This paper presents a brief overview of several promising design technologies for high efficiency silicon-based radio frequency （RF） power amplifiers （PAs） as well as the use of these technologies in mobile broadb...This paper presents a brief overview of several promising design technologies for high efficiency silicon-based radio frequency （RF） power amplifiers （PAs） as well as the use of these technologies in mobile broadband wireless communications. Four important aspects of PA design are addressed in this paper. First, we look at class-E PA design equations and provide an example of a class-E PA that achieves efficiency of 65-70% at 2.4 GHz. Then, we discuss state-of-the-art envelope tracking （ET） design for monolithic wideband RF mobile transmitter applications. A brief overview of Doherty PA design for the next-generation wireless handset applications is then given. Towards the end of the paper, we discuss an inherently broadband and highly efficient class-J PA design targeting future multi-band multi-standard wireless communication protocols.展开更多
In this paper,a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier(DPA)based on a multi-chip module(MCM),whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride(GaN)process and whose passive circuits are fabric...In this paper,a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier(DPA)based on a multi-chip module(MCM),whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride(GaN)process and whose passive circuits are fabricated using the gallium arsenide(GaAs)integrated passive device(IPD)process,is proposed for 5G massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)application.An inverted DPA structure with a low-Q output network is proposed to achieve better bandwidth performance,and a single-driver architecture is adopted for a chip with high gain and small area.The proposed DPA has a bandwidth of 4.4-5.0 GHz that can achieve a saturation of more than 45.0 dBm.The gain compression from 37 dBm to saturation power is less than 4 dB,and the average power-added efficiency(PAE)is 36.3%with an 8.5 dB peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in 4.5-5.0 GHz.The measured adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR)is better than50 dBc after digital predistortion(DPD),exhibiting satisfactory linearity.展开更多
In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency poi...In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency points can be characterized by a polynomial.And in the practical test,the coefficients of SSF can be determined by measuring a small number of data points of input power.Same as other dualinput DPAs,the proposed approach can also achieve high output power and back-off efficiency in a broadband operation band by adjusting the power distribution ratio flexibly.Finally,a 1.5-2.5 GHz highefficiency dual-input Doherty power amplifier is implemented according to this approach.The test results show that the peak power is 48.6-49.7d Bm,and the 6-d B back-off efficiency is 51.0-67.0%,and the saturation efficiency is 52.4-74.6%.The digital predistortion correction is carried out at the frequency points of 1.8/2.1GHz,and the adjacent channel power ratio is lower than-54.5d Bc.Simulation and experiment results can verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.展开更多
Dual-output power amplifiers(PAs)have shown great potential in the area of radar,satellite and wireless communication systems.However,the flexibility of the power allocation in a dual-output PA without sacrificing eff...Dual-output power amplifiers(PAs)have shown great potential in the area of radar,satellite and wireless communication systems.However,the flexibility of the power allocation in a dual-output PA without sacrificing efficiency and circuit complexity still needs further investigation.This paper presents a digitally dual-input dual-output(DIDO)PA with reconfigurable modes for power allocation application.The proposed DIDO PA is consist of two identical sub-amplifiers and a 90◦coupler,showing a simple circuit topology.The input amplitudes of the two sub-amplifiers and their phase difference is dynamically controlled leveraging on the dual-input technique,leading to reconfigurable operation modes from power allocation to Doherty.In the power allocation mode,flexible power allocation between two output ports can be obtained by the DIDO PA without sacrificing drain efficiency(DE).On the other hand,flexible power transferring and enhanced back-off DE can be simultaneously achieved by the DIDO PA when it is in the Doherty mode.As a proof of concept,a DIDO PA operating at 2.4 GHz is fabricated and measured in this paper.In the power allocation mode,the DIDO PA achieves a DE of more than 71.8%with a total output power of larger than 44 dBm.Moreover,when the DIDO PA operates in the Doherty mode,it could deliver a maximum output power of more than 44 dBm with a saturation DE of more than 73.9%and a 6 dB back-off DE of more than 61.2%.展开更多
This article presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the resilience demonstrated by the three-stage Doherty power amplifier(DPA)when operating under load mismatch conditions.Additionally,a novel reconfigurabl...This article presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the resilience demonstrated by the three-stage Doherty power amplifier(DPA)when operating under load mismatch conditions.Additionally,a novel reconfigurable three-stage DPA architecture is introduced,with the aim of enhancing resilience to load mismatch using exceptionally simple circuits and a one-dimensional(1D)control method.To validate the efficacy of this proposed architecture and control approach,a DPA prototype employing commercial gallium nitride(GaN)active devices has been designed and meticulously fabricated at 2 GHz.With a matched 50Ωload,the fabricated three-stage DPA achieves a highefficiency range of 9.5 dB with larger than 51%back-off drain efficiency(DE).Through the proposed 1D control,the DPA presents 47.0%–55.1%back-off efficiency with≤2 dB power fluctuation at a 2:1 voltage standing wave ratio(VSWR)over a 360◦phase span.When driven by a 20 MHz long-term evolution(LTE)signal with an 8 dB peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR),the DPA achieves 46.2%–53.9%average efficiency and better than−21 dBc adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR)without digital pre-distortion(DPD)under load mismatch conditions.展开更多
The present paper proposes an optimization design method for the Doherty output matching network(OMN)using impedance–phase hybrid objective function constraints,which possesses the capability of enhancing the efficie...The present paper proposes an optimization design method for the Doherty output matching network(OMN)using impedance–phase hybrid objective function constraints,which possesses the capability of enhancing the efficiency consistency of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA)using integrated enhancing reactance(IER)during the back-off power(BOP)range.By calculating the desired reactance for an extended BOP range and combining it with the two-impedance matching method,the S-parameters of the OMN are obtained.Meanwhile,the impedance and phase constraints of the OMN are proposed to narrow the distribution range of the IER.Furthermore,a fragmenttype structure is employed in the OMN optimization so as to enhance the flexibility of the circuit optimization design.To validate the proposed method,a 1.7–2.5 GHz symmetric DPA with a large BOP range was designed and fabricated.Measurement results demonstrate that across the entire operating frequency band,the saturated output power is>44 dBm,and the efficiency ranges from 45%to 55%at a 9-dB BOP.展开更多
A novel method is proposed to extend the output power back-off(OPBO)range of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA).This study reveals that the OPBO range of the DPA can be extended by tuning the output impedance of the pea...A novel method is proposed to extend the output power back-off(OPBO)range of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA).This study reveals that the OPBO range of the DPA can be extended by tuning the output impedance of the peaking stage away from infinity and changing the phase delay of the output matching network of the carrier power amplifier.Based on this theory,a large-OPBO-range high-efficiency asymmetrical DPA working band from 1.55 to 2.2 GHz(35%relative bandwidth)is designed to verify the proposed method.Experimental results show that the DPA operates from 1.6 to 2.1 GHz.The range of the measured efficiency is 42.2%–52.1%in the OPBO state and 47%–62.7%in the saturation state.The OPBO range is 11.1–13.2 dB.展开更多
This paper proposes a method for broadband and high-efficiency amplification of Doherty power amplifier （DPA） using symmetric devices. In order to achieve the perfect load modulation, the carrier amplifier output ci...This paper proposes a method for broadband and high-efficiency amplification of Doherty power amplifier （DPA） using symmetric devices. In order to achieve the perfect load modulation, the carrier amplifier output circuit total power length is designed to odd multiple of 90°, and the peak amplifier output total power length is designed to even multiple of 180°. The proposed method is demonstrated by designing a broadband high-efficiency DPA using identical 10-W packaged GaN HEMT devices. Measurement results show that over 51% drain effi- ciency is achieved at 6-dB back-off power, over the frequency band of 1.9-2.4 GHz.展开更多
The input impedance of the post-matching network(PMN)is configured as a complex value.The parameter solution space is determined based on the fundamental principles of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA),enabling the DPA...The input impedance of the post-matching network(PMN)is configured as a complex value.The parameter solution space is determined based on the fundamental principles of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA),enabling the DPA to achieve high efficiency at the output power back-off(OBO).The parameter solution space comprises three variables:the phase parameter of the output matching network for the carrier power amplifier(carrier PA),the phase parameter of the output matching network for the peaking power amplifier(peaking PA),and the input impedance of PMN.These parameters are optimized to enable the DPA to achieve high efficiency at the OBO.In this paper,a one-to-one mapping relationship is established between the frequency and the parameter solution space,allowing for a precise optimization of the DPA across a broad frequency range.Leveraging this mapping relationship,an asymmetric DPA designed to operate over the 1.8–2.6 GHz frequency band is designed and fabricated,demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.Under continuous wave excitation,the test results show that the drain efficiency(DE)is 42.7%–56.4%at 9.5 dB OBO and the saturated DE is 45.8%–71.1%.The saturated output power of this DPA is 46.9–48.8 dBm with a gain of 5.5–8.0 dB at saturation.A 20-MHz long-term-evolution modulated signal with a peak-to-average power ratio of 8 dB is also applied to the fabricated DPA at 1.8,2.1,and 2.6 GHz.Under these conditions,at 8 dB OBO,the DPA shows an adjacent channel power ratio always lower than 48 dBc after digital pre-distortion linearization.展开更多
文摘This paper presents a brief overview of several promising design technologies for high efficiency silicon-based radio frequency （RF） power amplifiers （PAs） as well as the use of these technologies in mobile broadband wireless communications. Four important aspects of PA design are addressed in this paper. First, we look at class-E PA design equations and provide an example of a class-E PA that achieves efficiency of 65-70% at 2.4 GHz. Then, we discuss state-of-the-art envelope tracking （ET） design for monolithic wideband RF mobile transmitter applications. A brief overview of Doherty PA design for the next-generation wireless handset applications is then given. Towards the end of the paper, we discuss an inherently broadband and highly efficient class-J PA design targeting future multi-band multi-standard wireless communication protocols.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0716601)the National Science Fund(62225111).
文摘In this paper,a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier(DPA)based on a multi-chip module(MCM),whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride(GaN)process and whose passive circuits are fabricated using the gallium arsenide(GaAs)integrated passive device(IPD)process,is proposed for 5G massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)application.An inverted DPA structure with a low-Q output network is proposed to achieve better bandwidth performance,and a single-driver architecture is adopted for a chip with high gain and small area.The proposed DPA has a bandwidth of 4.4-5.0 GHz that can achieve a saturation of more than 45.0 dBm.The gain compression from 37 dBm to saturation power is less than 4 dB,and the average power-added efficiency(PAE)is 36.3%with an 8.5 dB peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in 4.5-5.0 GHz.The measured adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR)is better than50 dBc after digital predistortion(DPD),exhibiting satisfactory linearity.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62001061)。
文摘In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency points can be characterized by a polynomial.And in the practical test,the coefficients of SSF can be determined by measuring a small number of data points of input power.Same as other dualinput DPAs,the proposed approach can also achieve high output power and back-off efficiency in a broadband operation band by adjusting the power distribution ratio flexibly.Finally,a 1.5-2.5 GHz highefficiency dual-input Doherty power amplifier is implemented according to this approach.The test results show that the peak power is 48.6-49.7d Bm,and the 6-d B back-off efficiency is 51.0-67.0%,and the saturation efficiency is 52.4-74.6%.The digital predistortion correction is carried out at the frequency points of 1.8/2.1GHz,and the adjacent channel power ratio is lower than-54.5d Bc.Simulation and experiment results can verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62201100).
文摘Dual-output power amplifiers(PAs)have shown great potential in the area of radar,satellite and wireless communication systems.However,the flexibility of the power allocation in a dual-output PA without sacrificing efficiency and circuit complexity still needs further investigation.This paper presents a digitally dual-input dual-output(DIDO)PA with reconfigurable modes for power allocation application.The proposed DIDO PA is consist of two identical sub-amplifiers and a 90◦coupler,showing a simple circuit topology.The input amplitudes of the two sub-amplifiers and their phase difference is dynamically controlled leveraging on the dual-input technique,leading to reconfigurable operation modes from power allocation to Doherty.In the power allocation mode,flexible power allocation between two output ports can be obtained by the DIDO PA without sacrificing drain efficiency(DE).On the other hand,flexible power transferring and enhanced back-off DE can be simultaneously achieved by the DIDO PA when it is in the Doherty mode.As a proof of concept,a DIDO PA operating at 2.4 GHz is fabricated and measured in this paper.In the power allocation mode,the DIDO PA achieves a DE of more than 71.8%with a total output power of larger than 44 dBm.Moreover,when the DIDO PA operates in the Doherty mode,it could deliver a maximum output power of more than 44 dBm with a saturation DE of more than 73.9%and a 6 dB back-off DE of more than 61.2%.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB2904900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62171065)。
文摘This article presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the resilience demonstrated by the three-stage Doherty power amplifier(DPA)when operating under load mismatch conditions.Additionally,a novel reconfigurable three-stage DPA architecture is introduced,with the aim of enhancing resilience to load mismatch using exceptionally simple circuits and a one-dimensional(1D)control method.To validate the efficacy of this proposed architecture and control approach,a DPA prototype employing commercial gallium nitride(GaN)active devices has been designed and meticulously fabricated at 2 GHz.With a matched 50Ωload,the fabricated three-stage DPA achieves a highefficiency range of 9.5 dB with larger than 51%back-off drain efficiency(DE).Through the proposed 1D control,the DPA presents 47.0%–55.1%back-off efficiency with≤2 dB power fluctuation at a 2:1 voltage standing wave ratio(VSWR)over a 360◦phase span.When driven by a 20 MHz long-term evolution(LTE)signal with an 8 dB peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR),the DPA achieves 46.2%–53.9%average efficiency and better than−21 dBc adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR)without digital pre-distortion(DPD)under load mismatch conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62171204,62001192,and 62171129)。
文摘The present paper proposes an optimization design method for the Doherty output matching network(OMN)using impedance–phase hybrid objective function constraints,which possesses the capability of enhancing the efficiency consistency of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA)using integrated enhancing reactance(IER)during the back-off power(BOP)range.By calculating the desired reactance for an extended BOP range and combining it with the two-impedance matching method,the S-parameters of the OMN are obtained.Meanwhile,the impedance and phase constraints of the OMN are proposed to narrow the distribution range of the IER.Furthermore,a fragmenttype structure is employed in the OMN optimization so as to enhance the flexibility of the circuit optimization design.To validate the proposed method,a 1.7–2.5 GHz symmetric DPA with a large BOP range was designed and fabricated.Measurement results demonstrate that across the entire operating frequency band,the saturated output power is>44 dBm,and the efficiency ranges from 45%to 55%at a 9-dB BOP.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(Nos.62001061 and 62171068)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Educa-tion Commission(No.KJQN201900621)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(No.cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0129)。
文摘A novel method is proposed to extend the output power back-off(OPBO)range of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA).This study reveals that the OPBO range of the DPA can be extended by tuning the output impedance of the peaking stage away from infinity and changing the phase delay of the output matching network of the carrier power amplifier.Based on this theory,a large-OPBO-range high-efficiency asymmetrical DPA working band from 1.55 to 2.2 GHz(35%relative bandwidth)is designed to verify the proposed method.Experimental results show that the DPA operates from 1.6 to 2.1 GHz.The range of the measured efficiency is 42.2%–52.1%in the OPBO state and 47%–62.7%in the saturation state.The OPBO range is 11.1–13.2 dB.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60123456)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ16F010001)the Zhejiang Provincial Public Technology Research Project(No.2016C31070)
文摘This paper proposes a method for broadband and high-efficiency amplification of Doherty power amplifier （DPA） using symmetric devices. In order to achieve the perfect load modulation, the carrier amplifier output circuit total power length is designed to odd multiple of 90°, and the peak amplifier output total power length is designed to even multiple of 180°. The proposed method is demonstrated by designing a broadband high-efficiency DPA using identical 10-W packaged GaN HEMT devices. Measurement results show that over 51% drain effi- ciency is achieved at 6-dB back-off power, over the frequency band of 1.9-2.4 GHz.
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave,China(No.HTKJ2023KL504005)the Funds in the Field of Technology of the Enhanced Program of National Basic Research,China(No.2022-JCJQ-JJ-0637)。
文摘The input impedance of the post-matching network(PMN)is configured as a complex value.The parameter solution space is determined based on the fundamental principles of the Doherty power amplifier(DPA),enabling the DPA to achieve high efficiency at the output power back-off(OBO).The parameter solution space comprises three variables:the phase parameter of the output matching network for the carrier power amplifier(carrier PA),the phase parameter of the output matching network for the peaking power amplifier(peaking PA),and the input impedance of PMN.These parameters are optimized to enable the DPA to achieve high efficiency at the OBO.In this paper,a one-to-one mapping relationship is established between the frequency and the parameter solution space,allowing for a precise optimization of the DPA across a broad frequency range.Leveraging this mapping relationship,an asymmetric DPA designed to operate over the 1.8–2.6 GHz frequency band is designed and fabricated,demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.Under continuous wave excitation,the test results show that the drain efficiency(DE)is 42.7%–56.4%at 9.5 dB OBO and the saturated DE is 45.8%–71.1%.The saturated output power of this DPA is 46.9–48.8 dBm with a gain of 5.5–8.0 dB at saturation.A 20-MHz long-term-evolution modulated signal with a peak-to-average power ratio of 8 dB is also applied to the fabricated DPA at 1.8,2.1,and 2.6 GHz.Under these conditions,at 8 dB OBO,the DPA shows an adjacent channel power ratio always lower than 48 dBc after digital pre-distortion linearization.
