There are three main mechanisms to cause the red shift of spectrum in physics. The first is gravity which is related to mass. The second is the Compton scattering which is related to the energy transformation of photo...There are three main mechanisms to cause the red shift of spectrum in physics. The first is gravity which is related to mass. The second is the Compton scattering which is related to the energy transformation of photon. The third is the Doppler’s effect which is related to velocity. The basic formula used to calculate the relation of red shift and distance of Ia supernova in cosmology is which is related to the scalar factor of the R-W metric. It is completely different from the Doppler formula of red shift which is related to velocity factor . This kind of inconsistency is not allowed in physics. Because of , when became larger and larger with time increase, z became smaller and smaller, means that space expansion leads to red shift becoming smaller. At present time, we have and , means that there is no red shift for the light emitted from distance celestial bodies at present. The results obviously violate the Hubble law! It is proved strictly in mathematics that the formula is untenable unless constant and . The further study reveals that the essential reason of the mistake is that the R-W metric violates the principle of light’s speed invariable. The time delay caused by relativity velocity between light’s source and observer is neglected. Besides, there exists the problem of time misalignment between theoretical calculation and practical observations in the original documents of Ia supernova projects. So the formula used to calculate the relation between red shift and distance of Ia supernova is wrong and the deduced conclusion about dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the universe are incredible. It is proved in this paper that based on the Doppler’s formula and the method of numerical calculation, the relation of red shift and distance of Ia supernova can be explained well. The hypotheses of dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the universe are completely unnecessary in cosmology.展开更多
The Doppler formula should be used directly to calculate red shift of Cosmology. The first is gravity, the second is the Doppler’s effect and the third is the Compton scattering. The red shift of cosmology is conside...The Doppler formula should be used directly to calculate red shift of Cosmology. The first is gravity, the second is the Doppler’s effect and the third is the Compton scattering. The red shift of cosmology is considered to be caused by the receding motions of celestial bodies, of which essence is the Doppler’s effect. However, the basic formula used to calculate the relationship between red shift and distance for Ia supernova in cosmology is z+1= R(t0)/R(t1)which is based on the R-W metric and related to the scalar factor R(t). This is different from the Doppler formula which is related to speed factor R(t). Because the R-W metric is only a mathematical structure of space, the metric red shift is not an independent law of physics, this inconsistence is not allowed in physics. It is proved strictly in this paper that the formula of metric red shift is only the result of the first order approximation. If higher order approximations are considered, we can obtain a restrict condition R(t). It indicates that if the formula of metric red shift holds, it can only be suitable to describe the spatial uniform expansion, unsuitable for the practical universal process with acceleration. The further study reveals that the R-W metric violates the invariability principle of light’s speed in vacuum. The time delay caused by展开更多
As temperature changes constantly in nuclear reactor operation, on-the-fly Doppler broadening methods are commonly adopted for generating nuclear cross sections at various temperatures in neutron transport simulation....As temperature changes constantly in nuclear reactor operation, on-the-fly Doppler broadening methods are commonly adopted for generating nuclear cross sections at various temperatures in neutron transport simulation. Among the existing methods, the widely used SIGMA1 approach is inefficient because it involves error function and Taylor series expansion. In this paper, we present a new on-the-fly Doppler broadening with optimal double-exponential formula based on SuperMC to improve efficiency with given accuracy. In this method, doubleexponential formula in 1/16 steps is used for broadening cross section at low energy, with both accuracy and efficiency. Meanwhile, the Gauss–Hermite quadrature of different orders is used for broadening cross section at resonance energy. The method can generate neutron cross section rapidly and precisely at the desired temperature.Typical nuclide cross sections and benchmarking tests are presented in detail.展开更多
Multistatic radar systems can be used in many applications such as homeland security, anti-air defense, anti-missile defense, ship’s navigation and traffic control systems. Multistatic radars, which are capable of de...Multistatic radar systems can be used in many applications such as homeland security, anti-air defense, anti-missile defense, ship’s navigation and traffic control systems. Multistatic radars, which are capable of detecting and tracking flying objects in three-dimension coordinate systems, are simulated in this paper. The location and velocity of flying objects as well as their radar cross sections are computed. The object’s path is also estimated by tracking the object.展开更多
文摘There are three main mechanisms to cause the red shift of spectrum in physics. The first is gravity which is related to mass. The second is the Compton scattering which is related to the energy transformation of photon. The third is the Doppler’s effect which is related to velocity. The basic formula used to calculate the relation of red shift and distance of Ia supernova in cosmology is which is related to the scalar factor of the R-W metric. It is completely different from the Doppler formula of red shift which is related to velocity factor . This kind of inconsistency is not allowed in physics. Because of , when became larger and larger with time increase, z became smaller and smaller, means that space expansion leads to red shift becoming smaller. At present time, we have and , means that there is no red shift for the light emitted from distance celestial bodies at present. The results obviously violate the Hubble law! It is proved strictly in mathematics that the formula is untenable unless constant and . The further study reveals that the essential reason of the mistake is that the R-W metric violates the principle of light’s speed invariable. The time delay caused by relativity velocity between light’s source and observer is neglected. Besides, there exists the problem of time misalignment between theoretical calculation and practical observations in the original documents of Ia supernova projects. So the formula used to calculate the relation between red shift and distance of Ia supernova is wrong and the deduced conclusion about dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the universe are incredible. It is proved in this paper that based on the Doppler’s formula and the method of numerical calculation, the relation of red shift and distance of Ia supernova can be explained well. The hypotheses of dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the universe are completely unnecessary in cosmology.
文摘The Doppler formula should be used directly to calculate red shift of Cosmology. The first is gravity, the second is the Doppler’s effect and the third is the Compton scattering. The red shift of cosmology is considered to be caused by the receding motions of celestial bodies, of which essence is the Doppler’s effect. However, the basic formula used to calculate the relationship between red shift and distance for Ia supernova in cosmology is z+1= R(t0)/R(t1)which is based on the R-W metric and related to the scalar factor R(t). This is different from the Doppler formula which is related to speed factor R(t). Because the R-W metric is only a mathematical structure of space, the metric red shift is not an independent law of physics, this inconsistence is not allowed in physics. It is proved strictly in this paper that the formula of metric red shift is only the result of the first order approximation. If higher order approximations are considered, we can obtain a restrict condition R(t). It indicates that if the formula of metric red shift holds, it can only be suitable to describe the spatial uniform expansion, unsuitable for the practical universal process with acceleration. The further study reveals that the R-W metric violates the invariability principle of light’s speed in vacuum. The time delay caused by
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Science and Technology Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA03040000)the Innovation Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CXJJ-16Q231)+7 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.11305205,11305203,11405204and 11605233)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(No.2014GB112001)the Special Program for Informatization of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XXH12504-1-09)the Anhui Provincial Special project for High Technology Industrythe Special Project of Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Industrialization Fundthe Open Funds of Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application of Ministry of Education(No.HJSJYB2011-11)Jiang Xi young science foundation project(No.GJJ150558)
文摘As temperature changes constantly in nuclear reactor operation, on-the-fly Doppler broadening methods are commonly adopted for generating nuclear cross sections at various temperatures in neutron transport simulation. Among the existing methods, the widely used SIGMA1 approach is inefficient because it involves error function and Taylor series expansion. In this paper, we present a new on-the-fly Doppler broadening with optimal double-exponential formula based on SuperMC to improve efficiency with given accuracy. In this method, doubleexponential formula in 1/16 steps is used for broadening cross section at low energy, with both accuracy and efficiency. Meanwhile, the Gauss–Hermite quadrature of different orders is used for broadening cross section at resonance energy. The method can generate neutron cross section rapidly and precisely at the desired temperature.Typical nuclide cross sections and benchmarking tests are presented in detail.
文摘Multistatic radar systems can be used in many applications such as homeland security, anti-air defense, anti-missile defense, ship’s navigation and traffic control systems. Multistatic radars, which are capable of detecting and tracking flying objects in three-dimension coordinate systems, are simulated in this paper. The location and velocity of flying objects as well as their radar cross sections are computed. The object’s path is also estimated by tracking the object.
文摘目的探讨深度水解蛋白配方奶(e HPF)对极低出生体重(VLBW)早产儿肠系膜上动脉(SMA)血流的影响。方法选择2011年3月至2015年3月我院新生儿重症监护病房收治的VLBW早产儿,随机分为e HPF组及早产儿配方奶喂养组(PF组)。e HPF组以e HPF开奶,喂养至生后14天换PF;PF组直接以PF开奶。彩色多普勒超声检测患儿生后第1、7、14天空腹及第14天餐后30 min SMA血流,进行两组间比较。结果 (1)共纳入64例VLBW早产儿,其中e HPF组30例,PF组34例。e HPF组生后第7天[(41.8±30.3)ml/kg比(21.9±19.2)ml/kg]、第14天[(97.8±43.0)ml/kg比(76.0±39.0)ml/kg]喂养量明显高于PF组,达全肠道喂养时间明显短于PF组[(18.5±9.2)天比(23.0±8.5)天],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)两组患儿生后第1、7天空腹状态下SMA收缩期峰流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、时间平均流速(TAMV)、阻力指数(RI)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);第14天空腹状态下e HPF组PSV[(95.7±20.9)cm/s比(82.8±20.5)cm/s]、EDV[(19.3±6.6)cm/s比(15.8±6.5)cm/s]、TAMV[(42.3±11.6)cm/s比(36.7±10.4)cm/s]高于PF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)两组患儿生后第14天餐后30 min SMA PSV、EDV、TAMV均较餐前增高,RI较餐前降低。e HPF组PSV[(115.0±18.3)cm/s比(100.6±23.1)cm/s]、EDV[(29.6±8.1)cm/s比(23.2±7.1)cm/s]、TAMV[(50.0±10.4)cm/s比(42.4±9.8)cm/s]高于PF组,RI[(0.73±0.05)比(0.76±0.05)]低于PF组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 e HPF喂养可以引起VLBW早产儿SMA血流变化。
