Single event upsets(SEUs) induced by heavy ions were observed in 65 nm SRAMs to quantitatively evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of single-bit error correcting code(ECC) utilizing Hamming Code.The results s...Single event upsets(SEUs) induced by heavy ions were observed in 65 nm SRAMs to quantitatively evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of single-bit error correcting code(ECC) utilizing Hamming Code.The results show that the ECC did improve the performance dramatically,with the SEU cross sections of SRAMs with ECC being at the order of 10^(-11) cm^2/bit,two orders of magnitude higher than that without ECC(at the order of 10^(-9) cm^2/bit).Also,ineffectiveness of ECC module,including 1-,2- and 3-bits errors in single word(not Multiple Bit Upsets),was detected.The ECC modules in SRAMs utilizing(12,8) Hamming code would lose work when 2-bits upset accumulates in one codeword.Finally,the probabilities of failure modes involving 1-,2- and 3-bits errors,were calcaulated at 39.39%,37.88%and 22.73%,respectively,which agree well with the experimental results.展开更多
In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a mixed Error Correcting Code(ECC)-the convolutional code and the repetition code to enhance the robustness of the embedded watermark. Before embedding, the binary ...In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a mixed Error Correcting Code(ECC)-the convolutional code and the repetition code to enhance the robustness of the embedded watermark. Before embedding, the binary watermark is scanned to one-dimension sequence and later inputted into the (3, 1, 2) convolutional encoder and (3, 1) repetition encoder frame by frame, which will improve the error correcting capability of decoder. The output code sequence is scanned to some matrixes as the new watermark messages. The watermarking is selected in low frequency band of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and therefore it can resist the destruction of image processing. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the robustness of a watermark with mixed ECC is much higher than the traditional one just with repetition coding while suffering JPEG lossy compression, salt and pepper noise and center cutting processing.展开更多
The Error Correcting Code(ECC)is one of the most used hardening methods in Flash memory.In this study,the effect of ECC failure modes on memory error cross section has been investigated.The errors are counted in the s...The Error Correcting Code(ECC)is one of the most used hardening methods in Flash memory.In this study,the effect of ECC failure modes on memory error cross section has been investigated.The errors are counted in the situations of ECC function enabled and disabled separately after heavy ion irradiation.The results show that the upset cross section is a constant value in different ion fluences when the ECC function is disabled.With the ECC function enabled,the error cross section increases with the increase of ion fluences because the ECC failure modes lead to the increase in the number of errors.Moreover,all ECC failure modes are simulated,and their probability is calculated separately.The results help to understand the impact of ECC failure modes on Flash memory’s error cross section induced by irradiation.Some possible mitigation approaches are provided in response to this phenomenon.展开更多
纠错密码是一种利用纠错码体制来实现纠错和加密双重功能的一种密码体制。大部分已知的纠错密码从变换的角度看是一种对明文的线性变换。从密码分析的角度看,由于不具有非线性变换,密码的混淆能力不强,容易被攻击。利用纠错码(Error-Cor...纠错密码是一种利用纠错码体制来实现纠错和加密双重功能的一种密码体制。大部分已知的纠错密码从变换的角度看是一种对明文的线性变换。从密码分析的角度看,由于不具有非线性变换,密码的混淆能力不强,容易被攻击。利用纠错码(Error-Correction Code,ECC)改造基本HFE(Hidden Field Equations)密码算法,所得的新密码算法具有纠错和加密功能,而且因其具有概率密码特性以及建立在MQ困难问题之上,具有很高的安全强度。展开更多
The decoding algorithm for the correction of errors of arbitrary Mannheim weight has discussed for Lattice constellations and codes from quadratic number fields.Following these lines,the decoding algorithms for the co...The decoding algorithm for the correction of errors of arbitrary Mannheim weight has discussed for Lattice constellations and codes from quadratic number fields.Following these lines,the decoding algorithms for the correction of errors of n=p−12 length cyclic codes(C)over quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim(QM)weight one up to two coordinates have considered.In continuation,the case of cyclic codes of lengths n=p−12 and 2n−1=p−2 has studied to improve the error correction efficiency.In this study,we present the decoding of cyclic codes of length n=ϕ(p)=p−1 and length 2n−1=2ϕ(p)−1=2p−3(where p is prime integer andϕis Euler phi function)over Hamilton Quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim weight for the correction of errors.Furthermore,the error correction capability and code rate tradeoff of these codes are also discussed.Thus,an increase in the length of the cyclic code is achieved along with its better code rate and an adequate error correction capability.展开更多
In deep sub-micron ICs, growing amounts of on-die memory and scaling effects make embedded memories more vulnerable to reliability problems, such as soft errors induced by radiation. Error Correction Code(ECC) along w...In deep sub-micron ICs, growing amounts of on-die memory and scaling effects make embedded memories more vulnerable to reliability problems, such as soft errors induced by radiation. Error Correction Code(ECC) along with scrubbing is an efficient method for protecting memories against these errors. However, the latency of coding circuits brings speed penalties in high performance applications. This paper proposed a "bit bypassing" ECC protected memory by buffering the encoded data and adding an identifying address for the input data. The proposed memory design has been fabricated on a 130 nm CMOS process. According to the measurement, the proposed scheme only gives the minimum delay overhead of 22.6%, compared with other corresponding memories. Furthermore, heavy ion testing demonstrated the single event effects performance of the proposed memory achieves error rate reductions by 42.9 to 63.3 times.展开更多
QLC（Quad-Level Cell） NAND flash will be one of the future technologies for next generation memory chip after three-dimensional（3D） TLC（Triple-Level Cell） stacked NAND flash. In QLC device, data errors will easil...QLC（Quad-Level Cell） NAND flash will be one of the future technologies for next generation memory chip after three-dimensional（3D） TLC（Triple-Level Cell） stacked NAND flash. In QLC device, data errors will easily occur because of 2~4 data levels in the limited voltage range. This paper studies QLC NAND technology which is 4 bits per cell. QLC programming methods based on 16 voltage levels and reading method based on ＂half-change＂ Gray coding are researched. Because of the probable error impact of QLC NAND cell＇s voltage change, the solution of generating the soft information after XOR（exclusive OR） the soft bits by internal read mechanism is presented for Low-Density Parity-Check（LDPC） Belief Propagation（BP） decoding in QLC design for its system level application.展开更多
The dual-containing (or self-orthogonal) formalism of Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes provides a universal connection between a classical linear code and a Quantum Error-Correcting Code (QECC). We propose a novel c...The dual-containing (or self-orthogonal) formalism of Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes provides a universal connection between a classical linear code and a Quantum Error-Correcting Code (QECC). We propose a novel class of quantum Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes constructed from cyclic classes of lines in Euclidean Geometry (EG). The corresponding constructed parity check matrix has quasi-cyclic structure that can be encoded flexibility, and satisfies the requirement of dual-containing quantum code. Taking the advantage of quasi-cyclic structure, we use a structured approach to construct Generalized Parity Check Matrix (GPCM). This new class of quantum codes has higher code rate, more sparse check matrix, and exactly one four-cycle in each pair of two rows. Ex-perimental results show that the proposed quantum codes, such as EG(2,q)II-QECC, EG(3,q)II-QECC, have better performance than that of other methods based on EG, over the depolarizing channel and decoded with iterative decoding based on the sum-product decoding algorithm.展开更多
高效的差错控制编码技术(ECC)可以增强无线传感器网络传输稳定性、网络的能量利用效率。为了充分利用无线传感器网络中蕴含的分集资源应对恶劣信道环境导致的高差错概率,该文研究了基于根校验全分集LDPC码的差错控制编码技术。首先,提...高效的差错控制编码技术(ECC)可以增强无线传感器网络传输稳定性、网络的能量利用效率。为了充分利用无线传感器网络中蕴含的分集资源应对恶劣信道环境导致的高差错概率,该文研究了基于根校验全分集LDPC码的差错控制编码技术。首先,提出在分簇无线传感器网络中,基于根校验全分集LDPC码的编码方案;其次,设计了适用于所提方案的速率兼容全分集LDPC码字结构。最后,分析了所提编码系统的能效。仿真结果表明,在信道条件较差的环境中(仿真中,信道噪声大于44 10 m W-′),采用该文的编码方案,能够显著提高无线传感器网络的能效。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11079045 and 11179003)the Important Direction Project of the CAS Knowledge Innovation Program(No.KJCX2-YW-N27)
文摘Single event upsets(SEUs) induced by heavy ions were observed in 65 nm SRAMs to quantitatively evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of single-bit error correcting code(ECC) utilizing Hamming Code.The results show that the ECC did improve the performance dramatically,with the SEU cross sections of SRAMs with ECC being at the order of 10^(-11) cm^2/bit,two orders of magnitude higher than that without ECC(at the order of 10^(-9) cm^2/bit).Also,ineffectiveness of ECC module,including 1-,2- and 3-bits errors in single word(not Multiple Bit Upsets),was detected.The ECC modules in SRAMs utilizing(12,8) Hamming code would lose work when 2-bits upset accumulates in one codeword.Finally,the probabilities of failure modes involving 1-,2- and 3-bits errors,were calcaulated at 39.39%,37.88%and 22.73%,respectively,which agree well with the experimental results.
文摘In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a mixed Error Correcting Code(ECC)-the convolutional code and the repetition code to enhance the robustness of the embedded watermark. Before embedding, the binary watermark is scanned to one-dimension sequence and later inputted into the (3, 1, 2) convolutional encoder and (3, 1) repetition encoder frame by frame, which will improve the error correcting capability of decoder. The output code sequence is scanned to some matrixes as the new watermark messages. The watermarking is selected in low frequency band of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and therefore it can resist the destruction of image processing. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the robustness of a watermark with mixed ECC is much higher than the traditional one just with repetition coding while suffering JPEG lossy compression, salt and pepper noise and center cutting processing.
文摘The Error Correcting Code(ECC)is one of the most used hardening methods in Flash memory.In this study,the effect of ECC failure modes on memory error cross section has been investigated.The errors are counted in the situations of ECC function enabled and disabled separately after heavy ion irradiation.The results show that the upset cross section is a constant value in different ion fluences when the ECC function is disabled.With the ECC function enabled,the error cross section increases with the increase of ion fluences because the ECC failure modes lead to the increase in the number of errors.Moreover,all ECC failure modes are simulated,and their probability is calculated separately.The results help to understand the impact of ECC failure modes on Flash memory’s error cross section induced by irradiation.Some possible mitigation approaches are provided in response to this phenomenon.
文摘纠错密码是一种利用纠错码体制来实现纠错和加密双重功能的一种密码体制。大部分已知的纠错密码从变换的角度看是一种对明文的线性变换。从密码分析的角度看,由于不具有非线性变换,密码的混淆能力不强,容易被攻击。利用纠错码(Error-Correction Code,ECC)改造基本HFE(Hidden Field Equations)密码算法,所得的新密码算法具有纠错和加密功能,而且因其具有概率密码特性以及建立在MQ困难问题之上,具有很高的安全强度。
基金The authors extend their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through research groups program under grant number R.G.P.1/85/42.
文摘The decoding algorithm for the correction of errors of arbitrary Mannheim weight has discussed for Lattice constellations and codes from quadratic number fields.Following these lines,the decoding algorithms for the correction of errors of n=p−12 length cyclic codes(C)over quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim(QM)weight one up to two coordinates have considered.In continuation,the case of cyclic codes of lengths n=p−12 and 2n−1=p−2 has studied to improve the error correction efficiency.In this study,we present the decoding of cyclic codes of length n=ϕ(p)=p−1 and length 2n−1=2ϕ(p)−1=2p−3(where p is prime integer andϕis Euler phi function)over Hamilton Quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim weight for the correction of errors.Furthermore,the error correction capability and code rate tradeoff of these codes are also discussed.Thus,an increase in the length of the cyclic code is achieved along with its better code rate and an adequate error correction capability.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2013ZX03006004)
文摘In deep sub-micron ICs, growing amounts of on-die memory and scaling effects make embedded memories more vulnerable to reliability problems, such as soft errors induced by radiation. Error Correction Code(ECC) along with scrubbing is an efficient method for protecting memories against these errors. However, the latency of coding circuits brings speed penalties in high performance applications. This paper proposed a "bit bypassing" ECC protected memory by buffering the encoded data and adding an identifying address for the input data. The proposed memory design has been fabricated on a 130 nm CMOS process. According to the measurement, the proposed scheme only gives the minimum delay overhead of 22.6%, compared with other corresponding memories. Furthermore, heavy ion testing demonstrated the single event effects performance of the proposed memory achieves error rate reductions by 42.9 to 63.3 times.
文摘QLC（Quad-Level Cell） NAND flash will be one of the future technologies for next generation memory chip after three-dimensional（3D） TLC（Triple-Level Cell） stacked NAND flash. In QLC device, data errors will easily occur because of 2~4 data levels in the limited voltage range. This paper studies QLC NAND technology which is 4 bits per cell. QLC programming methods based on 16 voltage levels and reading method based on ＂half-change＂ Gray coding are researched. Because of the probable error impact of QLC NAND cell＇s voltage change, the solution of generating the soft information after XOR（exclusive OR） the soft bits by internal read mechanism is presented for Low-Density Parity-Check（LDPC） Belief Propagation（BP） decoding in QLC design for its system level application.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (No. 61071145,41074090)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (200802880014)
文摘The dual-containing (or self-orthogonal) formalism of Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes provides a universal connection between a classical linear code and a Quantum Error-Correcting Code (QECC). We propose a novel class of quantum Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes constructed from cyclic classes of lines in Euclidean Geometry (EG). The corresponding constructed parity check matrix has quasi-cyclic structure that can be encoded flexibility, and satisfies the requirement of dual-containing quantum code. Taking the advantage of quasi-cyclic structure, we use a structured approach to construct Generalized Parity Check Matrix (GPCM). This new class of quantum codes has higher code rate, more sparse check matrix, and exactly one four-cycle in each pair of two rows. Ex-perimental results show that the proposed quantum codes, such as EG(2,q)II-QECC, EG(3,q)II-QECC, have better performance than that of other methods based on EG, over the depolarizing channel and decoded with iterative decoding based on the sum-product decoding algorithm.
文摘高效的差错控制编码技术(ECC)可以增强无线传感器网络传输稳定性、网络的能量利用效率。为了充分利用无线传感器网络中蕴含的分集资源应对恶劣信道环境导致的高差错概率,该文研究了基于根校验全分集LDPC码的差错控制编码技术。首先,提出在分簇无线传感器网络中,基于根校验全分集LDPC码的编码方案;其次,设计了适用于所提方案的速率兼容全分集LDPC码字结构。最后,分析了所提编码系统的能效。仿真结果表明,在信道条件较差的环境中(仿真中,信道噪声大于44 10 m W-′),采用该文的编码方案,能够显著提高无线传感器网络的能效。
