AIM: To investigate the regulation of Eaf2 protein in mouse lens cells apoptosis induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. METHODS: An eye of Eaf2 gene knockout mice or normal control mice was exposed to UV radiation, an...AIM: To investigate the regulation of Eaf2 protein in mouse lens cells apoptosis induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. METHODS: An eye of Eaf2 gene knockout mice or normal control mice was exposed to UV radiation, and the other one was non-exposed. All of lenses were analyzed by TUNEL and caspase 3 activity assays to determine the difference of the apoptosis induced by UV radiation. In addition, exposed and non-exposed lenses were analyzed by quantified p53 expression and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of Bax, Bid, Apaf-1, Puma and Noxa, to compare Eaf2 gene knockout mice and normal control mice. RESULTS: UV radiation caused apoptosis of lens cells in normal control mice and Eaf2 knockout mice. Activity of caspase 3 was significantly higher in normal control mice than Eaf2 knockout mice. Expression of p53 protein was significantly higher in lenses exposed to UV radiation than nonexposed lenses, but was similar between Eaf2 gene knockout mice and normal control mice in the same UV condition. After exposing to UV radiation, the analysis of real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that mRNA levels of Puma and Noxa were significantly higher in lenses of normal control mice than Eaf2 gene knockout mice, and that mRNA levels of Bax, Bid and Apaf-1 were not significantly different between gene knockout mice and normal control mice. CONCLUSION: Eaf2 increases lens cells apoptosis induced by ultraviolet radiation. And Eaf2 up-regulates expression of the Puma and the Noxa to act on lens cells apoptosis after UV radiation.展开更多
Nowadays, in China, the bottom-blowing technique plays an important role in accelerating the molten bath stirring and promoting the metallurgical reactions in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. The innovations of...Nowadays, in China, the bottom-blowing technique plays an important role in accelerating the molten bath stirring and promoting the metallurgical reactions in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. The innovations of bottom-blowing technologies in EAF steelmaking were reviewed. The optimized bottom-blowing arrangement in EAF based on the furnace structure and the position of electrodes was introduced, and the fluid flow characteristics of EAF molten bath with bottomblowing were analyzed. Furthermore, bottom-blowing CO2 in EAF can facilitate the carbon-oxygen reaction reaching equilibrium and decrease the content of nitrogen in molten steel due to its special metallurgical properties. Pulsating bottom-blowing in EAF can effectively improve the molten bath stirring through the action of the unsteady bottom blowing gas streams, which could make the fluid flow field more disorderly than the steady bottom-blowing. And submerged O2 injection with CO2 in EAF can noticeably strengthen the EAF molten bath stirring, increase the production efficiency and improve the molten steel quality.展开更多
EAF1 and EAF2,the eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia(ELL)-associated factors which can assemble to the super elongation complex(AFF1/4,AF9/ENL,ELL,and P-TEFb),are reported to participate in RNA polymeraseⅡto active...EAF1 and EAF2,the eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia(ELL)-associated factors which can assemble to the super elongation complex(AFF1/4,AF9/ENL,ELL,and P-TEFb),are reported to participate in RNA polymeraseⅡto actively regulate a variety of biological processes,including leukemia and embryogenesis,but whether and how EAF1/2 function in hematopoietic system related hypoxia tolerance during embryogenesis remains unclear.Here,we unveiled that deletion of EAF1/2(eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-))caused reduction in hypoxia tolerance in zebrafish,leading to reduced erythropoiesis during hematopoietic processes.Meanwhile,eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-)mutants showed significant reduc-tion in the expression of key transcriptional regulators scl,lmo2,and gata1a in erythropoiesis at both 24 h post fertilization(hpf)and 72 hpf,with gata1a downregulated while scl and lmo2 upregulated at 14 hpf.Mechanistically,eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-)mutants exhibited significant changes in the expression of epigenetic modified histones,with a significant increase in the binding enrichment of modified histone H3K27me3 in gata1a promoter rather than scl and lmo2 promoters.Additionally,eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-)mutants exhibited a dynamic expression of canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling during erythropoiesis,with significant reduction in p-β-Catenin level and in the binding enrichment of both scl and lmo2 promoters with the WNT transcriptional factor TCF4 at 24 hpf.These findings demonstrate an important role of Eaf1/2 in erythropoiesis in zebrafish and may have shed some light on regeneration medicine for anemia and related diseases and on molecular basis for fish economic or productive traits,such as growth,disease resistance,hypoxia tolerance,and so on.展开更多
Calcium carbide(CaC_(2))smelting process is the only large-scale ore treatment technique for CaC_(2)production.This technique has a significant impact on carbon emissions and global warming.Electric arc furnaces(EAF)a...Calcium carbide(CaC_(2))smelting process is the only large-scale ore treatment technique for CaC_(2)production.This technique has a significant impact on carbon emissions and global warming.Electric arc furnaces(EAF)and calcination kilns(CK)are the most energy-consuming and carbon-emitting units.Therefore,it is crucial to study EAF and CK under a background of carbon neutrality,which has attracted the attention of many scholars from other fields,such as the ferroalloy industry.In this review,the distribution of electromagnetic-temperature-component multi-physical fields in EAF and the heatmass transfer characteristics of gas-solid phases in CK are introduced,and the characteristics of key physical fields in the furnace,such as the temperature and flow fields,are summarized.By analyzing the key physical fields in the furnace,researchers can identify the problems that limit the performance of the smelting process.Moreover,regarding the performance enhancement methods for the EAF and CK,studies on fuel supply mechanism adjustment,charge composition optimization,and CO_(2)recycling are mainly analyzed.Several practical technologies for reducing furnace carbon emissions have also been introduced,such as multi-electrode fuel supply technology for EAF and alternating heating technology for CK.Finally,further improvement in the smelting process in the areas of“energy homogenization heating and heat transmission augmentation”,“pollutant reduction and recycling”,and“matching process and intelligent control”is elucidated.This review provides an overview of the research on the distribution characteristics of multi-physical fields in key furnaces,as well as the introduction of new performance improvement methods that have emerged in production enterprises in recent years,which will assist researchers in improving the EAF and CK performance and will significantly contribute to carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets.展开更多
Background Meningeal lymphatic drainage is crucial for the clearance of amyloidβ(Aβ),supporting the maintenance of brain homeostasis.This makes it a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Long-ter...Background Meningeal lymphatic drainage is crucial for the clearance of amyloidβ(Aβ),supporting the maintenance of brain homeostasis.This makes it a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Long-term exercise can reduce the risk of AD;however,the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.In this study,we investigated whether exercise alleviates AD-related pathological changes by improving meningeal lymphatic drainage and its potential mechanisms.Methods The morphological and functional features of meningeal lymphatic vessels,as well as Aβand reactive gliosis in the brain,were compared between 6.5-month-old 5×FAD mice with or without 1 month of treadmill exercise.RNA sequencing,protein interactions analysis,gene knockdown mediated by adeno-associated virus,and lymphatic endothelial cell culture were conducted to investigate the mechanism underlying exercise-induced meningeal lymphatic vessel plasticity in 5×FAD mice.Results The structural integrity of meningeal lymphatic vessels was compromised in 5×FAD mice,compared with the wild-type mice.Treadmill exercise increased the diameter and the drainage capacity of the meningeal lymphatic vessels,reduced Aβdeposition,reactive gliosis and astrocyte senescence in the hippocampus and frontal cortex,and improved cognitive function of 5×FAD mice.Mechanistically,thrombospondin-1(TSP-1)exacerbated the inhibitory effect of Aβon lymphatic vessel formation and plasticity through interactions with CD36 and CD47,respectively.Exercise decreased the expression of TSP-1 in reactive astrocytes of AD mice by downregulating elevennineteen lysine-rich leukemia-associated factor 2(EAF2),a protein that facilitates the transcription of the TSP-1-encoding gene Thbs-1 by binding p53.Ultimately,we found that hippocampal astrocyte-specific knockdown of Thbs-1 or Eaf2 enhanced meningeal lymphatic drainage and alleviated AD-like pathology in the hippocampus of 5×FAD mice.Conclusions Long-term exercise protects against AD by enhancing the plasticity and drainage of meningeal lymphatic vessels through downregulation of the EAF2–p53–TSP-1 pathway associated with reactive astrocytes.展开更多
文摘AIM: To investigate the regulation of Eaf2 protein in mouse lens cells apoptosis induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. METHODS: An eye of Eaf2 gene knockout mice or normal control mice was exposed to UV radiation, and the other one was non-exposed. All of lenses were analyzed by TUNEL and caspase 3 activity assays to determine the difference of the apoptosis induced by UV radiation. In addition, exposed and non-exposed lenses were analyzed by quantified p53 expression and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of Bax, Bid, Apaf-1, Puma and Noxa, to compare Eaf2 gene knockout mice and normal control mice. RESULTS: UV radiation caused apoptosis of lens cells in normal control mice and Eaf2 knockout mice. Activity of caspase 3 was significantly higher in normal control mice than Eaf2 knockout mice. Expression of p53 protein was significantly higher in lenses exposed to UV radiation than nonexposed lenses, but was similar between Eaf2 gene knockout mice and normal control mice in the same UV condition. After exposing to UV radiation, the analysis of real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that mRNA levels of Puma and Noxa were significantly higher in lenses of normal control mice than Eaf2 gene knockout mice, and that mRNA levels of Bax, Bid and Apaf-1 were not significantly different between gene knockout mice and normal control mice. CONCLUSION: Eaf2 increases lens cells apoptosis induced by ultraviolet radiation. And Eaf2 up-regulates expression of the Puma and the Noxa to act on lens cells apoptosis after UV radiation.
基金The authors would like to express their thanks for the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51734003).
文摘Nowadays, in China, the bottom-blowing technique plays an important role in accelerating the molten bath stirring and promoting the metallurgical reactions in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. The innovations of bottom-blowing technologies in EAF steelmaking were reviewed. The optimized bottom-blowing arrangement in EAF based on the furnace structure and the position of electrodes was introduced, and the fluid flow characteristics of EAF molten bath with bottomblowing were analyzed. Furthermore, bottom-blowing CO2 in EAF can facilitate the carbon-oxygen reaction reaching equilibrium and decrease the content of nitrogen in molten steel due to its special metallurgical properties. Pulsating bottom-blowing in EAF can effectively improve the molten bath stirring through the action of the unsteady bottom blowing gas streams, which could make the fluid flow field more disorderly than the steady bottom-blowing. And submerged O2 injection with CO2 in EAF can noticeably strengthen the EAF molten bath stirring, increase the production efficiency and improve the molten steel quality.
基金supported by the Nation Natural Science Foundation of China(Program No.32070807)by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0900101)by the project 2020SKLBC-KF06 of State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol.
文摘EAF1 and EAF2,the eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia(ELL)-associated factors which can assemble to the super elongation complex(AFF1/4,AF9/ENL,ELL,and P-TEFb),are reported to participate in RNA polymeraseⅡto actively regulate a variety of biological processes,including leukemia and embryogenesis,but whether and how EAF1/2 function in hematopoietic system related hypoxia tolerance during embryogenesis remains unclear.Here,we unveiled that deletion of EAF1/2(eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-))caused reduction in hypoxia tolerance in zebrafish,leading to reduced erythropoiesis during hematopoietic processes.Meanwhile,eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-)mutants showed significant reduc-tion in the expression of key transcriptional regulators scl,lmo2,and gata1a in erythropoiesis at both 24 h post fertilization(hpf)and 72 hpf,with gata1a downregulated while scl and lmo2 upregulated at 14 hpf.Mechanistically,eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-)mutants exhibited significant changes in the expression of epigenetic modified histones,with a significant increase in the binding enrichment of modified histone H3K27me3 in gata1a promoter rather than scl and lmo2 promoters.Additionally,eaf1^(-/-)and eaf2^(-/-)mutants exhibited a dynamic expression of canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling during erythropoiesis,with significant reduction in p-β-Catenin level and in the binding enrichment of both scl and lmo2 promoters with the WNT transcriptional factor TCF4 at 24 hpf.These findings demonstrate an important role of Eaf1/2 in erythropoiesis in zebrafish and may have shed some light on regeneration medicine for anemia and related diseases and on molecular basis for fish economic or productive traits,such as growth,disease resistance,hypoxia tolerance,and so on.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3304001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52306097)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20230208)。
文摘Calcium carbide(CaC_(2))smelting process is the only large-scale ore treatment technique for CaC_(2)production.This technique has a significant impact on carbon emissions and global warming.Electric arc furnaces(EAF)and calcination kilns(CK)are the most energy-consuming and carbon-emitting units.Therefore,it is crucial to study EAF and CK under a background of carbon neutrality,which has attracted the attention of many scholars from other fields,such as the ferroalloy industry.In this review,the distribution of electromagnetic-temperature-component multi-physical fields in EAF and the heatmass transfer characteristics of gas-solid phases in CK are introduced,and the characteristics of key physical fields in the furnace,such as the temperature and flow fields,are summarized.By analyzing the key physical fields in the furnace,researchers can identify the problems that limit the performance of the smelting process.Moreover,regarding the performance enhancement methods for the EAF and CK,studies on fuel supply mechanism adjustment,charge composition optimization,and CO_(2)recycling are mainly analyzed.Several practical technologies for reducing furnace carbon emissions have also been introduced,such as multi-electrode fuel supply technology for EAF and alternating heating technology for CK.Finally,further improvement in the smelting process in the areas of“energy homogenization heating and heat transmission augmentation”,“pollutant reduction and recycling”,and“matching process and intelligent control”is elucidated.This review provides an overview of the research on the distribution characteristics of multi-physical fields in key furnaces,as well as the introduction of new performance improvement methods that have emerged in production enterprises in recent years,which will assist researchers in improving the EAF and CK performance and will significantly contribute to carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471608,82204365,82071199 and 81871117)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230057)+2 种基金Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation(SDCX-ZG-202400044)Shandong Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Program(SDBX2023056)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(23KJB310009).
文摘Background Meningeal lymphatic drainage is crucial for the clearance of amyloidβ(Aβ),supporting the maintenance of brain homeostasis.This makes it a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Long-term exercise can reduce the risk of AD;however,the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.In this study,we investigated whether exercise alleviates AD-related pathological changes by improving meningeal lymphatic drainage and its potential mechanisms.Methods The morphological and functional features of meningeal lymphatic vessels,as well as Aβand reactive gliosis in the brain,were compared between 6.5-month-old 5×FAD mice with or without 1 month of treadmill exercise.RNA sequencing,protein interactions analysis,gene knockdown mediated by adeno-associated virus,and lymphatic endothelial cell culture were conducted to investigate the mechanism underlying exercise-induced meningeal lymphatic vessel plasticity in 5×FAD mice.Results The structural integrity of meningeal lymphatic vessels was compromised in 5×FAD mice,compared with the wild-type mice.Treadmill exercise increased the diameter and the drainage capacity of the meningeal lymphatic vessels,reduced Aβdeposition,reactive gliosis and astrocyte senescence in the hippocampus and frontal cortex,and improved cognitive function of 5×FAD mice.Mechanistically,thrombospondin-1(TSP-1)exacerbated the inhibitory effect of Aβon lymphatic vessel formation and plasticity through interactions with CD36 and CD47,respectively.Exercise decreased the expression of TSP-1 in reactive astrocytes of AD mice by downregulating elevennineteen lysine-rich leukemia-associated factor 2(EAF2),a protein that facilitates the transcription of the TSP-1-encoding gene Thbs-1 by binding p53.Ultimately,we found that hippocampal astrocyte-specific knockdown of Thbs-1 or Eaf2 enhanced meningeal lymphatic drainage and alleviated AD-like pathology in the hippocampus of 5×FAD mice.Conclusions Long-term exercise protects against AD by enhancing the plasticity and drainage of meningeal lymphatic vessels through downregulation of the EAF2–p53–TSP-1 pathway associated with reactive astrocytes.
