In an era dominated by visual information,the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds.The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema sc...In an era dominated by visual information,the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds.The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema screens to smart-phones and now to virtual and augmented reality(VR/AR)headsets,progressively moving closer to the human eye.This evolution places unprecedented demands on pixel density,power efficiency,and form factor,pushing up against funda-mental physical and physiological limits.展开更多
Neutralizing antibodies are essential tools in antiviral therapy and epidemic preparedness,capable of directlyinhibiting viral entry and limiting disease progression.However,traditional antibody discovery strategies—...Neutralizing antibodies are essential tools in antiviral therapy and epidemic preparedness,capable of directlyinhibiting viral entry and limiting disease progression.However,traditional antibody discovery strategies—suchas animal immunization or B cell isolation from infected individuals—are often hindered by biosafety concerns,lengthy development timelines,and limited adaptability during outbreaks.In the present study,we aimed toestablish a robust and rapid in vitro platform for the efficient isolation of neutralizing antibodies targetingconserved viral epitopes.We developed an epitope-guided negative screening strategy that integrates phagedisplay technology with rational antigen mutagenesis to exclude antibodies against variable regions whileenriching for those that recognize functionally constrained epitopes.When applied to the receptor-binding domainof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,this method enabled the identification of six neutralizingantibodies(one IgG and five nanobodies)exhibiting broad-spectrum neutralizing activity across multiple viralvariants.Notably,antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes demonstrated significant synergistic neutralizationwhen used in combination(P<0.05).This screening approach facilitates the rapid discovery of potent andmutation-resistant antibodies and holds promise for application to other emerging pathogens.Our findingsunderscore the potential of epitope-guided,in vitro platforms in expediting therapeutic antibody developmentunder conditions of high biosafety requirements.展开更多
The advent of artificial intelligence(AI)has propelled augmented reality(AR)display technology to a pivotal juncture,positioning it as a contender for the next generation of mobile intelligent terminals.However,the pu...The advent of artificial intelligence(AI)has propelled augmented reality(AR)display technology to a pivotal juncture,positioning it as a contender for the next generation of mobile intelligent terminals.However,the pursuit of advanced AR displays,particularly those capable of delivering immersive 3D experiences,is significantly hindered by the performance limitations of current hardware and the complexity of system integration.In this study,we present an innovative multi-focal plane AR display system that integrates a non-orthogonal polarization-multiplexing metasurface,freeform optical elements,and an OLED display screen.All optical elements are integrated into a single solid-state architecture,based on a joint optimization design approach of ray tracing and diffraction theory.The multi-focal plane AR visual effect is realized by the compact and multiplexing metasurface,which performs distinct phase functions across diverse polarization channels.Meanwhile,freeform surfaces offer ample design flexibility for the collaborative optimization of multi-focal plane imaging and the see-through systems.Followed by a mechanical design and prototype assembly,we demonstrate the system's capabilities in real-time and multi-focal plane display.The digital images at all virtual image distances seamlessly integrate with the real environment,fully exhibiting the system's high parallelism and real-time interactivity.With the innovative design concept and joint design method,we believe that our work will spur more innovative and compact intelligent solutions for AR displays and inject new vitality into hybrid optical systems.展开更多
Head-up displays(HUDs)are emerging as key components of intelligent vehicles,requiring wide-depth,large-area,and high-efficiency dynamic imaging,which remains difficult to realize with traditional refractive optics.Co...Head-up displays(HUDs)are emerging as key components of intelligent vehicles,requiring wide-depth,large-area,and high-efficiency dynamic imaging,which remains difficult to realize with traditional refractive optics.Computer-generated holography(CGH)with diffraction optics offers a promising solution to these technical demands.However,CGH optimization based on the fast Fourier transform(FFT)faces limitations such as zero-padding redundancy,coupled sampling intervals,and incompatible near-and farfield propagation models.Here,we report a holography-based multiplane HUD using a matrix multiplication(MM)-assisted diffraction algorithm that restructures the Fresnel integral into two sequential matrix operations,thus eliminating zero-padding and enabling fully decoupled sampling between object and image planes.Compared with FFT-based angular spectrum methods,the MM approach significantly improves computational speed and memory efficiency for hologram design,which is validated by demonstrating dual-plane holography with a size ratio exceeding 100:1 and unified reconstruction across Fresnel and Fraunhofer regimes within a single computation.A prototype HUD system is demonstrated successfully to exhibit multiple-plane holographic virtual images that can be mixed with real-world objects at three independent planes.The technique might be one of the potential candidates for next-generation intelligent vehicle displays.展开更多
White Cyphochilus insulanus beetles,exhibiting both environmental camouflage display and radiative cooling functions,serve as a good prototype for biomimetic fabrication.As inspired,this work presents a femtosecond(fs...White Cyphochilus insulanus beetles,exhibiting both environmental camouflage display and radiative cooling functions,serve as a good prototype for biomimetic fabrication.As inspired,this work presents a femtosecond(fs)laser-based biomimetic fabrication strategy that takes full use of the synthesized radiative cooling nanomaterials for a groundbreaking stimuli-responsive infrared(IR)impressionistic camouflage display.The proposed technique is capable of readily transforming various substrates(quartz glass and metals including Ti,Al,Zr,and W)into self-assembled porous networks(aerogels)consisting of oxygen-vacancy-rich oxide nanoparticles.Surprisingly,the emissions of all as-prepared porous particle-networks in the radiative-cooling long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)band are above 95%,with the SiO_(2) aerogels reaching a maximum of 99.6%.Benefiting from the far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic kinetics,metastable phases of anatase TiO_(2),tetragonal zirconia(t-ZrO_(2)),and monoclinic WO_(3)(Pc)are synthesizable,opening up opportunities for exploring their optical applications.Taking the low-temperature metastable phase WO_(3)(Pc)as representative for systematic studies,it is found that(1)the ratio WO_(3)(Pc)phase to that of room-temperature phase of WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)can be tailored by modulation of processing parameters;(2)laser synthesized aerogels with hybrid phases of WO_(3)(Pc)and WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)have a brighter visible whiteness,higher visible/nearinfrared(NIR)spectral selectivity than the natural prototype of white Cyphochilus insulanus beetles but with comparable LWIR emittance.White WO_(3) aerogel in situ deposited during flexibly fs laser artistic patterning can blur the painting features due to its radiative cooling effect,allowing a colorful impressionistic IR display in the heating mode.What's more,invisible painting features concealed by the white deposited WO_(3) aerogel are clearly/faintly distinguishable by introducing external stimuli of a human hand and sample heating,respectively,catalyzing progress in optical encryption and selectively stimuli-responsive decryption display in the infrared band.展开更多
At present,the naked-eye three-dimensional(3D)display technology still has some drawbacks,such as low brightness uniformity,high crosstalk,low light efficiency,short viewing distance,and the manufacturing is difficult...At present,the naked-eye three-dimensional(3D)display technology still has some drawbacks,such as low brightness uniformity,high crosstalk,low light efficiency,short viewing distance,and the manufacturing is difficulty.Based on the principle of naked-eye 3D display and the Fresnel optical theory,this paper designs a Fresnel lens array and the star-shaped liquid crystal display(LCD)switch of unit LCD screen to achieve low-crosstalk and high brightness uniformity for the autostereoscopic 3D display.The unit parameters of a 139.7 cm 4K model autostereoscopic 3D displayer are provided and they are optimized by the TracePro software.The results show that when the pitch of the Fresnel lens on the exit surface is 0.304 mm,the width of each serration of Fresnel lens is 0.0234 mm,the length of the Fresnel lens is 2.87 mm,and the center height of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.030 mm,the center length is 0.040 mm,the width of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.050 mm,and the image crosstalk is less than 2%when the viewing distance is 2.50 m.The problem on the brightness of the image in different positions is improved.展开更多
Balancing high display performance with energy efficiency is crucial for global sustainability.Lowering operating frequencies—such as enabling 1 Hz operation in fringe-field switching(FFS)liquid crystal displays—red...Balancing high display performance with energy efficiency is crucial for global sustainability.Lowering operating frequencies—such as enabling 1 Hz operation in fringe-field switching(FFS)liquid crystal displays—reduces power consumption but is hindered by image flicker.While negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(nLCs)mitigate flicker,their high driving voltages and production costs limit adoption.Positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(pLCs)offer lower operating voltages,faster response times,and broader applicability,making them a more viable alternative.This study introduces a novel approach to minimizing flexoelectric effects in pLCs by investigating how single components influence flexoelectric behavior in mixtures through an effective experimental methodology.Two innovative measurement techniques—(1)flexoelectric coefficient difference analysis and(2)displacement-current measurement(DCM)—are presented,marking the first application of DCM for verifying flexoelectric effects.The proposed system eliminates uncertainties associated with previous methods,providing a reliable framework for selecting liquid crystal components with minimal flexoelectric effects while preserving key electro-optic properties.Given pLCs'higher reliability,lower production costs,and broader material selection,these advancements hold significant potential for low-power displays.We believe this work enhances flexoelectric analysis in nematic liquid crystals and contributes to sustainable innovation in the display industry,aligning with global energy-saving goals.展开更多
High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental sta...High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.展开更多
Based on the helix rotating screen and the digital micro-mirror device （DMD）, the former proto of volumetric-swept display system is improved. The 3-D display system adopting a helix rotating screen to construct an ...Based on the helix rotating screen and the digital micro-mirror device （DMD）, the former proto of volumetric-swept display system is improved. The 3-D display system adopting a helix rotating screen to construct an imaging space meliorate the defects, such as the smaller image space, the fewer voxels and the severer voxel overlap dead zone caused by planar rotating screen. DMD with spatial light modular （SLM） technology increases the transmission bandwidth of 3-D data in the voxel activation subsystem and activate multi-voxel once time. The volumetric-swept system based on helix rotating screen and DMD is developed. The experimental results show that the image space, the vision dead zone, the voxels on slice, and the voxel activation capacity of the designed proto are superior to the plane rotating screen system.展开更多
It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be...It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be solved.A method of 3D structural color turning on periodic metasurfaces fabricated by the microlens array and self-assembly technology was proposed in this study.In the experiment,Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)flexible film was used as a substrate,and SiO2 microspheres were scraped into grooves of the PDMS film to form 3D photonic crystal structures.By adjusting the number of blade-coated times and microsphere concentrations,high-saturation structural color micropatterns were obtained.These films were then matched with microlens arrays to produce dynamic graphics with iridescent effects.The results showed that by blade-coated two times and SiO2 microsphere concentrations of 50%are the best conditions.This method demonstrates the potential for being widely applied in the anticounterfeiting printing and ultra-high-resolution display.展开更多
Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor m...Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor micro-LED displays.However,the impact of solvent on both the printing process and the morphology of SIJ-printed PNC color conversion microstructures remains underexplored.In this study,we prepared samples of CsPbBr3PNC colloid inks in various solvents and investigated the solvent's impact on SIJ printed PNC microstructures.Our findings reveal that the boiling point of the solvent is crucial to the SIJ printing process of PNC colloid inks.Only does the boiling point of the solvent fall in the optimal range,the regular positioned,micron-scaled,conical PNC microstructures can be successfully printed.Below this optimal range,the ink is unable to be ejected from the nozzle;while above this range,irregular positioned microstructures with nanoscale height and coffee-ring-like morphology are produced.Based on these observations,high-resolution color conversion PNC microstructures were effectively prepared using SIJ printing of PNC colloid ink dispersed in dimethylbenzene solvent.展开更多
Augmented reality(AR)displays have gained significant attention for their ability to blend the real and virtual worlds seamlessly.However,they face challenges like the vergence-accommodation conflict and a limited eye...Augmented reality(AR)displays have gained significant attention for their ability to blend the real and virtual worlds seamlessly.However,they face challenges like the vergence-accommodation conflict and a limited eyebox.The AR community is actively seeking lightweight,integrative optical elements to overcome these limitations.In this study,we demonstrate a three-dimensional varifocal meta-device for AR display.The meta-device is composed of three cascaded metasurfaces with Moiréand off-center Fresnel lens phase profiles designed to dynamically manipulate the focus point in three-dimensional space.The cascaded metasurfaces are designed and fabricated by the TiO_(2)nanopillars with varying diameters,which are polarizationinsensitive for light field manipulation.The focal point position is precisely controlled by the relative rotation between the metasurfaces.The meta-device achieves an effective focal length ranging from 3.7 mm to 33.2 mm and can adjust the lateral focal point within the same range.The dynamic eyebox size varies from 4.2 mm to 5.8 mm.This lightweight,integrated meta-device is well-suited for various imaging applications,including AR displays,as it simultaneously addresses the vergence-accommodation conflict and expands the eyebox.展开更多
Molecular imaging plays important roles in many fields,including disease diagnosis,therapeutic efficacy evaluation,intraoperative imaging guidance,drug metabolism monitoring,and patient selection for appropriate treat...Molecular imaging plays important roles in many fields,including disease diagnosis,therapeutic efficacy evaluation,intraoperative imaging guidance,drug metabolism monitoring,and patient selection for appropriate treatment.As a key component,the targeting ligand determines the specificity,affinity,and in vivo performance of molecular imaging probes.In this review,highthroughput screening and biological display platforms for the discovery of ligands applicable to molecular imaging are briefly reviewed.Basic information on ligand development for molecular imaging is first introduced,followed by a presentation of various selection platforms and typical or iterative cases.The features,advantages,limitations,and application scope of screening and display platforms are compared and discussed.Last,a basic selection strategy and a perspective for protein-based ligands are provided.展开更多
A novel volumetric three-dimensional（3-D） display system is developed based on the human eye persistence and the system fuses a time-series of image slices into a single hologram like 3-D aerial image. The system de...A novel volumetric three-dimensional（3-D） display system is developed based on the human eye persistence and the system fuses a time-series of image slices into a single hologram like 3-D aerial image. The system design is introduced and key components are described. Experimental results show that the 3-D system can guide people freely walk around the display to inspect the true 3-D image without goggles.展开更多
Eco-friendly quantum-dot light-emitting diodes(QLEDs),which employ colloidal quantum dots(QDs)such as InP,and ZnSe,stand out due to their low toxicity,color purity,and high efficiency.Currently,significant advancement...Eco-friendly quantum-dot light-emitting diodes(QLEDs),which employ colloidal quantum dots(QDs)such as InP,and ZnSe,stand out due to their low toxicity,color purity,and high efficiency.Currently,significant advancements have been made in the performance of cadmium-free QLEDs.However,several challenges persist in the industrialization of ecofriendly QLED displays.For instance,(1)the poor performance,characterized by low photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY),unstable ligand,and charge imbalance,cannot be effectively addressed with a solitary strategy;(2)the degradation mechanism,involving emission quenching,morphological inhomogeneity,and field-enhanced electron delocalization remains unclear;(3)the lack of techniques for color patterning,such as optical lithography and transfer printing.Herein,we undertake a specific review of all technological breakthroughs that endeavor to tackle the above challenges associated with cadmium-free QLED displays.We begin by reviewing the evolution,architecture,and operational characteristics of eco-friendly QLEDs,highlighting the photoelectric properties of QDs,carrier transport layer stability,and device lifetime.Subsequently,we focus our attention not only on the latest insights into device degradation mechanisms,particularly,but also on the remarkable technological progress in color patterning techniques.To conclude,we provide a synthesis of the promising prospects,current challenges,potential solutions,and emerging research trends for QLED displays.展开更多
The evolution of display backplane technologies has been driven by the relentless pursuit of higher form factor and superior performance coupled with lower power consumption.Current state-of-the-art backplane technolo...The evolution of display backplane technologies has been driven by the relentless pursuit of higher form factor and superior performance coupled with lower power consumption.Current state-of-the-art backplane technologies based on amorphous Si,poly Si,and IGZO,face challenges in meeting the requirements of next-generation displays,including larger dimensions,higher refresh rates,increased pixel density,greater brightness,and reduced power consumption.In this context,2D chalcogenides have emerged as promising candidates for thin-film transistors(TFTs)in display backplanes,offering advantages such as high mobility,low leakage current,mechanical robustness,and transparency.This comprehensive review explores the significance of 2D chalcogenides as materials for TFTs in next-generation display backplanes.We delve into the structural characteristics,electronic properties,and synthesis methods of 2D chalcogenides,emphasizing scalable growth strategies that are relevant to large-area display backplanes.Additionally,we discuss mechanical flexibility and strain engineering,crucial for the development of flexible displays.Performance enhancement strategies for 2D chalcogenide TFTs have been explored encompassing techniques in device engineering and geometry optimization,while considering scaling over a large area.Active-matrix implementation of 2D TFTs in various applications is also explored,benchmarking device performance on a large scale which is a necessary aspect of TFTs used in display backplanes.Furthermore,the latest development on the integration of 2D chalcogenide TFTs with different display technologies,such as OLED,quantum dot,and MicroLED displays has been reviewed in detail.Finally,challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed with a brief insight into emerging trends and research directions.展开更多
In recent years,artificial intelligence(AI)has demonstrated immense potential in driving breakthroughs in the semiconductor industry,particularly in full-color display technologies.Benefiting from the deep integration...In recent years,artificial intelligence(AI)has demonstrated immense potential in driving breakthroughs in the semiconductor industry,particularly in full-color display technologies.Benefiting from the deep integration of AI,these technologies are experiencing unprecedented innovation and industrial transformation,garnering significant attention.These advancements provide a solid foundation for displays with higher color gamut and resolution.In addition,the integration of deep learning with dimming technologies has enabled new display systems to deliver superior viewing experiences with reduced energy consumption.This review highlights recent progress in four key areas of AI application in full-color display technologies:epitaxial structure design,defect detection and repair,perovskite synthesis,and dynamic dimming.AI-driven advancements in these domains are paving the way for smarter,more efficient display technologies.By leveraging AI’s powerful data processing and optimization capabilities,full-color display systems are poised to achieve enhanced performance,energy efficiency,and user satisfaction,marking a significant step toward a more intelligent and innovative future.展开更多
Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventi...Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventional liquid electrolytes are unsuitable for the integration of sensing devices.To address these constraints,wearable biofuel cells and flexible electrochromic displays have been introduced,which can improve integration with other devices,safety,and color-coded display data.Meanwhile,electrode chips prepared through screen printing technology can further improve portability.In this work,a wearable sensor device with screen-printed chips was constructed and used for non-invasive detection of glucose.Agarose gel electrolytes doped with PDA-CNTs were prepared,and the mechanical strength and moisture retention were significantly improved compared with traditional gel electrolytes.Glucose in interstitial fluid was non-invasive extracted to the skin surface using reverse iontophoresis.As a biofuel for wearable biofuel cells,glucose drives self-powered sensor and electrochromic display to produce color change,allowing for visually measurement of glucose levels in body fluids.Accurate detection results can be visualized by reading the RGB value with a cell phone.展开更多
Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylened...Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)is widely used in FECDs due to its excellent mechanical flexibility,tunable conductivity,and non-toxicity.However,the manufacturing process for patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices remains intricate,costly,and challenging to personalize.To address this challenge,we have developed a 3D-printable ink with controllable rheological properties through a concentration-tuning strategy,enabling programmable,patterned printing of PEDOT-based conductive polymer electrochromic layers.The 3D-printed FECDs exhibit outstanding electrochromic performance,including a high optical contrast(up to 47.9%at 635 nm),fast response times(t_(c)=1.6 s;t_(b)=0.6 s),high coloration efficiency(352 cm^(2) C^(-1)),and good cycling stability(with only a 9.3%decrease in optical contrast after 100 electrochemical cycles).Finally,we utilize 3D printing technology to construct flexible,patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices with bespoke butterfly designs.This work establishes the theoretical foundation for the application of 3D printing technology in PEDOT:PSS flexible electrochromic devices.展开更多
SimWall is a user-friendly, stereo tiled display wall system composed of 18 commodity projectors operated by a Linux graphics cluster. Collaborating together, these projectors work as a single logical display capable ...SimWall is a user-friendly, stereo tiled display wall system composed of 18 commodity projectors operated by a Linux graphics cluster. Collaborating together, these projectors work as a single logical display capable of giving a high-resolution show, large-scale, and passive stereo scene. In order to avoid tedious system setup and maintenance, software-based automatic geometry and photometric calibration are used. The software calibration is integrated to the system seamlessly by an on-card transform method and is transparent to users. To end-users, SimWall works just as a common PC, but provides super computing, rendering and displaying ability. In addition, SimWall has stereoscopic function that gives users a semi-immersive experience in polarized passive way. This paper presents system architecture, implementation, and other technical issues such as hardware constraints, projectors alignment, geometry and photometric calibration, implementation of passive stereo, and development of overall soft- ware environment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22105106)the Jiangsu Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Program(Grant No.JSTJ-2025-063)+1 种基金Nanjing Science and Technology Innovation Project for Overseas Students(Grant No.NJKCZYZZ2022-05)Start-up Funding from NUPTSF(Grant No.NY221003).
文摘In an era dominated by visual information,the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds.The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema screens to smart-phones and now to virtual and augmented reality(VR/AR)headsets,progressively moving closer to the human eye.This evolution places unprecedented demands on pixel density,power efficiency,and form factor,pushing up against funda-mental physical and physiological limits.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.22KJB310001 to W.G.)the Special Project of the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant No.BE2023603 to W.G.)the Nanjing Medical University Science and Technology Development Foundation(Grant No.NMUB20210006 to W.G.).
文摘Neutralizing antibodies are essential tools in antiviral therapy and epidemic preparedness,capable of directlyinhibiting viral entry and limiting disease progression.However,traditional antibody discovery strategies—suchas animal immunization or B cell isolation from infected individuals—are often hindered by biosafety concerns,lengthy development timelines,and limited adaptability during outbreaks.In the present study,we aimed toestablish a robust and rapid in vitro platform for the efficient isolation of neutralizing antibodies targetingconserved viral epitopes.We developed an epitope-guided negative screening strategy that integrates phagedisplay technology with rational antigen mutagenesis to exclude antibodies against variable regions whileenriching for those that recognize functionally constrained epitopes.When applied to the receptor-binding domainof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,this method enabled the identification of six neutralizingantibodies(one IgG and five nanobodies)exhibiting broad-spectrum neutralizing activity across multiple viralvariants.Notably,antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes demonstrated significant synergistic neutralizationwhen used in combination(P<0.05).This screening approach facilitates the rapid discovery of potent andmutation-resistant antibodies and holds promise for application to other emerging pathogens.Our findingsunderscore the potential of epitope-guided,in vitro platforms in expediting therapeutic antibody developmentunder conditions of high biosafety requirements.
基金funding provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20140)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1401200)+2 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ24028)Beijing Nova Program(20240484557)Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility(SECUF).
文摘The advent of artificial intelligence(AI)has propelled augmented reality(AR)display technology to a pivotal juncture,positioning it as a contender for the next generation of mobile intelligent terminals.However,the pursuit of advanced AR displays,particularly those capable of delivering immersive 3D experiences,is significantly hindered by the performance limitations of current hardware and the complexity of system integration.In this study,we present an innovative multi-focal plane AR display system that integrates a non-orthogonal polarization-multiplexing metasurface,freeform optical elements,and an OLED display screen.All optical elements are integrated into a single solid-state architecture,based on a joint optimization design approach of ray tracing and diffraction theory.The multi-focal plane AR visual effect is realized by the compact and multiplexing metasurface,which performs distinct phase functions across diverse polarization channels.Meanwhile,freeform surfaces offer ample design flexibility for the collaborative optimization of multi-focal plane imaging and the see-through systems.Followed by a mechanical design and prototype assembly,we demonstrate the system's capabilities in real-time and multi-focal plane display.The digital images at all virtual image distances seamlessly integrate with the real environment,fully exhibiting the system's high parallelism and real-time interactivity.With the innovative design concept and joint design method,we believe that our work will spur more innovative and compact intelligent solutions for AR displays and inject new vitality into hybrid optical systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3607300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62322512,62225506,and 12134013)+7 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.WK2030000108 and WK2030000090)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-049)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12174260 and 12574326)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Grant No.21QA1406400)the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Fund(Grant Nos.21ZR1443500 and 21ZR1443600)the support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M743364)support from the Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication,University of Science and Technology of Chinasupported by the UPOLabs,which provided the experimental and technical support。
文摘Head-up displays(HUDs)are emerging as key components of intelligent vehicles,requiring wide-depth,large-area,and high-efficiency dynamic imaging,which remains difficult to realize with traditional refractive optics.Computer-generated holography(CGH)with diffraction optics offers a promising solution to these technical demands.However,CGH optimization based on the fast Fourier transform(FFT)faces limitations such as zero-padding redundancy,coupled sampling intervals,and incompatible near-and farfield propagation models.Here,we report a holography-based multiplane HUD using a matrix multiplication(MM)-assisted diffraction algorithm that restructures the Fresnel integral into two sequential matrix operations,thus eliminating zero-padding and enabling fully decoupled sampling between object and image planes.Compared with FFT-based angular spectrum methods,the MM approach significantly improves computational speed and memory efficiency for hologram design,which is validated by demonstrating dual-plane holography with a size ratio exceeding 100:1 and unified reconstruction across Fresnel and Fraunhofer regimes within a single computation.A prototype HUD system is demonstrated successfully to exhibit multiple-plane holographic virtual images that can be mixed with real-world objects at three independent planes.The technique might be one of the potential candidates for next-generation intelligent vehicle displays.
基金financial support received from the Shanghai Pujiang Program(23PJ1406500)。
文摘White Cyphochilus insulanus beetles,exhibiting both environmental camouflage display and radiative cooling functions,serve as a good prototype for biomimetic fabrication.As inspired,this work presents a femtosecond(fs)laser-based biomimetic fabrication strategy that takes full use of the synthesized radiative cooling nanomaterials for a groundbreaking stimuli-responsive infrared(IR)impressionistic camouflage display.The proposed technique is capable of readily transforming various substrates(quartz glass and metals including Ti,Al,Zr,and W)into self-assembled porous networks(aerogels)consisting of oxygen-vacancy-rich oxide nanoparticles.Surprisingly,the emissions of all as-prepared porous particle-networks in the radiative-cooling long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)band are above 95%,with the SiO_(2) aerogels reaching a maximum of 99.6%.Benefiting from the far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic kinetics,metastable phases of anatase TiO_(2),tetragonal zirconia(t-ZrO_(2)),and monoclinic WO_(3)(Pc)are synthesizable,opening up opportunities for exploring their optical applications.Taking the low-temperature metastable phase WO_(3)(Pc)as representative for systematic studies,it is found that(1)the ratio WO_(3)(Pc)phase to that of room-temperature phase of WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)can be tailored by modulation of processing parameters;(2)laser synthesized aerogels with hybrid phases of WO_(3)(Pc)and WO_(3)(P2_(1)/n)have a brighter visible whiteness,higher visible/nearinfrared(NIR)spectral selectivity than the natural prototype of white Cyphochilus insulanus beetles but with comparable LWIR emittance.White WO_(3) aerogel in situ deposited during flexibly fs laser artistic patterning can blur the painting features due to its radiative cooling effect,allowing a colorful impressionistic IR display in the heating mode.What's more,invisible painting features concealed by the white deposited WO_(3) aerogel are clearly/faintly distinguishable by introducing external stimuli of a human hand and sample heating,respectively,catalyzing progress in optical encryption and selectively stimuli-responsive decryption display in the infrared band.
基金supported by the 2022 Fujian Provincial Young and Middle-aged Teacher Education and Research Project(Science and Technology)(No.JAT220468)the Xiamen Natural Science Foundation(No.3502Z20227334).
文摘At present,the naked-eye three-dimensional(3D)display technology still has some drawbacks,such as low brightness uniformity,high crosstalk,low light efficiency,short viewing distance,and the manufacturing is difficulty.Based on the principle of naked-eye 3D display and the Fresnel optical theory,this paper designs a Fresnel lens array and the star-shaped liquid crystal display(LCD)switch of unit LCD screen to achieve low-crosstalk and high brightness uniformity for the autostereoscopic 3D display.The unit parameters of a 139.7 cm 4K model autostereoscopic 3D displayer are provided and they are optimized by the TracePro software.The results show that when the pitch of the Fresnel lens on the exit surface is 0.304 mm,the width of each serration of Fresnel lens is 0.0234 mm,the length of the Fresnel lens is 2.87 mm,and the center height of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.030 mm,the center length is 0.040 mm,the width of star-shaped LCD switch is 0.050 mm,and the image crosstalk is less than 2%when the viewing distance is 2.50 m.The problem on the brightness of the image in different positions is improved.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea,funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),Korea[2022R1A2C2091671]by ITECH R&D Program of MOTIE/KEIT(Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy/Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology)[20016808].
文摘Balancing high display performance with energy efficiency is crucial for global sustainability.Lowering operating frequencies—such as enabling 1 Hz operation in fringe-field switching(FFS)liquid crystal displays—reduces power consumption but is hindered by image flicker.While negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(nLCs)mitigate flicker,their high driving voltages and production costs limit adoption.Positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals(pLCs)offer lower operating voltages,faster response times,and broader applicability,making them a more viable alternative.This study introduces a novel approach to minimizing flexoelectric effects in pLCs by investigating how single components influence flexoelectric behavior in mixtures through an effective experimental methodology.Two innovative measurement techniques—(1)flexoelectric coefficient difference analysis and(2)displacement-current measurement(DCM)—are presented,marking the first application of DCM for verifying flexoelectric effects.The proposed system eliminates uncertainties associated with previous methods,providing a reliable framework for selecting liquid crystal components with minimal flexoelectric effects while preserving key electro-optic properties.Given pLCs'higher reliability,lower production costs,and broader material selection,these advancements hold significant potential for low-power displays.We believe this work enhances flexoelectric analysis in nematic liquid crystals and contributes to sustainable innovation in the display industry,aligning with global energy-saving goals.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3606501,2022YFB3602902)the Key projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(62234004)+8 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2092)Pioneer and Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang(2024C01191,2024C01092)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team of Zhejiang Province(2021R01003)Ningbo Key Technologies R&D Program(2022Z085),Ningbo 3315 Programme(2020A-01-B)YONGJIANG Talent Introduction Programme(2021A-038-B,2021A-159-G)“Innovation Yongjiang 2035”Key R&D Programme(2024Z146)Ningbo JiangBei District public welfare science and technology project(2022C07)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(grant no.BX20240391)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2023M743623).
文摘High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(″863″Program)(2007AA01Z338)the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China(20080441051)the Jiangsu Province Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists(0802014c)~~
文摘Based on the helix rotating screen and the digital micro-mirror device （DMD）, the former proto of volumetric-swept display system is improved. The 3-D display system adopting a helix rotating screen to construct an imaging space meliorate the defects, such as the smaller image space, the fewer voxels and the severer voxel overlap dead zone caused by planar rotating screen. DMD with spatial light modular （SLM） technology increases the transmission bandwidth of 3-D data in the voxel activation subsystem and activate multi-voxel once time. The volumetric-swept system based on helix rotating screen and DMD is developed. The experimental results show that the image space, the vision dead zone, the voxels on slice, and the voxel activation capacity of the designed proto are superior to the plane rotating screen system.
文摘It is of great scientific significance to construct a 3D dynamic structural color with a special color effect based on the microlens array.However,the problems of imperfect mechanisms and poor color quality need to be solved.A method of 3D structural color turning on periodic metasurfaces fabricated by the microlens array and self-assembly technology was proposed in this study.In the experiment,Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)flexible film was used as a substrate,and SiO2 microspheres were scraped into grooves of the PDMS film to form 3D photonic crystal structures.By adjusting the number of blade-coated times and microsphere concentrations,high-saturation structural color micropatterns were obtained.These films were then matched with microlens arrays to produce dynamic graphics with iridescent effects.The results showed that by blade-coated two times and SiO2 microsphere concentrations of 50%are the best conditions.This method demonstrates the potential for being widely applied in the anticounterfeiting printing and ultra-high-resolution display.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62374142)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.20720220085 and 20720240064)+2 种基金External Cooperation Program of Fujian(No.2022I0004)Major Science and Technology Project of Xiamen in China(No.3502Z20191015)Xiamen Natural Science Foundation Youth Project(No.3502Z202471002)。
文摘Super-fine electrohydrodynamic inkjet(SIJ)printing of perovskite nanocrystal(PNC)colloid ink exhibits significant potential in the fabrication of high-resolution color conversion microstructures arrays for fullcolor micro-LED displays.However,the impact of solvent on both the printing process and the morphology of SIJ-printed PNC color conversion microstructures remains underexplored.In this study,we prepared samples of CsPbBr3PNC colloid inks in various solvents and investigated the solvent's impact on SIJ printed PNC microstructures.Our findings reveal that the boiling point of the solvent is crucial to the SIJ printing process of PNC colloid inks.Only does the boiling point of the solvent fall in the optimal range,the regular positioned,micron-scaled,conical PNC microstructures can be successfully printed.Below this optimal range,the ink is unable to be ejected from the nozzle;while above this range,irregular positioned microstructures with nanoscale height and coffee-ring-like morphology are produced.Based on these observations,high-resolution color conversion PNC microstructures were effectively prepared using SIJ printing of PNC colloid ink dispersed in dimethylbenzene solvent.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFA1404700)the Major Key Project of PCL(PCL2024A01)+7 种基金Shenzhen Municipal Basic Research(Key Project)(JCY20241202123919027)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62305184)Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2023A1515012932)Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(WDZC20220818100259004)the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China[Project No.C5031-22GCityU11310522CityU11300123]City University of Hong Kong[Project No.9610628].
文摘Augmented reality(AR)displays have gained significant attention for their ability to blend the real and virtual worlds seamlessly.However,they face challenges like the vergence-accommodation conflict and a limited eyebox.The AR community is actively seeking lightweight,integrative optical elements to overcome these limitations.In this study,we demonstrate a three-dimensional varifocal meta-device for AR display.The meta-device is composed of three cascaded metasurfaces with Moiréand off-center Fresnel lens phase profiles designed to dynamically manipulate the focus point in three-dimensional space.The cascaded metasurfaces are designed and fabricated by the TiO_(2)nanopillars with varying diameters,which are polarizationinsensitive for light field manipulation.The focal point position is precisely controlled by the relative rotation between the metasurfaces.The meta-device achieves an effective focal length ranging from 3.7 mm to 33.2 mm and can adjust the lateral focal point within the same range.The dynamic eyebox size varies from 4.2 mm to 5.8 mm.This lightweight,integrated meta-device is well-suited for various imaging applications,including AR displays,as it simultaneously addresses the vergence-accommodation conflict and expands the eyebox.
基金Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province,Grant/Award Number:2022JH13/10200026National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:U2267221。
文摘Molecular imaging plays important roles in many fields,including disease diagnosis,therapeutic efficacy evaluation,intraoperative imaging guidance,drug metabolism monitoring,and patient selection for appropriate treatment.As a key component,the targeting ligand determines the specificity,affinity,and in vivo performance of molecular imaging probes.In this review,highthroughput screening and biological display platforms for the discovery of ligands applicable to molecular imaging are briefly reviewed.Basic information on ligand development for molecular imaging is first introduced,followed by a presentation of various selection platforms and typical or iterative cases.The features,advantages,limitations,and application scope of screening and display platforms are compared and discussed.Last,a basic selection strategy and a perspective for protein-based ligands are provided.
文摘A novel volumetric three-dimensional（3-D） display system is developed based on the human eye persistence and the system fuses a time-series of image slices into a single hologram like 3-D aerial image. The system design is introduced and key components are described. Experimental results show that the 3-D system can guide people freely walk around the display to inspect the true 3-D image without goggles.
基金supported by the Research Projects of Department of Education of Guangdong Province-024CJPT002Special Project of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education in Key Areas (No. 6021210075K)Shenzhen Polytechnic University Research Fund. (No. 6024310006K)
文摘Eco-friendly quantum-dot light-emitting diodes(QLEDs),which employ colloidal quantum dots(QDs)such as InP,and ZnSe,stand out due to their low toxicity,color purity,and high efficiency.Currently,significant advancements have been made in the performance of cadmium-free QLEDs.However,several challenges persist in the industrialization of ecofriendly QLED displays.For instance,(1)the poor performance,characterized by low photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY),unstable ligand,and charge imbalance,cannot be effectively addressed with a solitary strategy;(2)the degradation mechanism,involving emission quenching,morphological inhomogeneity,and field-enhanced electron delocalization remains unclear;(3)the lack of techniques for color patterning,such as optical lithography and transfer printing.Herein,we undertake a specific review of all technological breakthroughs that endeavor to tackle the above challenges associated with cadmium-free QLED displays.We begin by reviewing the evolution,architecture,and operational characteristics of eco-friendly QLEDs,highlighting the photoelectric properties of QDs,carrier transport layer stability,and device lifetime.Subsequently,we focus our attention not only on the latest insights into device degradation mechanisms,particularly,but also on the remarkable technological progress in color patterning techniques.To conclude,we provide a synthesis of the promising prospects,current challenges,potential solutions,and emerging research trends for QLED displays.
基金supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant Number:RS-2024-00448809National Research Foundation of Korea Grant Number:RS-2025-00517255+1 种基金National Research Foundation of Korea Grant Number:No.2021M3H4A1A02056037supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korean(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1A6A1A03040516).
文摘The evolution of display backplane technologies has been driven by the relentless pursuit of higher form factor and superior performance coupled with lower power consumption.Current state-of-the-art backplane technologies based on amorphous Si,poly Si,and IGZO,face challenges in meeting the requirements of next-generation displays,including larger dimensions,higher refresh rates,increased pixel density,greater brightness,and reduced power consumption.In this context,2D chalcogenides have emerged as promising candidates for thin-film transistors(TFTs)in display backplanes,offering advantages such as high mobility,low leakage current,mechanical robustness,and transparency.This comprehensive review explores the significance of 2D chalcogenides as materials for TFTs in next-generation display backplanes.We delve into the structural characteristics,electronic properties,and synthesis methods of 2D chalcogenides,emphasizing scalable growth strategies that are relevant to large-area display backplanes.Additionally,we discuss mechanical flexibility and strain engineering,crucial for the development of flexible displays.Performance enhancement strategies for 2D chalcogenide TFTs have been explored encompassing techniques in device engineering and geometry optimization,while considering scaling over a large area.Active-matrix implementation of 2D TFTs in various applications is also explored,benchmarking device performance on a large scale which is a necessary aspect of TFTs used in display backplanes.Furthermore,the latest development on the integration of 2D chalcogenide TFTs with different display technologies,such as OLED,quantum dot,and MicroLED displays has been reviewed in detail.Finally,challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed with a brief insight into emerging trends and research directions.
基金upported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62274138)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(Grant No.2023J06012)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Plan Project in Fujian Province of China(Grant No.2021H0011)the Funda-mental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.20720230029)the Compound Semiconductor Technology Collaborative Innovation Platform Project of FuXiaQuan National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone(Grant No.3502ZCQXT2022005).
文摘In recent years,artificial intelligence(AI)has demonstrated immense potential in driving breakthroughs in the semiconductor industry,particularly in full-color display technologies.Benefiting from the deep integration of AI,these technologies are experiencing unprecedented innovation and industrial transformation,garnering significant attention.These advancements provide a solid foundation for displays with higher color gamut and resolution.In addition,the integration of deep learning with dimming technologies has enabled new display systems to deliver superior viewing experiences with reduced energy consumption.This review highlights recent progress in four key areas of AI application in full-color display technologies:epitaxial structure design,defect detection and repair,perovskite synthesis,and dynamic dimming.AI-driven advancements in these domains are paving the way for smarter,more efficient display technologies.By leveraging AI’s powerful data processing and optimization capabilities,full-color display systems are poised to achieve enhanced performance,energy efficiency,and user satisfaction,marking a significant step toward a more intelligent and innovative future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22174055)Key R&D Program of Zhenjiang City(No.NY2022012)。
文摘Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventional liquid electrolytes are unsuitable for the integration of sensing devices.To address these constraints,wearable biofuel cells and flexible electrochromic displays have been introduced,which can improve integration with other devices,safety,and color-coded display data.Meanwhile,electrode chips prepared through screen printing technology can further improve portability.In this work,a wearable sensor device with screen-printed chips was constructed and used for non-invasive detection of glucose.Agarose gel electrolytes doped with PDA-CNTs were prepared,and the mechanical strength and moisture retention were significantly improved compared with traditional gel electrolytes.Glucose in interstitial fluid was non-invasive extracted to the skin surface using reverse iontophoresis.As a biofuel for wearable biofuel cells,glucose drives self-powered sensor and electrochromic display to produce color change,allowing for visually measurement of glucose levels in body fluids.Accurate detection results can be visualized by reading the RGB value with a cell phone.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20232ACB204002&20232BAB202044)Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(20212BCD42004&20242BCC32010).
文摘Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)is widely used in FECDs due to its excellent mechanical flexibility,tunable conductivity,and non-toxicity.However,the manufacturing process for patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices remains intricate,costly,and challenging to personalize.To address this challenge,we have developed a 3D-printable ink with controllable rheological properties through a concentration-tuning strategy,enabling programmable,patterned printing of PEDOT-based conductive polymer electrochromic layers.The 3D-printed FECDs exhibit outstanding electrochromic performance,including a high optical contrast(up to 47.9%at 635 nm),fast response times(t_(c)=1.6 s;t_(b)=0.6 s),high coloration efficiency(352 cm^(2) C^(-1)),and good cycling stability(with only a 9.3%decrease in optical contrast after 100 electrochemical cycles).Finally,we utilize 3D printing technology to construct flexible,patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices with bespoke butterfly designs.This work establishes the theoretical foundation for the application of 3D printing technology in PEDOT:PSS flexible electrochromic devices.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 60225009)the Major Research Plan of China (No. 90405003)
文摘SimWall is a user-friendly, stereo tiled display wall system composed of 18 commodity projectors operated by a Linux graphics cluster. Collaborating together, these projectors work as a single logical display capable of giving a high-resolution show, large-scale, and passive stereo scene. In order to avoid tedious system setup and maintenance, software-based automatic geometry and photometric calibration are used. The software calibration is integrated to the system seamlessly by an on-card transform method and is transparent to users. To end-users, SimWall works just as a common PC, but provides super computing, rendering and displaying ability. In addition, SimWall has stereoscopic function that gives users a semi-immersive experience in polarized passive way. This paper presents system architecture, implementation, and other technical issues such as hardware constraints, projectors alignment, geometry and photometric calibration, implementation of passive stereo, and development of overall soft- ware environment.
