Measurement of shipborne radar sea echo is instrumental in collecting the sea clutter data in open sea areas.However,the ship movement would introduce an extra Doppler component into the spectrum of the sea clutter,so...Measurement of shipborne radar sea echo is instrumental in collecting the sea clutter data in open sea areas.However,the ship movement would introduce an extra Doppler component into the spectrum of the sea clutter,so the sea clutter inherent spectrum must be estimated prior to investigating the sea clutter Doppler characteristics from the shipborne radar sea echo.In this paper we show some results about a shipborne sea clutter measurement experiment that was conducted in the South China Sea in a period between 2017 and 2018;abundant clutter data have been collected by using a shipborne S-band clutter measurement radar.To obtain the sea clutter inherent Doppler spectrum from these data,an estimation method,based on the mapping relationship between the shipborne clutter spectrum and the inherent clutter spectrum,is proposed.This method is validated by shipborne clutter data sets under the same measuring conditions except for the ship speed.Using this method,the characteristics of the Doppler spectrum lineshapes in the South China Sea are calculated and analyzed according to different sea states,wave directions,and radar resolutions,which can be instrumental in designing the radar target detection algorithms.展开更多
With the rapidly growing abuse of drones, monitoring and classification of birds and drones have become a crucial safety issue. With similar low radar cross sections(RCSs), velocities, and heights, drones are usually ...With the rapidly growing abuse of drones, monitoring and classification of birds and drones have become a crucial safety issue. With similar low radar cross sections(RCSs), velocities, and heights, drones are usually difficult to be distinguished from birds in radar measurements. In this paper, we propose to exploit different periodical motions of birds and drones from highresolution Doppler spectrum sequences(DSSs) for classification.This paper presents an elaborate feature vector representing the periodic fluctuations of RCS and micro kinematics. Fed by the Doppler spectrum and feature sequence, the long to short-time memory(LSTM) is used to solve the time series classification.Different classification schemes to exploit the Doppler spectrum series are validated and compared by extensive real-data experiments, which confirms the effectiveness and superiorities of the proposed algorithm.展开更多
Microwave remote sensing is one of the most useful methods for observing the ocean parameters. The Doppler frequency or interferometric phase of the radar echoes can be used for an ocean surface current speed retrieva...Microwave remote sensing is one of the most useful methods for observing the ocean parameters. The Doppler frequency or interferometric phase of the radar echoes can be used for an ocean surface current speed retrieval,which is widely used in spaceborne and airborne radars. While the effect of the ocean currents and waves is interactional. It is impossible to retrieve the ocean surface current speed from Doppler frequency shift directly. In order to study the relationship between the ocean surface current speed and the Doppler frequency shift, a numerical ocean surface Doppler spectrum model is established and validated with a reference. The input parameters of ocean Doppler spectrum include an ocean wave elevation model, a directional distribution function, and wind speed and direction. The suitable ocean wave elevation spectrum and the directional distribution function are selected by comparing the ocean Doppler spectrum in C band with an empirical geophysical model function（CDOP）. What is more, the error sensitivities of ocean surface current speed to the wind speed and direction are analyzed. All these simulations are in Ku band. The simulation results show that the ocean surface current speed error is sensitive to the wind speed and direction errors. With VV polarization, the ocean surface current speed error is about 0.15 m/s when the wind speed error is 2 m/s, and the ocean surface current speed error is smaller than 0.3 m/s when the wind direction error is within 20° in the cross wind direction.展开更多
Based on the model of a contaminated sea surface that was proposed by Lombardini et al., the influence of the damping effect of oil films on the sea surface roughness spectrum and the geometrical structure of the sea ...Based on the model of a contaminated sea surface that was proposed by Lombardini et al., the influence of the damping effect of oil films on the sea surface roughness spectrum and the geometrical structure of the sea surface is examined in detail by comparing with a clean sea surface. Fhrthermore, based on a quasi-stationary algorithm, a time series of backscattered echoes from a time-evolving sea surface covered by oil slicks is obtained by utilizing the frequency-domain numerical method of the parallel fast multiple method. Then, the Doppler spectrum is evaluated by performing a standard spectral estimation technique. Finally, the influence of the oil film damping effect on the Doppler spectrum of the backscattered echoes from time-evolving sea surface is investigated in detail by making a comparison of the Doppler spectrum of an oil-covered sea surface with the Doppler spectrum of a dean sea surface. The numerical simulations show that the damping effect of oil films has an influence on the Doppler spectrum signature for both horizontal-to-horizontal and vertical-to-vertical polarizations.展开更多
To study the Doppler (DP) spectrum of a flying target above the dynamic oceanic surface, a two-level quasi-stationary algorithm (TLQSA) of the finite element method (FEM) with domain decomposition (DDM) is developed. ...To study the Doppler (DP) spectrum of a flying target above the dynamic oceanic surface, a two-level quasi-stationary algorithm (TLQSA) of the finite element method (FEM) with domain decomposition (DDM) is developed. The DP spectrum of a fast-moving target requires a small time-sampling rate. At most time steps, scattering from the flying target is solved by the FEM solution in only one sub-domain; meanwhile the interactions between the target and rough sea surface in other sub-domains are obtained by solving the global DDM coupling matrices. The slowly moving sea surface is evolved at a larger time step and the DP of oceanic clutter is obtained through all-subdomain FEM calculation. Numerical simulations of the DP spectrum from a target flying above the dynamic oceanic surface with and without a ship presence are obtained. The functional dependence of the DP spectrum in both the time and frequency domains upon the sea surface wind speed, target altitude, observation angle etc. are demon- strated and discussed.展开更多
The surface electric current of the sea surface and the first-order scattering field from the spherical target were obtained by employing Physical Optics method and Mie theory,respectively. The backscattering field of...The surface electric current of the sea surface and the first-order scattering field from the spherical target were obtained by employing Physical Optics method and Mie theory,respectively. The backscattering field of the time-evolving sea surface was calculated by using Kirchhoff Approximation. Meanwhile,by taking the ad-vantage of a newly developed technique that utilizes the reciprocity theorem,the difficulty in formulating the secondary coupling scattering fields from the spherical target above the sea surface was reduced. The dependence of the secondary cou-pling backscattering field on the size and the position of the spherical target was discussed,and the characteristic of the Doppler spectrum of the composite back-scattering field with different incident angles was analyzed in detail.展开更多
It is well known that the sea return echo contains contributions from at least two scattering mechanisms. In addition to the resonant Bragg scattering, the specular point scattering plays an important role as the inci...It is well known that the sea return echo contains contributions from at least two scattering mechanisms. In addition to the resonant Bragg scattering, the specular point scattering plays an important role as the incidence angle becomes smaller （≥ 20°）. Here, in combination with the Kirchhoff integral equation of scattering field and the stationary phase approximation, analytical expressions for Doppler shift and spectral bandwidth of specular point scattering, which are insensitive to the polarization state, are derived theoretically. For comparison, the simulated results related to the two-scale method （TSM） and the method of moment （MOM） are also presented. It is found that the Doppler shift and the spectral bandwidth given by TSM are insufficient at small incidence angles. However, a comparison between the analytical results and the numerical simulations by MOM in the backscatter configuration shows that our proposed formulas are valid for the specular point scattering case. In this work, the dependences of the predicted results on incidence angle, radar frequency, and wind speed are also discussed. The obtained conclusions seem promising for a better understanding of the Doppler spectra of the specular point scattering fields from time-varying sea surfaces.展开更多
A correction considering the effects of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and Mie contamination must be performed for wind retrieval from a Rayleigh Doppler lidar（RDL）, since the so-called Rayleigh response is dire...A correction considering the effects of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and Mie contamination must be performed for wind retrieval from a Rayleigh Doppler lidar（RDL）, since the so-called Rayleigh response is directly related to the convolution of the optical transmission of the frequency discriminator and the Rayleigh–Brillouin spectrum of the molecular backscattering. Thus, real-time and on-site profiles of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and aerosols should be provided as inputs to the wind retrieval. Firstly, temperature profiles under 35 km and above the altitude are retrieved, respectively,from a high spectral resolution lidar（HSRL） and a Rayleigh integration lidar（RIL） incorporating to the RDL. Secondly,the pressure profile is taken from the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecast（ECMWF） analysis, while radiosonde data are not available. Thirdly, the Klett–Fernald algorithms are adopted to estimate the Mie and Rayleigh components in the atmospheric backscattering. After that, the backscattering ratio is finally determined in a nonlinear fitting of the transmission of the atmospheric backscattering through the Fabry–Perot interferometer（FPI） to a proposed model.In the validation experiments, wind profiles from the lidar show good agreement with the radiosonde in the overlapping altitude. Finally, a continuous wind observation shows the stability of the correction scheme.展开更多
针对高频地波雷达(High frequency surface wave radar,HFSWR)在探测中产生的回波数据,传统的人工识别和分类方法存在工作量大、效率低和主观性强等问题,本研究在分析一阶海杂波、电离层杂波和射频干扰的回波数据特性的基础上,创新性地...针对高频地波雷达(High frequency surface wave radar,HFSWR)在探测中产生的回波数据,传统的人工识别和分类方法存在工作量大、效率低和主观性强等问题,本研究在分析一阶海杂波、电离层杂波和射频干扰的回波数据特性的基础上,创新性地提出了基于YOLOv5识别模型的HFSWR杂波和干扰识别分类方法。该方法旨在帮助研究人员在海量实验数据中快速筛选出符合其科学研究需求的数据集,从而提高研究效率和数据准确性。在具体实施过程中,通过采用批量实测距离-多普勒(Range-Doppler,RD)谱数据对所提出模型进行训练和分析,使该方法能够在频域范围内对杂波和干扰进行有效识别。本研究以该识别分类算法为核心,进一步基于Python语言设计了一款地波雷达智能杂波和干扰识别分类软件。经过严格的批量实测数据测试验证,该软件能够满足设计需求,具有良好的可靠性,极大地提高了研究人员筛选有效实测数据的工作效率,为科学研究工作提供了有力的技术支撑。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61801446).
文摘Measurement of shipborne radar sea echo is instrumental in collecting the sea clutter data in open sea areas.However,the ship movement would introduce an extra Doppler component into the spectrum of the sea clutter,so the sea clutter inherent spectrum must be estimated prior to investigating the sea clutter Doppler characteristics from the shipborne radar sea echo.In this paper we show some results about a shipborne sea clutter measurement experiment that was conducted in the South China Sea in a period between 2017 and 2018;abundant clutter data have been collected by using a shipborne S-band clutter measurement radar.To obtain the sea clutter inherent Doppler spectrum from these data,an estimation method,based on the mapping relationship between the shipborne clutter spectrum and the inherent clutter spectrum,is proposed.This method is validated by shipborne clutter data sets under the same measuring conditions except for the ship speed.Using this method,the characteristics of the Doppler spectrum lineshapes in the South China Sea are calculated and analyzed according to different sea states,wave directions,and radar resolutions,which can be instrumental in designing the radar target detection algorithms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62101603)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KQTD20190929172704911)+3 种基金the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (2019200M1001)the National Nature Science Foundation of Guangdong (2021A1515011979)the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Advanced IntelliSense Technology (2019B121203006)the Pearl R iver Talent Recruitment Program (2019ZT08X751)。
文摘With the rapidly growing abuse of drones, monitoring and classification of birds and drones have become a crucial safety issue. With similar low radar cross sections(RCSs), velocities, and heights, drones are usually difficult to be distinguished from birds in radar measurements. In this paper, we propose to exploit different periodical motions of birds and drones from highresolution Doppler spectrum sequences(DSSs) for classification.This paper presents an elaborate feature vector representing the periodic fluctuations of RCS and micro kinematics. Fed by the Doppler spectrum and feature sequence, the long to short-time memory(LSTM) is used to solve the time series classification.Different classification schemes to exploit the Doppler spectrum series are validated and compared by extensive real-data experiments, which confirms the effectiveness and superiorities of the proposed algorithm.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41606202the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1401002the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of State Oceanic Administration(SOA) for Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application under contract No.201601001
文摘Microwave remote sensing is one of the most useful methods for observing the ocean parameters. The Doppler frequency or interferometric phase of the radar echoes can be used for an ocean surface current speed retrieval,which is widely used in spaceborne and airborne radars. While the effect of the ocean currents and waves is interactional. It is impossible to retrieve the ocean surface current speed from Doppler frequency shift directly. In order to study the relationship between the ocean surface current speed and the Doppler frequency shift, a numerical ocean surface Doppler spectrum model is established and validated with a reference. The input parameters of ocean Doppler spectrum include an ocean wave elevation model, a directional distribution function, and wind speed and direction. The suitable ocean wave elevation spectrum and the directional distribution function are selected by comparing the ocean Doppler spectrum in C band with an empirical geophysical model function（CDOP）. What is more, the error sensitivities of ocean surface current speed to the wind speed and direction are analyzed. All these simulations are in Ku band. The simulation results show that the ocean surface current speed error is sensitive to the wind speed and direction errors. With VV polarization, the ocean surface current speed error is about 0.15 m/s when the wind speed error is 2 m/s, and the ocean surface current speed error is smaller than 0.3 m/s when the wind direction error is within 20° in the cross wind direction.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China under Grant No 61225002the Aeronautical Science Fund and Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on AISSS of China under Grant No20132081015
文摘Based on the model of a contaminated sea surface that was proposed by Lombardini et al., the influence of the damping effect of oil films on the sea surface roughness spectrum and the geometrical structure of the sea surface is examined in detail by comparing with a clean sea surface. Fhrthermore, based on a quasi-stationary algorithm, a time series of backscattered echoes from a time-evolving sea surface covered by oil slicks is obtained by utilizing the frequency-domain numerical method of the parallel fast multiple method. Then, the Doppler spectrum is evaluated by performing a standard spectral estimation technique. Finally, the influence of the oil film damping effect on the Doppler spectrum of the backscattered echoes from time-evolving sea surface is investigated in detail by making a comparison of the Doppler spectrum of an oil-covered sea surface with the Doppler spectrum of a dean sea surface. The numerical simulations show that the damping effect of oil films has an influence on the Doppler spectrum signature for both horizontal-to-horizontal and vertical-to-vertical polarizations.
基金This work was supported by the China State Key Basic Research Project(Grant No.2001CB309401-05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60170009).
文摘To study the Doppler (DP) spectrum of a flying target above the dynamic oceanic surface, a two-level quasi-stationary algorithm (TLQSA) of the finite element method (FEM) with domain decomposition (DDM) is developed. The DP spectrum of a fast-moving target requires a small time-sampling rate. At most time steps, scattering from the flying target is solved by the FEM solution in only one sub-domain; meanwhile the interactions between the target and rough sea surface in other sub-domains are obtained by solving the global DDM coupling matrices. The slowly moving sea surface is evolved at a larger time step and the DP of oceanic clutter is obtained through all-subdomain FEM calculation. Numerical simulations of the DP spectrum from a target flying above the dynamic oceanic surface with and without a ship presence are obtained. The functional dependence of the DP spectrum in both the time and frequency domains upon the sea surface wind speed, target altitude, observation angle etc. are demon- strated and discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60571058)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20070701010)
文摘The surface electric current of the sea surface and the first-order scattering field from the spherical target were obtained by employing Physical Optics method and Mie theory,respectively. The backscattering field of the time-evolving sea surface was calculated by using Kirchhoff Approximation. Meanwhile,by taking the ad-vantage of a newly developed technique that utilizes the reciprocity theorem,the difficulty in formulating the secondary coupling scattering fields from the spherical target above the sea surface was reduced. The dependence of the secondary cou-pling backscattering field on the size and the position of the spherical target was discussed,and the characteristic of the Doppler spectrum of the composite back-scattering field with different incident angles was analyzed in detail.
基金Project supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40906088)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China(Grant No.200804231021)
文摘It is well known that the sea return echo contains contributions from at least two scattering mechanisms. In addition to the resonant Bragg scattering, the specular point scattering plays an important role as the incidence angle becomes smaller （≥ 20°）. Here, in combination with the Kirchhoff integral equation of scattering field and the stationary phase approximation, analytical expressions for Doppler shift and spectral bandwidth of specular point scattering, which are insensitive to the polarization state, are derived theoretically. For comparison, the simulated results related to the two-scale method （TSM） and the method of moment （MOM） are also presented. It is found that the Doppler shift and the spectral bandwidth given by TSM are insufficient at small incidence angles. However, a comparison between the analytical results and the numerical simulations by MOM in the backscatter configuration shows that our proposed formulas are valid for the specular point scattering case. In this work, the dependences of the predicted results on incidence angle, radar frequency, and wind speed are also discussed. The obtained conclusions seem promising for a better understanding of the Doppler spectra of the specular point scattering fields from time-varying sea surfaces.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41174131,41274151,41304123,41121003 and 41025016)
文摘A correction considering the effects of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and Mie contamination must be performed for wind retrieval from a Rayleigh Doppler lidar（RDL）, since the so-called Rayleigh response is directly related to the convolution of the optical transmission of the frequency discriminator and the Rayleigh–Brillouin spectrum of the molecular backscattering. Thus, real-time and on-site profiles of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and aerosols should be provided as inputs to the wind retrieval. Firstly, temperature profiles under 35 km and above the altitude are retrieved, respectively,from a high spectral resolution lidar（HSRL） and a Rayleigh integration lidar（RIL） incorporating to the RDL. Secondly,the pressure profile is taken from the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecast（ECMWF） analysis, while radiosonde data are not available. Thirdly, the Klett–Fernald algorithms are adopted to estimate the Mie and Rayleigh components in the atmospheric backscattering. After that, the backscattering ratio is finally determined in a nonlinear fitting of the transmission of the atmospheric backscattering through the Fabry–Perot interferometer（FPI） to a proposed model.In the validation experiments, wind profiles from the lidar show good agreement with the radiosonde in the overlapping altitude. Finally, a continuous wind observation shows the stability of the correction scheme.
文摘针对高频地波雷达(High frequency surface wave radar,HFSWR)在探测中产生的回波数据,传统的人工识别和分类方法存在工作量大、效率低和主观性强等问题,本研究在分析一阶海杂波、电离层杂波和射频干扰的回波数据特性的基础上,创新性地提出了基于YOLOv5识别模型的HFSWR杂波和干扰识别分类方法。该方法旨在帮助研究人员在海量实验数据中快速筛选出符合其科学研究需求的数据集,从而提高研究效率和数据准确性。在具体实施过程中,通过采用批量实测距离-多普勒(Range-Doppler,RD)谱数据对所提出模型进行训练和分析,使该方法能够在频域范围内对杂波和干扰进行有效识别。本研究以该识别分类算法为核心,进一步基于Python语言设计了一款地波雷达智能杂波和干扰识别分类软件。经过严格的批量实测数据测试验证,该软件能够满足设计需求,具有良好的可靠性,极大地提高了研究人员筛选有效实测数据的工作效率,为科学研究工作提供了有力的技术支撑。
