Most oil and gas wells worldwide are completed with low alloy carbon steel due to cost-effectiveness, despite its high susceptibility to corrosion. Corrosion in alloy steels occurs through galvanic or electrolytic rea...Most oil and gas wells worldwide are completed with low alloy carbon steel due to cost-effectiveness, despite its high susceptibility to corrosion. Corrosion in alloy steels occurs through galvanic or electrolytic reactions, resulting in the release of metallic ions. This release adversely affects the strength and integrity of production tubing. The current study focused on quantifying the amount of alloying constituents present in the produced waters of oil and gas wells using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to calculate the corrosion rate on the production tubing. Two types of alloy steel tubing, API 5CT T-95 and API 5CT J55, were selected. The wells were chosen based on sweet and sour production. The levels of ions present in the produced water—Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Iron—were measured. Ion dissolution was converted to corrosion rate using the exposed area of the tubing and the water flow rate. The study concluded that a very high corrosion rate occurs in sweet wells completed with T-95 metallurgy, whereas the corrosion rate in sour gas producers is significantly less compared to sweet producers. For the oil wells, although they are sour producers, a very low corrosion rate was observed with API 5CT J55 metallurgy. Furthermore, the study revealed that quantifying the alloying constituents in produced water is key to developing suitable corrosion projection approaches, predicting the service life of production tubing in gas and oil wells and metallic structures, and guiding production engineers to make informed decisions and timely responses to corrosion threats before failure.展开更多
With the discovery of Hubble Red Shift in the cosmological Universe, the question of Big Bang explosion has become inevitable and to explain this point of singularity thereon. Dissolution and manifestation of the univ...With the discovery of Hubble Red Shift in the cosmological Universe, the question of Big Bang explosion has become inevitable and to explain this point of singularity thereon. Dissolution and manifestation of the universe happen to occur periodically. In this paper,analysis has been undertaken on the basis of scientific development on well accepted cosmological model, different scientific concepts and on one Vedic/Tantric scriptural remark. According to Vedic/Tantric scriptural remark, at the time of dissolution of the universe it remains in the form of gram. Different scientific tools like Electron Microscopy, X-rays powder diffraction method. Raman & UV spectroscopy have been applied in analyzing the two parts of gram and finally to find out what do they correspond to cosmological analysis of Big Bang singularity. Main mechanisms in action in dissolution and manifestation have also been pointed out.展开更多
文摘Most oil and gas wells worldwide are completed with low alloy carbon steel due to cost-effectiveness, despite its high susceptibility to corrosion. Corrosion in alloy steels occurs through galvanic or electrolytic reactions, resulting in the release of metallic ions. This release adversely affects the strength and integrity of production tubing. The current study focused on quantifying the amount of alloying constituents present in the produced waters of oil and gas wells using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to calculate the corrosion rate on the production tubing. Two types of alloy steel tubing, API 5CT T-95 and API 5CT J55, were selected. The wells were chosen based on sweet and sour production. The levels of ions present in the produced water—Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Iron—were measured. Ion dissolution was converted to corrosion rate using the exposed area of the tubing and the water flow rate. The study concluded that a very high corrosion rate occurs in sweet wells completed with T-95 metallurgy, whereas the corrosion rate in sour gas producers is significantly less compared to sweet producers. For the oil wells, although they are sour producers, a very low corrosion rate was observed with API 5CT J55 metallurgy. Furthermore, the study revealed that quantifying the alloying constituents in produced water is key to developing suitable corrosion projection approaches, predicting the service life of production tubing in gas and oil wells and metallic structures, and guiding production engineers to make informed decisions and timely responses to corrosion threats before failure.
文摘With the discovery of Hubble Red Shift in the cosmological Universe, the question of Big Bang explosion has become inevitable and to explain this point of singularity thereon. Dissolution and manifestation of the universe happen to occur periodically. In this paper,analysis has been undertaken on the basis of scientific development on well accepted cosmological model, different scientific concepts and on one Vedic/Tantric scriptural remark. According to Vedic/Tantric scriptural remark, at the time of dissolution of the universe it remains in the form of gram. Different scientific tools like Electron Microscopy, X-rays powder diffraction method. Raman & UV spectroscopy have been applied in analyzing the two parts of gram and finally to find out what do they correspond to cosmological analysis of Big Bang singularity. Main mechanisms in action in dissolution and manifestation have also been pointed out.
