might be one of the main causes of the rising incidence of a number of diseases,such as allergic diseases,celiac disease,type I diabetes and Crohn’s disease.Moreover,it has recently been suggested that emulsifier consumption might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and can promote colitis-associated colorectal cancer also.This paper provides an overview of the current scientific knowledge on possible effects of surfactant emulsifiers on intestinal barriers and also of regulatory risk assessment approaches.Our main objective is to reveal the reasons for the discrepancies between the opinions of risk assessors and the scientific world.We would like to draw the attention of the academic world to the need of specific in vivo and/or clinical studies for each emulsifier in order to help risk assessors make adequate evaluations and rule out with certainty that authorized food emulsifiers pose a safety concern to consumers’health.
文摘Neuropathic pain originates from damages to the somatosensory nervous system（IASP-International Association for the Study of Pain-taxonomy）.Lesions（traumas,compression,iatrogenic and pharmacological causes）or diseases（infections,diabetes,ischemia,cancer）lead to the establishment of hypersensitivity.
文摘EFSA released the 89-page Scientific Opinion“Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels”.This opinion,and the ensuring media coverage,has left uncertainty in the minds of consumers,feed and supplement manufacturers and flaxseed producers of how much ground flaxseed can safely be consumed without crossing the threshold of cyanide toxicity.This editorial updates the science and tries to bring clarity to the question“how much flaxseed can I safely feed my dog,cat,horse on a daily basis?”and“how much can I safely eat?”The great majority of ground flaxseed products have a cyanogenic glycoside content of less than 200 mg/kg seed.For people,consuming 30 grams of such flaxseed the average peak blood cyanide concentration will be about 5μmole/L,much less than the toxic threshold value of 20 to 40μmole/L favoured by EFSA.Thus,as much as 120 grams of crushed/ground flaxseed can be consumed by a 70 kg adult person before a toxic threshold of 40μmole/L is reached(up to 1.7 grams ground flaxseed/kg body weight).The toxic threshold of cyanide for dogs is 2 to 4-fold greater than for humans,and unknown for cats and horses.The daily serving amounts for dogs and cats are about 0.23 grams/kg body mass per day,which will result in blood cyanide well below the toxic threshold.The highest recommended daily serving amount for horses is 454 grams per day,or 0.8 to 2 grams per kg/body mass depending on mass of the horse.This amount for horses should not be exceeded.
