I love dogs because they are so friendly and lovely.With bright eyes,dogs can see things in the dark.Their noses are very sensitive,and this helps them find things easily.My pet dog is named Dahu.He is white with long...I love dogs because they are so friendly and lovely.With bright eyes,dogs can see things in the dark.Their noses are very sensitive,and this helps them find things easily.My pet dog is named Dahu.He is white with long ears.Every day when I come back home from school,he runs to me happily and wags his tail.We often play games together.He likes to chase a ball,and I throw the ball far,then he runs quickly to bring it back.展开更多
在英语影视剧或文学作品中,你或许见过这样的场景:主角望着窗外倾盆大雨惊呼“It’s raining cats and dogs!”。其中,raining cats and dogs字面意思是“天上掉猫狗”,实际却用来形容暴雨如瀑布般猛烈。这种超现实的表达并非空穴来风,...在英语影视剧或文学作品中,你或许见过这样的场景:主角望着窗外倾盆大雨惊呼“It’s raining cats and dogs!”。其中,raining cats and dogs字面意思是“天上掉猫狗”,实际却用来形容暴雨如瀑布般猛烈。这种超现实的表达并非空穴来风,它的诞生糅合了神话想象与历史现实,成为英语文化中一道独特的语言风景。展开更多
Social learning is a mechanism used by many species to effciently gain information about their environment.Although many animals live in an environment where members of other species are present,little is known about ...Social learning is a mechanism used by many species to effciently gain information about their environment.Although many animals live in an environment where members of other species are present,little is known about interspecifc social learning.Domesticated and urbanized species provide the opportunity to investigate whether nonhuman animals can learn from heterospecifcs such as humans,who are integral parts of their social landscape.Although domestic dogs Canis familiaris have been intensively researched for their ability to learn from humans,most studies have focused on dogs living as pets.However,free-ranging dogs represent the majority of the world’s dog population,they live alongside humans,scavenge on human refuse,and are subject to natural and sexual selection.Thus,free-ranging dogs with extensive exposure to humans and their artifacts provide the opportunity to investigate interspecifc social learning in a naturalistic setting,where learning from humans might be a beneft for them.Here we tested individual free-ranging dogs in a between-subject design:Dogs in the control group could spontaneously choose between two novel and differently patterned food-delivering boxes.In the experimental group,instead,dogs could frst observe an unfamiliar human approaching and eating from 1 of the 2 boxes.We provide the frst evidence that free-ranging dogs match the choice of an unfamiliar human.These results show that at least simple forms of interspecifc social learning might be involved in dogs’success in living alongside humans in a complex urbanized environment.展开更多
Feline panleukopenia virus(FPV)is a single-stranded DNA virus that can infect cats and cause feline panleukopenia,which is a highly contagious and fatal disease in felines.The sequence of FPV is highly variable,and mu...Feline panleukopenia virus(FPV)is a single-stranded DNA virus that can infect cats and cause feline panleukopenia,which is a highly contagious and fatal disease in felines.The sequence of FPV is highly variable,and mutations in the amino acids of its capsid protein play crucial roles in altering viral virulence,immunogenicity,host selection,and other abilities.In this study,the epidemiology of FPV was studied using 746 gastrointestinal swab samples derived from cats that presented gastrointestinal symptoms specifcally,diarrhea or vomiting during the period spanning from 2018 to 2022.The overall prevalence of FPV-positive patients among these samples was determined to be 45.4%.Capsid(virion)protein 2(VP2)gene of each FPV-positive sample was sequenced and amplifed,yielding 65 VP2 sequences.Among them,six VP2 gene sequences were detected in the majority of the samples test positive for FPV,and these positive samples originated from a diverse range of geographical locations.These isolates were named FPV-6,FPV-10,FPV-15,FPV-251,FPV-271 and FPV-S2.Additionally,the substitution of Ala300Pro(A300P)in VP2 was detected for the frst time in feline-derived FPV(FPV-251).FPV-251 isolate,with this substitution in VP2 protein,exhibited stable proliferative capacity in Madin-Darby canine kidney(MDCK)cells and A72 cells.FPV-271 was selected as the FPV control isolate due to its single amino acid diference from VP2 protein of FPV-251 at position 300(FPV-271 has alanine,while FPV-251 has proline).After oral infection,both FPV-251 and FPV-271 isolates caused feline panleukopenia,which is characterized by clinical signs of enterocolitis.However,FPV-251 can infect dogs through the oral route and cause gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms with lesions in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes(MLNs)of infected dogs.This is the frst report on the presence of an A300P substitution in VP2 protein of feline-derived FPV.Additionally,FPV isolate with a substitution of A300P at VP2 protein demonstrated efcient replication capabilities in canine cell lines and the ability to infect dogs.展开更多
Canine parvovirus 2(CPV-2)is a highly contagious virus in dogs that typically causes hemorrhagic enteritis and a high mortality rate in unvaccinated puppies.The genetic variability and antigenic diversity of CPV-2 hin...Canine parvovirus 2(CPV-2)is a highly contagious virus in dogs that typically causes hemorrhagic enteritis and a high mortality rate in unvaccinated puppies.The genetic variability and antigenic diversity of CPV-2 hinder its efective prevention of infection by vaccination.To investigate the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of CPV-2 in China,rectal swabs from afected dogs were collected from diferent animal clinics in Kunshan from 2022 to 2023.Preliminary detection and capsid gene sequencing of CPV-2 were performed using previously described primers and protocols.The overall detection rate for CPV-2 was 16.5%(33/200).A signifcant association was found between the CPV-2-positivity and clinical signs,age,breed and vaccination status.Sequence analysis revealed the presence of CPV-2c genotypes in all positive samples,which were genetically similar to other Asian CPV-2c strains.Notably,four key mutations(A5G,F267Y,Y324I and Q370R)were detected in all isolates,and one novel mutation(I447M)was detected in three CPV-2 isolates.These mutations in the CPV-2 strains could impact vaccine efcacy and the efectiveness of the virus immune evasion.Surprisingly,no recombination events were observed between the identifed CPV-2c strains and reference strains from China.Our data revealed that amino acid residues 324,426 and 440 of VP2 may under strong selection pressure.This pattern of genetic variation in the CPV-2 lineage warrants continuous laboratory-based surveillance programs in other parts of China to better understand the pattern of seasonal distribution and association between emerging genotypes and the intensity of disease severity.展开更多
Retroviruses have been proven to cause infections and diseases in a series of mammalian hosts but not in dogs.Then,this letter discussed the dog susceptibility to retrovirus infection,encompassing arguments to underst...Retroviruses have been proven to cause infections and diseases in a series of mammalian hosts but not in dogs.Then,this letter discussed the dog susceptibility to retrovirus infection,encompassing arguments to understand why dogs may have not been infected by retroviruses thus far.The potential resistance of retrovirus in dogs enables this provocative short communication to discuss this question,looking at some evolutive aspects.The lineage of canids has shown,throughout its evolutionary history,a smaller accumulation of retroviruses in canid genomes,classifed as endogenous retroviruses.In this context,the genomes of canids seem to ofer obstacles,which have been evolutionarily conserved,in the face of retroviral infection.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to compare the ixodicide efficacy of 1% permethrin applied as a shampoo-bath in single treatment and a combined formulation of 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide applied as powder i...The aim of the present study was to compare the ixodicide efficacy of 1% permethrin applied as a shampoo-bath in single treatment and a combined formulation of 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide applied as powder in a single treatment against Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, in naturally infested dogs. Eighteen adult cross-mixed dogs, harboring to at least 20 ticks/animal, were selected on pre-treatment live tick counts. On day 0, the dogs were then divided in 3 groups of 6 animals each, for treatment: Group 1 (G1) received 1% permethrin applied as shampoo-bath (approximately 10 ml/kg bw), according to label instructions. G2 was treated with 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide applied as powder, and rubbed as massage on the body, as recommended by the producer. G3 served as a non-treated control. After the treatment, the dogs were checked out for live ticks counting on days 0, 1, 7, and 14. The ixodicide efficacy was assessed based on the percentage reductions of ticks on the days analyzed post-treatment, with respect to the untreated control. Results showed that permethrin alone removed ticks on 81%, 93.1% and 89.6% for days 1, 7 and 14, respectively. The combined formulation of 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide exerted a better efficacy of 98.8, 97.7 and 97.0%, respectively. It is concluded that this combined formulation was highly effective at rapidly repelling and killing Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks on naturally infected dogs, showing a significant effect on days 1, 7 and 14 after tick exposure. The sustained high and quick level of efficacy of this combination may well interfere with the transmission of Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks. It is concluded that the sustained high level of efficacy of the permethrin + piperonyl butoxide combination may well exert an additive effect and could interfere with the transmission of Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks.展开更多
Activity 1.Think about the following questions and write down your answers before reading the text.1.Do you know some foods are toxic to dogs?2.What foods do you avoid giving your dog?
Chronic kidney disease is commonly diagnosed in dogs,and clinical signs may be aggravated when infected agents are involved.In this case report,33 dogs with chronic kidney disease were clinically evaluated and serolog...Chronic kidney disease is commonly diagnosed in dogs,and clinical signs may be aggravated when infected agents are involved.In this case report,33 dogs with chronic kidney disease were clinically evaluated and serologically tested for Leptospira spp.,Ehrlichia canis,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.The seroprevalence for Leptospira spp.was 39.4%.The most frequent serovars found were Pyrogenes,Canicola,Bratislava and Australis,with serological titers between 1:100 to 1:800.Clinical signs included fever,depression,decreased body condition,vomiting and hema‑turia.Signifcant laboratory fndings were anemia,leukocytosis,thrombocytopenia,increased liver enzymes,urea and creatinine,hyperbilirubinemia and hyperphosphatemia.All leptospira seronegative dogs were positive for one or both monitored homoparasites(i.e.,E.canis and A.phagocytophilum);only three leptospira seropositive dogs were positive for one or both hemoparasites.Findings also suggest that endemic hemoparasites of dogs should be moni‑tored in dogs with a kidney condition for a better clinical picture of the patients and therapeutic approach.展开更多
Superficial microbiota disturbances are common in dogs, with Malassezia pachydermatis yeasts often being involved. Topical products are recommended as a first-line management strategy;however, literature regarding spe...Superficial microbiota disturbances are common in dogs, with Malassezia pachydermatis yeasts often being involved. Topical products are recommended as a first-line management strategy;however, literature regarding specific topical protocols is still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a protocol combining chlorhexidine and Ophytrium-containing products in reducing yeast counts in dogs with microscopic evidence of yeast imbalance and dermatological signs. Dogs were shampooed on Day 0 (D0) and then received eight mousse applications at two to three-day intervals. Followed-up parameters on D0, Day 7 (D7), and Day 21 (D21) were microscopic yeast counting, pruritus, and skin irritation scores. At D21, veterinarians’ and owners’ overall assessments were collected. Malassezia pachydermatis counts decreased at D7 (57.3% vs D0, p p p p < 0.001). Efficacy was described by all veterinarians from good to excellent, and the proposed procedures were evaluated as efficient and practical by the owners in 91.7% of the cases. The protocol using chlorhexidine and Ophytrium shampoo and mousse could be a useful option in dogs presenting imbalances in yeast cutaneous microbiota.展开更多
Some animals have the capacity to produce different alarm calls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not clear what cognitive processes are involved in generating these calls. One possibility is the po...Some animals have the capacity to produce different alarm calls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not clear what cognitive processes are involved in generating these calls. One possibility is the position of the predator： Anything on the ground receives a terrestrial predator call, and anything in the air receives an aerial predator call. Another possibility is that animals are able to recognize the physical features of predators and incorporate those into their calls. As a way of elucidating which of these mechanisms plays a primary role in generating the structure of different calls, we performed two field experiments with Gunnison＇s prairie dogs. First, we presented the prairie dogs with a circle, a triangle, and a square, each moving across the colony at the same height and speed. Second, we presented the prairie dogs with two squares of differing sizes. DFA statistics showed that 82.6 percent of calls for the circle and 79.2 percent of the calls for the triangle were correctly classified, and 73.3 percent of the calls for the square were classified as either square or circle. Also, 100 percent of the calls for the larger square and 90 percent of the calls for the smaller square were correctly classified. Because both squares and circles are features of terrestrial predators and triangles are features of aerial predators, our results suggest that prairie dogs might have a cognitive mechanism that labels the abstract shape and size of different predators, rather than the position of the predator [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 741-748, 2012].展开更多
Jumping sun dogs are rapid light flashes changing over clouds, with some of them located close to the places of halo formation in thunder storms clouds. This paper presents an outline of some aspects that are required...Jumping sun dogs are rapid light flashes changing over clouds, with some of them located close to the places of halo formation in thunder storms clouds. This paper presents an outline of some aspects that are required for understanding the jumping sun dogs, using some experiments with light scattering in complex fluids. In our analogy, we have observed the jumping laser dogs, in which the ice crystals are replaced by needlelike structures of ferrofluid, the electric field in the atmosphere is represented by an external magnetic field, and the laser beam scattered by the ferrofluid structure has the same role of the sun as the source of light scattered by the ice crystals subjected to changing electric fields in thunderstorm clouds.展开更多
We developed an HPLC method to study the pharmacokinetics ofpuerarin in Beagle dogs after oral administration of puerarin or puerarin mixed micelles （PMMS）. Beagle dogs were divided into two groups randomly, and the...We developed an HPLC method to study the pharmacokinetics ofpuerarin in Beagle dogs after oral administration of puerarin or puerarin mixed micelles （PMMS）. Beagle dogs were divided into two groups randomly, and the blood samples were collected at fixed time intervals after single oral administration ofpuerarin or PMMS at a dosage of 120 mg/kg. Following sample preparation, analytes were separated on a C18 column （DIKMA, 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm） with a guard column （DIKMA, 8 mm×4 mm） and eluted with methanol-water （25：75, v/v）. Theophylline was used as the internal standard. WinNonlin 6.1 （Pharsight, USA） was used to calculate the pharrnacokinetic parameters. The pharmacokinetic parameters for puerarin and PMMS in Beagle dogs were as follows： AUC, 515.96 and 2796.43 min μg/mL; Tmax, 61.48 and 202.91 min; CL/F, 232.58 and 42.91 mL/min/kg, respectively. The relative bioavailability of PMMS to puerarin was 542.0%. Our results showed that the mixed micelle preparation significantly improved the bioavailability of puerarin by delaying absorption and reducing clearance.展开更多
The pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet were studied with HPLC-electrochemical detection. Eight male dogs received single 5 mg dose of naloxone intravenously, the plasma con...The pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet were studied with HPLC-electrochemical detection. Eight male dogs received single 5 mg dose of naloxone intravenously, the plasma concentration-time curves could be fitted to two-compartment open model, with 12.0 min of t1/2( , 143.4 min of t1/2( and 7.92 mg(min/L of AUC. The same eight dogs received 5 mg dose of the sublingual naloxone tablet after an interval of a week. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were: t1/2ka = 11.0 min, t1/2( = 15.4 min, t1/2( = 164.1 min, Tmax = 27.7 min, Cmax = 34.2 ng / ml, and AUC = 6.79 mg(min / L, respectively. The plasma concentration-time curves were fitted to the first order absorption two-compartment open model also. The mean absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet was 86.8 ( 10.9%. No statistically significant differences were found with t1/2(, t1/2(, ( and ( between the two routes of administration. These results indicated that the course of disposition for naloxone in dogs was similar for the two routes of administration, and the absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet was high. Thus satisfactory clinical effects could be expected.展开更多
Domestic cats and dogs are carnivores that have evolved differentially in the nutrition and metabolism of amino acids.This article highlights both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids.Dogs inadequately synth...Domestic cats and dogs are carnivores that have evolved differentially in the nutrition and metabolism of amino acids.This article highlights both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids.Dogs inadequately synthesize citrulline(the precursor of arginine)from glutamine,glutamate,and proline in the small intestine.Although most breeds of dogs have potential for adequately converting cysteine into taurine in the liver,a small proportion(1.3%-2.5%)of the Newfoundland dogs fed commercially available balanced diets exhibit a deficiency of taurine possibly due to gene mutations.Certain breeds of dogs(e.g.,golden retrievers)are more prone to taurine deficiency possibly due to lower hepatic activities of cysteine dioxygenase and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase.De novo synthesis of arginine and taurine is very limited in cats.Thus,concentrations of both taurine and arginine in feline milk are the greatest among domestic mammals.Compared with dogs,cats have greater endogenous nitrogen losses and higher dietary requirements for many amino acids(e.g.,arginine,taurine,cysteine,and tyrosine),and are less sensitive to amino acid imbalances and antagonisms.Throughout adulthood,cats and dogs may lose 34%and 21%of their lean body mass,respectively.Adequate intakes of high-quality protein(i.e.,32%and 40%animal protein in diets of aging dogs and cats,respectively;dry matter basis)are recommended to alleviate aging-associated reductions in the mass and function of skeletal muscles and bones.Pet-food grade animal-sourced foodstuffs are excellent sources of both proteinogenic amino acids and taurine for cats and dogs,and can help to optimize their growth,development,and health.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the Anaplasma phagocytophilum(A.phagocytophilum),Ehrlichia canis(E.canis,Dirofilaria immitis(D.immitis)(canine heartworm),Borrelia burgdorferi(B.burgdorferi)infections in countryside dogs from Yu...Objective:To evaluate the Anaplasma phagocytophilum(A.phagocytophilum),Ehrlichia canis(E.canis,Dirofilaria immitis(D.immitis)(canine heartworm),Borrelia burgdorferi(B.burgdorferi)infections in countryside dogs from Yunnan,Hainan and Anhui provinces.Methods:Serum samples were collected from 26 dogs in Yunnan.Hainan and Anhui provinces.The samples were tested using a commercial ELISA rapid diagnostic assay kit(SNAP^(?)4Dx^(?);IDEXX Laboratories,Inc.U.S.A.).Meaiiwliile,indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)recommended by WHO was conducted to delect IgG to A.phagocytophilum.Two methods were analyzed and compared.Results:The number of serologically positive dogs for IgG to A.phagocytophilum was only 2which was from Hainan province and none of the 26 dogs responded positive for E.canu.D.immitis(canine heartworm,and B.burgdorferi by ELISA rapid diagnostic method.The number of serologically positive dogs for IgG to A.phagocytophilum was 13(50%)by IFA method.Data of the two methods were analyzed by statistical software and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.002).Conclusions:It can be concluded that IFA method was more sensitive than ELISA rapid diagnostic method.However,we need conduct further and intensive epidemiology survey on tick-born diseases pathogens including.4.phagocytophilum,E.canis,D.immitis(canine heartworm),and B.burgdorferi which have public health significance.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate clinical and hematological aspects of dogs naturally infected with Hepatozoon canis(H.canis)presented at the Small Animal Clinics of Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,Ludhi...Objective:To evaluate clinical and hematological aspects of dogs naturally infected with Hepatozoon canis(H.canis)presented at the Small Animal Clinics of Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana.Methods:Blood films of 34 naturally infected dogs were examined for haematological alterations and parasitaemia.Signalment and clinical signs were recorded from the animals.Clinical histories were filled oul during the consultation.Results:Of the 34 positive dogs by Giemsa stained peripheral blood films.88.23%presented parasilaemia by H.canis only,while 11.77%had the combination of H.canis,Babesia sp.and Ehrlichia sp.Young male dogs less than oue-year-old,of nondescript breed,were the most commonly affected.And 26.47%were presented with anorexia/inappetence as the only clinical symptom.Other clinical symptoms were mild to moderate fever,pale mucosae and lethargy;a few were also showing the signs of vomiting and diarrhoea.Haematological alterations showed mainly normochromic-normocytic anaemia,leukocytosis and neutrophilia.Conclusions:The findings of this study substantiate that H.canis caused clinical and haematological alterations of the varied intensity in dogs,even with low parasilaemia.should he taken into consideration.展开更多
Hypoxia represents one of the most extreme environmental conditions for both human beings and animals living at high al- titudes （Zhao et al., 2009）. Over the past few years, great attention has been focused on the ...Hypoxia represents one of the most extreme environmental conditions for both human beings and animals living at high al- titudes （Zhao et al., 2009）. Over the past few years, great attention has been focused on the genetic bases of adaption to high-altitude environments （Bigham et al., 2010; Simonson et al., 2010）. The domestic dog （Canisfamiliaris） is the first animal that developed an intimate relationship with human beings. Dogs migrated with human beings and have adapted to variety of ecological niches （Savolainen et al., 2002）. Our previous research revealed parallel evolution and convergent evolution in the adaptation of dogs and humans to the high-altitude environment of the Tibetan plateau （Wang et al., 2013, 2014）, suggesting that exploring the adaption of domestic dogs to high-altitude hypoxia is an interesting and important question.展开更多
Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-strand...Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014;Ge et al. 2018).展开更多
文摘I love dogs because they are so friendly and lovely.With bright eyes,dogs can see things in the dark.Their noses are very sensitive,and this helps them find things easily.My pet dog is named Dahu.He is white with long ears.Every day when I come back home from school,he runs to me happily and wags his tail.We often play games together.He likes to chase a ball,and I throw the ball far,then he runs quickly to bring it back.
文摘在英语影视剧或文学作品中,你或许见过这样的场景:主角望着窗外倾盆大雨惊呼“It’s raining cats and dogs!”。其中,raining cats and dogs字面意思是“天上掉猫狗”,实际却用来形容暴雨如瀑布般猛烈。这种超现实的表达并非空穴来风,它的诞生糅合了神话想象与历史现实,成为英语文化中一道独特的语言风景。
文摘Social learning is a mechanism used by many species to effciently gain information about their environment.Although many animals live in an environment where members of other species are present,little is known about interspecifc social learning.Domesticated and urbanized species provide the opportunity to investigate whether nonhuman animals can learn from heterospecifcs such as humans,who are integral parts of their social landscape.Although domestic dogs Canis familiaris have been intensively researched for their ability to learn from humans,most studies have focused on dogs living as pets.However,free-ranging dogs represent the majority of the world’s dog population,they live alongside humans,scavenge on human refuse,and are subject to natural and sexual selection.Thus,free-ranging dogs with extensive exposure to humans and their artifacts provide the opportunity to investigate interspecifc social learning in a naturalistic setting,where learning from humans might be a beneft for them.Here we tested individual free-ranging dogs in a between-subject design:Dogs in the control group could spontaneously choose between two novel and differently patterned food-delivering boxes.In the experimental group,instead,dogs could frst observe an unfamiliar human approaching and eating from 1 of the 2 boxes.We provide the frst evidence that free-ranging dogs match the choice of an unfamiliar human.These results show that at least simple forms of interspecifc social learning might be involved in dogs’success in living alongside humans in a complex urbanized environment.
基金the Experimental Animal Research Project of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023CFA005).
文摘Feline panleukopenia virus(FPV)is a single-stranded DNA virus that can infect cats and cause feline panleukopenia,which is a highly contagious and fatal disease in felines.The sequence of FPV is highly variable,and mutations in the amino acids of its capsid protein play crucial roles in altering viral virulence,immunogenicity,host selection,and other abilities.In this study,the epidemiology of FPV was studied using 746 gastrointestinal swab samples derived from cats that presented gastrointestinal symptoms specifcally,diarrhea or vomiting during the period spanning from 2018 to 2022.The overall prevalence of FPV-positive patients among these samples was determined to be 45.4%.Capsid(virion)protein 2(VP2)gene of each FPV-positive sample was sequenced and amplifed,yielding 65 VP2 sequences.Among them,six VP2 gene sequences were detected in the majority of the samples test positive for FPV,and these positive samples originated from a diverse range of geographical locations.These isolates were named FPV-6,FPV-10,FPV-15,FPV-251,FPV-271 and FPV-S2.Additionally,the substitution of Ala300Pro(A300P)in VP2 was detected for the frst time in feline-derived FPV(FPV-251).FPV-251 isolate,with this substitution in VP2 protein,exhibited stable proliferative capacity in Madin-Darby canine kidney(MDCK)cells and A72 cells.FPV-271 was selected as the FPV control isolate due to its single amino acid diference from VP2 protein of FPV-251 at position 300(FPV-271 has alanine,while FPV-251 has proline).After oral infection,both FPV-251 and FPV-271 isolates caused feline panleukopenia,which is characterized by clinical signs of enterocolitis.However,FPV-251 can infect dogs through the oral route and cause gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms with lesions in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes(MLNs)of infected dogs.This is the frst report on the presence of an A300P substitution in VP2 protein of feline-derived FPV.Additionally,FPV isolate with a substitution of A300P at VP2 protein demonstrated efcient replication capabilities in canine cell lines and the ability to infect dogs.
基金Kunshan Municipal Government research funding(Grant Number:22KKSGR075).
文摘Canine parvovirus 2(CPV-2)is a highly contagious virus in dogs that typically causes hemorrhagic enteritis and a high mortality rate in unvaccinated puppies.The genetic variability and antigenic diversity of CPV-2 hinder its efective prevention of infection by vaccination.To investigate the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of CPV-2 in China,rectal swabs from afected dogs were collected from diferent animal clinics in Kunshan from 2022 to 2023.Preliminary detection and capsid gene sequencing of CPV-2 were performed using previously described primers and protocols.The overall detection rate for CPV-2 was 16.5%(33/200).A signifcant association was found between the CPV-2-positivity and clinical signs,age,breed and vaccination status.Sequence analysis revealed the presence of CPV-2c genotypes in all positive samples,which were genetically similar to other Asian CPV-2c strains.Notably,four key mutations(A5G,F267Y,Y324I and Q370R)were detected in all isolates,and one novel mutation(I447M)was detected in three CPV-2 isolates.These mutations in the CPV-2 strains could impact vaccine efcacy and the efectiveness of the virus immune evasion.Surprisingly,no recombination events were observed between the identifed CPV-2c strains and reference strains from China.Our data revealed that amino acid residues 324,426 and 440 of VP2 may under strong selection pressure.This pattern of genetic variation in the CPV-2 lineage warrants continuous laboratory-based surveillance programs in other parts of China to better understand the pattern of seasonal distribution and association between emerging genotypes and the intensity of disease severity.
基金Fapesp 2014/22827–7Ministério da Saúde do BrasilFundação Faculdade de Medicina and CNPq Grant to JC:301275/2019–0.
文摘Retroviruses have been proven to cause infections and diseases in a series of mammalian hosts but not in dogs.Then,this letter discussed the dog susceptibility to retrovirus infection,encompassing arguments to understand why dogs may have not been infected by retroviruses thus far.The potential resistance of retrovirus in dogs enables this provocative short communication to discuss this question,looking at some evolutive aspects.The lineage of canids has shown,throughout its evolutionary history,a smaller accumulation of retroviruses in canid genomes,classifed as endogenous retroviruses.In this context,the genomes of canids seem to ofer obstacles,which have been evolutionarily conserved,in the face of retroviral infection.
文摘The aim of the present study was to compare the ixodicide efficacy of 1% permethrin applied as a shampoo-bath in single treatment and a combined formulation of 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide applied as powder in a single treatment against Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, in naturally infested dogs. Eighteen adult cross-mixed dogs, harboring to at least 20 ticks/animal, were selected on pre-treatment live tick counts. On day 0, the dogs were then divided in 3 groups of 6 animals each, for treatment: Group 1 (G1) received 1% permethrin applied as shampoo-bath (approximately 10 ml/kg bw), according to label instructions. G2 was treated with 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide applied as powder, and rubbed as massage on the body, as recommended by the producer. G3 served as a non-treated control. After the treatment, the dogs were checked out for live ticks counting on days 0, 1, 7, and 14. The ixodicide efficacy was assessed based on the percentage reductions of ticks on the days analyzed post-treatment, with respect to the untreated control. Results showed that permethrin alone removed ticks on 81%, 93.1% and 89.6% for days 1, 7 and 14, respectively. The combined formulation of 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide exerted a better efficacy of 98.8, 97.7 and 97.0%, respectively. It is concluded that this combined formulation was highly effective at rapidly repelling and killing Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks on naturally infected dogs, showing a significant effect on days 1, 7 and 14 after tick exposure. The sustained high and quick level of efficacy of this combination may well interfere with the transmission of Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks. It is concluded that the sustained high level of efficacy of the permethrin + piperonyl butoxide combination may well exert an additive effect and could interfere with the transmission of Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks.
文摘Activity 1.Think about the following questions and write down your answers before reading the text.1.Do you know some foods are toxic to dogs?2.What foods do you avoid giving your dog?
文摘Chronic kidney disease is commonly diagnosed in dogs,and clinical signs may be aggravated when infected agents are involved.In this case report,33 dogs with chronic kidney disease were clinically evaluated and serologically tested for Leptospira spp.,Ehrlichia canis,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.The seroprevalence for Leptospira spp.was 39.4%.The most frequent serovars found were Pyrogenes,Canicola,Bratislava and Australis,with serological titers between 1:100 to 1:800.Clinical signs included fever,depression,decreased body condition,vomiting and hema‑turia.Signifcant laboratory fndings were anemia,leukocytosis,thrombocytopenia,increased liver enzymes,urea and creatinine,hyperbilirubinemia and hyperphosphatemia.All leptospira seronegative dogs were positive for one or both monitored homoparasites(i.e.,E.canis and A.phagocytophilum);only three leptospira seropositive dogs were positive for one or both hemoparasites.Findings also suggest that endemic hemoparasites of dogs should be moni‑tored in dogs with a kidney condition for a better clinical picture of the patients and therapeutic approach.
文摘Superficial microbiota disturbances are common in dogs, with Malassezia pachydermatis yeasts often being involved. Topical products are recommended as a first-line management strategy;however, literature regarding specific topical protocols is still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a protocol combining chlorhexidine and Ophytrium-containing products in reducing yeast counts in dogs with microscopic evidence of yeast imbalance and dermatological signs. Dogs were shampooed on Day 0 (D0) and then received eight mousse applications at two to three-day intervals. Followed-up parameters on D0, Day 7 (D7), and Day 21 (D21) were microscopic yeast counting, pruritus, and skin irritation scores. At D21, veterinarians’ and owners’ overall assessments were collected. Malassezia pachydermatis counts decreased at D7 (57.3% vs D0, p p p p < 0.001). Efficacy was described by all veterinarians from good to excellent, and the proposed procedures were evaluated as efficient and practical by the owners in 91.7% of the cases. The protocol using chlorhexidine and Ophytrium shampoo and mousse could be a useful option in dogs presenting imbalances in yeast cutaneous microbiota.
文摘Some animals have the capacity to produce different alarm calls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not clear what cognitive processes are involved in generating these calls. One possibility is the position of the predator： Anything on the ground receives a terrestrial predator call, and anything in the air receives an aerial predator call. Another possibility is that animals are able to recognize the physical features of predators and incorporate those into their calls. As a way of elucidating which of these mechanisms plays a primary role in generating the structure of different calls, we performed two field experiments with Gunnison＇s prairie dogs. First, we presented the prairie dogs with a circle, a triangle, and a square, each moving across the colony at the same height and speed. Second, we presented the prairie dogs with two squares of differing sizes. DFA statistics showed that 82.6 percent of calls for the circle and 79.2 percent of the calls for the triangle were correctly classified, and 73.3 percent of the calls for the square were classified as either square or circle. Also, 100 percent of the calls for the larger square and 90 percent of the calls for the smaller square were correctly classified. Because both squares and circles are features of terrestrial predators and triangles are features of aerial predators, our results suggest that prairie dogs might have a cognitive mechanism that labels the abstract shape and size of different predators, rather than the position of the predator [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 741-748, 2012].
文摘Jumping sun dogs are rapid light flashes changing over clouds, with some of them located close to the places of halo formation in thunder storms clouds. This paper presents an outline of some aspects that are required for understanding the jumping sun dogs, using some experiments with light scattering in complex fluids. In our analogy, we have observed the jumping laser dogs, in which the ice crystals are replaced by needlelike structures of ferrofluid, the electric field in the atmosphere is represented by an external magnetic field, and the laser beam scattered by the ferrofluid structure has the same role of the sun as the source of light scattered by the ice crystals subjected to changing electric fields in thunderstorm clouds.
基金Foundation of Independent Subject of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Grant No. JYB22-JS025)Compound Chinese Medicine Preparation Research Innovation Team (Team No. 2011-CXTD-13)
文摘We developed an HPLC method to study the pharmacokinetics ofpuerarin in Beagle dogs after oral administration of puerarin or puerarin mixed micelles （PMMS）. Beagle dogs were divided into two groups randomly, and the blood samples were collected at fixed time intervals after single oral administration ofpuerarin or PMMS at a dosage of 120 mg/kg. Following sample preparation, analytes were separated on a C18 column （DIKMA, 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm） with a guard column （DIKMA, 8 mm×4 mm） and eluted with methanol-water （25：75, v/v）. Theophylline was used as the internal standard. WinNonlin 6.1 （Pharsight, USA） was used to calculate the pharrnacokinetic parameters. The pharmacokinetic parameters for puerarin and PMMS in Beagle dogs were as follows： AUC, 515.96 and 2796.43 min μg/mL; Tmax, 61.48 and 202.91 min; CL/F, 232.58 and 42.91 mL/min/kg, respectively. The relative bioavailability of PMMS to puerarin was 542.0%. Our results showed that the mixed micelle preparation significantly improved the bioavailability of puerarin by delaying absorption and reducing clearance.
文摘The pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet were studied with HPLC-electrochemical detection. Eight male dogs received single 5 mg dose of naloxone intravenously, the plasma concentration-time curves could be fitted to two-compartment open model, with 12.0 min of t1/2( , 143.4 min of t1/2( and 7.92 mg(min/L of AUC. The same eight dogs received 5 mg dose of the sublingual naloxone tablet after an interval of a week. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were: t1/2ka = 11.0 min, t1/2( = 15.4 min, t1/2( = 164.1 min, Tmax = 27.7 min, Cmax = 34.2 ng / ml, and AUC = 6.79 mg(min / L, respectively. The plasma concentration-time curves were fitted to the first order absorption two-compartment open model also. The mean absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet was 86.8 ( 10.9%. No statistically significant differences were found with t1/2(, t1/2(, ( and ( between the two routes of administration. These results indicated that the course of disposition for naloxone in dogs was similar for the two routes of administration, and the absolute bioavailability of the sublingual naloxone tablet was high. Thus satisfactory clinical effects could be expected.
基金This work was supported by Texas A&M AgriLife Research(H-8200).
文摘Domestic cats and dogs are carnivores that have evolved differentially in the nutrition and metabolism of amino acids.This article highlights both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids.Dogs inadequately synthesize citrulline(the precursor of arginine)from glutamine,glutamate,and proline in the small intestine.Although most breeds of dogs have potential for adequately converting cysteine into taurine in the liver,a small proportion(1.3%-2.5%)of the Newfoundland dogs fed commercially available balanced diets exhibit a deficiency of taurine possibly due to gene mutations.Certain breeds of dogs(e.g.,golden retrievers)are more prone to taurine deficiency possibly due to lower hepatic activities of cysteine dioxygenase and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase.De novo synthesis of arginine and taurine is very limited in cats.Thus,concentrations of both taurine and arginine in feline milk are the greatest among domestic mammals.Compared with dogs,cats have greater endogenous nitrogen losses and higher dietary requirements for many amino acids(e.g.,arginine,taurine,cysteine,and tyrosine),and are less sensitive to amino acid imbalances and antagonisms.Throughout adulthood,cats and dogs may lose 34%and 21%of their lean body mass,respectively.Adequate intakes of high-quality protein(i.e.,32%and 40%animal protein in diets of aging dogs and cats,respectively;dry matter basis)are recommended to alleviate aging-associated reductions in the mass and function of skeletal muscles and bones.Pet-food grade animal-sourced foodstuffs are excellent sources of both proteinogenic amino acids and taurine for cats and dogs,and can help to optimize their growth,development,and health.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)2010CB530200(2010CB530206)the China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease(No.1U2GGH000018-01)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the Anaplasma phagocytophilum(A.phagocytophilum),Ehrlichia canis(E.canis,Dirofilaria immitis(D.immitis)(canine heartworm),Borrelia burgdorferi(B.burgdorferi)infections in countryside dogs from Yunnan,Hainan and Anhui provinces.Methods:Serum samples were collected from 26 dogs in Yunnan.Hainan and Anhui provinces.The samples were tested using a commercial ELISA rapid diagnostic assay kit(SNAP^(?)4Dx^(?);IDEXX Laboratories,Inc.U.S.A.).Meaiiwliile,indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)recommended by WHO was conducted to delect IgG to A.phagocytophilum.Two methods were analyzed and compared.Results:The number of serologically positive dogs for IgG to A.phagocytophilum was only 2which was from Hainan province and none of the 26 dogs responded positive for E.canu.D.immitis(canine heartworm,and B.burgdorferi by ELISA rapid diagnostic method.The number of serologically positive dogs for IgG to A.phagocytophilum was 13(50%)by IFA method.Data of the two methods were analyzed by statistical software and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.002).Conclusions:It can be concluded that IFA method was more sensitive than ELISA rapid diagnostic method.However,we need conduct further and intensive epidemiology survey on tick-born diseases pathogens including.4.phagocytophilum,E.canis,D.immitis(canine heartworm),and B.burgdorferi which have public health significance.
基金Supported by Directorate of Research,Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana-141004,India.Grant No.-RKVYB-2(Ⅲ)c(d)DR-2,sanctioned on October,2010
文摘Objective:To evaluate clinical and hematological aspects of dogs naturally infected with Hepatozoon canis(H.canis)presented at the Small Animal Clinics of Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana.Methods:Blood films of 34 naturally infected dogs were examined for haematological alterations and parasitaemia.Signalment and clinical signs were recorded from the animals.Clinical histories were filled oul during the consultation.Results:Of the 34 positive dogs by Giemsa stained peripheral blood films.88.23%presented parasilaemia by H.canis only,while 11.77%had the combination of H.canis,Babesia sp.and Ehrlichia sp.Young male dogs less than oue-year-old,of nondescript breed,were the most commonly affected.And 26.47%were presented with anorexia/inappetence as the only clinical symptom.Other clinical symptoms were mild to moderate fever,pale mucosae and lethargy;a few were also showing the signs of vomiting and diarrhoea.Haematological alterations showed mainly normochromic-normocytic anaemia,leukocytosis and neutrophilia.Conclusions:The findings of this study substantiate that H.canis caused clinical and haematological alterations of the varied intensity in dogs,even with low parasilaemia.should he taken into consideration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91231108)the Breakthrough Project of Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB13000000)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(to GDW)
文摘Hypoxia represents one of the most extreme environmental conditions for both human beings and animals living at high al- titudes （Zhao et al., 2009）. Over the past few years, great attention has been focused on the genetic bases of adaption to high-altitude environments （Bigham et al., 2010; Simonson et al., 2010）. The domestic dog （Canisfamiliaris） is the first animal that developed an intimate relationship with human beings. Dogs migrated with human beings and have adapted to variety of ecological niches （Savolainen et al., 2002）. Our previous research revealed parallel evolution and convergent evolution in the adaptation of dogs and humans to the high-altitude environment of the Tibetan plateau （Wang et al., 2013, 2014）, suggesting that exploring the adaption of domestic dogs to high-altitude hypoxia is an interesting and important question.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFD0500103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31772747)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province (No. 20170623043TC)the Program for JLU Science and Technology Innovative Research Team (JLUSTIRT, No. 2017TD-28)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014;Ge et al. 2018).
