Improving the application of nanomaterials has always been a research hotspot in the field of energetic materials(EMs)due to their obvious catalytic effect on the EMs,especially the uniformly dispersed nanomaterials.H...Improving the application of nanomaterials has always been a research hotspot in the field of energetic materials(EMs)due to their obvious catalytic effect on the EMs,especially the uniformly dispersed nanomaterials.However,few studies have reported the dispersion of nanomaterials.In this study,the dispersity and mixing uniformity of nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)was evaluated based on the difference of solid UV light absorption between the nano-catalytic materials and EMs.The nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)/ultrafine AP composites with different dispersity of nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)were prepared by manual grinding and mechanical grinding with different grinding strength and griding time.And then,the absorbance of different samples at 212 nm was obtained by solid UV testing due to the high repeatability of the absorbance at 210-214 nm for three parallel experiments,and the dispersity of different samples was calculated through the established difference equation.Furthermore,the samples were characterized by XRD,IR,SEM,EDS,DSC and TG-MS,which confirmed that different mixing methods did not change the structure of the samples(XRD and IR),and the mixing uniformity improved with the increase of grinding strength and grinding time(SEM and EDS).The scientificity and feasibility of the difference equation were further verified by DSC.The dispersity of nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)exhibits a positive intrinsic relationship with its catalytic performance,and the uniformly dispersed nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)significantly reduces the thermal decomposition temperature of ultrafine AP from 367.7 to 338.8℃.The TG-MS patterns show that the dispersed nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)advanced the thermal decomposition process of ultrafine AP by about 700 s,especially in the high temperature decomposition stage,and the more concentrated energy release characteristic is beneficial to further enhance the energy performance of AP-based propellants.The above conclusions show that the evaluation method of dispersity based on solid UV curves could provide new ideas for the dispersity characterization of nano-catalytic materials in EMs,which is expected to be widely used in the field of EMs.展开更多
Conjugated polymers are mainly synthesized by cross-coupling polymerizations catalyzed with transition metal(Pd,Ni)catalysts through step-growth polymerization(SGP)mechanism.According to the classical theory of SGP,th...Conjugated polymers are mainly synthesized by cross-coupling polymerizations catalyzed with transition metal(Pd,Ni)catalysts through step-growth polymerization(SGP)mechanism.According to the classical theory of SGP,the polymer dispersion index(D)of the synthesized polymers will never be higher than 2.However,the cases where conjugated polymers synthesized with D value far exceeding 2 are very common in reality,which severely limits their processing property,performance and applications.To investigate the reason behind the D value deviation from the theoretical value of SGP,direct arylation polycondensation(DArP)of 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene(3HT)was chosen as the model reaction,and the reaction process was tracked using gel permeation chromatography analysis.When Pd(OAc)_(2) was used as the catalyst,the D value linearly increased with the increase of the weight-average molecular weight(M_(w))of polymer(P3HT)after a short period and reached up to 7.2 at prolonged reaction time.Scanning transmission electron microscopic images of the reaction mixture showed the fibril-like aggregation of P3HT and assembling of Pd species in P3HT aggregates.A catalyst competition mechanism was thus proposed,together with numerical calculation,giving a good fitting to the experimental results,which is believed to have far-reaching significance for guiding the design,synthesis and processing of conjugated polymers.展开更多
Dispersity(D)of polymers has a great effect on the properties of polymeric materials,and therefore how to control θ is very important but still a huge challenge in polymer synthesis,especially for reversible-deactiva...Dispersity(D)of polymers has a great effect on the properties of polymeric materials,and therefore how to control θ is very important but still a huge challenge in polymer synthesis,especially for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization(RDRP)strategy.Herein,we successfully developed a novel strategy to adjust D of polymers by visible light-controlled reversible complexation mediated living radical polymerizatio n(RCMP)and combi nation of single-electron transfer-degenerative chain tran sfer living radical polymerization(SET-DTLRP)at room temperature.In RCMP system,2-iodo-2-methylpropionitrile(CP-I)and ethyl 2-iodo-2-phenylacetate(EIPA)were used as alkyl iodide initiators,by using methyl methacrylate(MMA)as the model monomer and n-butylacrylate(BA)as the end-capping reagent to regulate D of polymers.Subsequently,we successfully prepared the block copolymer PMMA-b-PBA with adjustable D by reactivating the polymer end-chains via SET-DTLRP in the presence of copper wire,fully dem on strati ng that it is a promising strategy that can keep the"living"feature of polymers while regulating their molar mass dispersities easily.展开更多
In this paper, we have demonstrated an Er-doped ultrafast laser with a single mode fiber-gradient index multimode fiber-single mode fiber(SMF-GIMF-SMF, SMS) structure as saturable absorber(SA), which can generate not ...In this paper, we have demonstrated an Er-doped ultrafast laser with a single mode fiber-gradient index multimode fiber-single mode fiber(SMF-GIMF-SMF, SMS) structure as saturable absorber(SA), which can generate not only stable single-pulse state, but also special mode-locked pulses with the characteristics of high energy and noisy behaviors at proper pump power and cavity polarization state. In addition, we have deeply investigated the real-time spectral evolutions of the mode-locked pulses through the dispersive Fourier transformation(DFT) technique. It can be found that the pulse regime can actually consist of a lot of small noise pulses with randomly varying intensities. We believe that these results will further enrich the nonlinear dynamical processes in the ultrafast lasers.展开更多
Theoretical analysis has demonstrated that the dispersion relation of chorus waves plays an essential role in the resonant interaction and energy transformation between the waves and magnetospheric electrons.Previous ...Theoretical analysis has demonstrated that the dispersion relation of chorus waves plays an essential role in the resonant interaction and energy transformation between the waves and magnetospheric electrons.Previous quantitative analyses often simplified the chorus dispersion relation by using the cold plasma assumption.However,the applicability of the cold plasma assumption is doubtful,especially during geomagnetic disturbances.We here present a systematic statistical analysis on the validity of the cold plasma dispersion relation of chorus waves based on observations from the Van Allen Probes over the period from 2012 to 2018.The statistical results show that the observed magnetic field intensities deviate substantially from those calculated from the cold plasma dispersion relation and that they become more pronounced with an increase in geomagnetic activity or a decrease in background plasma density.The region with large deviations is mainly concentrated in the nightside and expands in both the radial and azimuthal directions as the geomagnetic activity increases or the background plasma density decreases.In addition,the bounce-averaged electron scattering rates are computed by using the observed and cold plasma dispersion relation of chorus waves.Compared with usage of the cold plasma dispersion relation,usage of the observed dispersion relation considerably lowers the minimum resonant energy of electrons and lowers the scattering rates of electrons above tens of kiloelectronvolts but enhances those below.Furthermore,these differences are more pronounced with the enhancement of geomagnetic activity or the decrease in background plasma density.展开更多
Dispersals,colonisation,immigration and population assimilation or replacement are fundamental themes in the Palaeolithic record of East Asia.Some of these issues can be studied within a biogeographic framework that e...Dispersals,colonisation,immigration and population assimilation or replacement are fundamental themes in the Palaeolithic record of East Asia.Some of these issues can be studied within a biogeographic framework that explains why and how the distribution of hominin species changed over time and space in response to climatic and environmental change.Because hominins(and especially humans)can change their behaviour through technical,social and cognitive developments,biogeographic models also have to incorporate this factor when investigating dispersals.This is particularly important with the dispersals in East Asia by Homo sapiens into rainforests,across open sea to off-shore islands,to the Arctic and the highest parts of the Tibetan Plateau.This paper suggests how hominin and human dispersals in East Asia might be investigated by using a biogeographic framework that can incorporate changes in hominin adaptability and behaviour.展开更多
93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloys strengthened by nanoscale ZrC particles were prepared by spark-plasma-sintering(SPS)and hot rotary swaging,separately.Results show that the addition of a small number of ZrC nanoparticles can re...93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloys strengthened by nanoscale ZrC particles were prepared by spark-plasma-sintering(SPS)and hot rotary swaging,separately.Results show that the addition of a small number of ZrC nanoparticles can refine grains and increase the hardness of the WNiFe alloys,but hinder the formation of theγ-(Ni,Fe)phase during SPS.SPSed WNiFe and WNiFe-ZrC alloys are brittle at room temperature,while the swaged WNiFe and WNiFe-0.5ZrC(wt%)alloys are ductile.At 400°C,the swaged WNiFe-0.5ZrC alloy exhibits both higher tensile strength and better ductility than the swaged WNiFe.The nanoscale particles distributed in the W grains andγ-(Ni,Fe)phase provide a good pinning effect,which enhances the strength.The thermal conductivity of swaged WNiFe-0.5ZrC is only 71 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)at room temperature,but it increases to about 100 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)at 800°C,which is close to that of pure W(121 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)).These results show the potential of WNiFe alloys as plasma-facing materials in fusion reactor.展开更多
For segmented detectors,surface flatness is critical as it directly influences both energy resolution and image clarity.Additionally,the limited adjustment range of the segmented detectors necessitates precise benchma...For segmented detectors,surface flatness is critical as it directly influences both energy resolution and image clarity.Additionally,the limited adjustment range of the segmented detectors necessitates precise benchmark construction.This paper proposes an architecture for detecting detector flatness based on channel spectral dispersion.By measuring the dispersion fringes for coplanar adjustment,the final adjustment residual is improved to better than 300 nm.This result validates the feasibility of the proposed technology and provides significant technical support for the development of next-generation large-aperture sky survey equipment.展开更多
Catalytic oxidation desulfurization(CODS)technology has shown great promise for diesel desulfurization by virtue of its low cost,mild reaction conditions,and superior desulfurization performance.Herein,a series of FeM...Catalytic oxidation desulfurization(CODS)technology has shown great promise for diesel desulfurization by virtue of its low cost,mild reaction conditions,and superior desulfurization performance.Herein,a series of FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z samples with diverse Fe/Mo ratios were prepared via a facile citric acid-assisted method.The impact of Fe incorporation on the dispersion and surface elemental states of Mo species,as well as oxygen species content of the synthesized FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z catalysts were systematically characterized using TEM,BET,UV-vis DRS,XPS,XANES,and reaction kinetics,and their CODS performances were examined for 4,6-DMDBT removal.Experimental results demonstrated that Fe/Mo ratio significantly affected the Ti−O bond strength,surface dispersion and electronic structure of Mo O_(2)species on FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z catalysts.FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-2 catalyst showed outstanding cycling durability and the best CODS performance with almost 100%removal of 4,6-DMDBT from model oil within 75 min due to its proper MoO3 dispersion,optimal redox property,and the most oxygen vacancy concentration.Nevertheless,further enhancing Fe content led to the increased dispersion of Mo species,while the decrease active Mo species as well as the increase of steric effect for 4,6-DMDBT accessing to the catalytic reactive sites considerably increase the apparent activation energy of FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z(z>2)catalysts during the CODS process,thereby seriously suppressing their CODS performances.Moreover,Radical trapping experiments reveal that the·,generated by the activation of O_(2)at the active sites,catalytic oxidized 4,6-DMDBT to the product of 4,6-DMDBTO_(2),thereby enabling both deep desulfurization and recovery of high-value 4,6-DMDBTO_(2).These findings offer an alternative strategy to achieve ultra deep desulfurization as well as separate and recover high economic value sulfone substances from diesel.展开更多
Percolation threshold of Brittle-Ductile (B-D) transition and its relation with the affecting varibles (such as particle-size dispersity, interphase adhesion)in polymer blends are studied.Percolation Threshold (Φ_(sc...Percolation threshold of Brittle-Ductile (B-D) transition and its relation with the affecting varibles (such as particle-size dispersity, interphase adhesion)in polymer blends are studied.Percolation Threshold (Φ_(sc)) which is equivalent to that of B-D transition and critical matrix ligament thickness (T_c) are first independently calculated and the correlated equation between Φ_(sc) and σ_g is also given.In addition, a new type of master curve of S_1(G_0,toughness) with Φ_s (stress volume fraction) for polymer blends is proposed and the new parameter Φ_(so) (up-limited stress volume fraction) is also discussed. The results confirm that Φ_(sc) is not only related with σ_g,but also tightly related with the interphase adhesion.展开更多
Dispersal is an important life history trait with signifcant consequences for spatially structured populations,as the exchange of individuals between habitat patches is crucial for maintaining metapopulation connectiv...Dispersal is an important life history trait with signifcant consequences for spatially structured populations,as the exchange of individuals between habitat patches is crucial for maintaining metapopulation connectivity.In this study,we used a long-term data set(2005–2023)to describe dispersal patterns in a patchy population of the Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla fava within a large(approximately 1,300 km2)study area in the boreal zone of European Russia.We quantifed dispersal distances for birds that dispersed outside their natal or breeding habitat patches and applied a multistate capture–recapture approach to estimate natal and breeding dispersal probabilities.Of 395 adult wagtails and 1,610 nestlings ringed,3%of birds ringed as adults and 3%of birds ringed as nestlings were resighted outside their natal or breeding patches.The probability of natal dispersal(0.29±0.05)was signifcantly higher than the probability of breeding dispersal(0.05±0.01).The median natal dispersal distances(2.8 km for males,3.9 km for females)were the same as the median breeding dispersal distances(2.7 km for males,3.9 km for females).We did not fnd a signifcant effect of the fedging date on either the natal dispersal distance or the natal dispersal probability.Similarly,we did not fnd a signifcant effect of the previous reproductive success on either the breeding dispersal distance or the breeding dispersal probability.Our results indicate that strong breeding site fdelity and short-distance natal dispersal are the dominant dispersal strategies in a patchy population of the western yellow wagtail.展开更多
In this study,we searched for dispersed repeats(DRs)in the rice(Oryza sativa)genome using the iterative procedure(IP)method.The results revealed that the O.sativa genome contained 79 DR families,comprising 992739 DNA ...In this study,we searched for dispersed repeats(DRs)in the rice(Oryza sativa)genome using the iterative procedure(IP)method.The results revealed that the O.sativa genome contained 79 DR families,comprising 992739 DNA repeats,of which 496762 and 495977 were identified on the forward and reverse DNA strands,respectively.The detected DRs were,on average,374 bp in length and occupied 66.4%of the O.sativa genome.Totally 61%of DRs,identified by the IP method,overlapped with previously annotated dispersed repeats(ADRs)detected using the Extensive De Novo TE Annotator(EDTA)pipeline.展开更多
Reverse design of highly GeO2-doped silica optical fibers with broadband and flat dispersion profiles is proposed using a neural network(NN) combined with a particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm.Firstly,the NN mo...Reverse design of highly GeO2-doped silica optical fibers with broadband and flat dispersion profiles is proposed using a neural network(NN) combined with a particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm.Firstly,the NN model designed to predict optical fiber dispersion is trained with an appropriate choice of hyperparameters,achieving a root mean square error(RMSE) of 9.47×10-7on the test dataset,with a determination coefficient(R2) of 0.999.Secondly,the NN is combined with the PSO algorithm for the inverse design of dispersion-flattened optical fibers.To expand the search space and avoid particles becoming trapped in local optimal solutions,the PSO algorithm incorporates adaptive inertia weight updating and a simulated annealing algorithm.Finally,by using a suitable fitness function,the designed fibers exhibit flat group velocity dispersion(GVD) profiles at 1 400—2 400 nm,where the GVD fluctuations and minimum absolute GVD values are below 18 ps·nm-1·km-1and 7 ps·nm-1·km-1,respectively.展开更多
Laser interferometry with higher resolution,faster update rate,and larger dynamic range is highly anticipated in the exploration of physics frontiers,advanced manufacturing,and precision sensing.Real-time dispersive s...Laser interferometry with higher resolution,faster update rate,and larger dynamic range is highly anticipated in the exploration of physics frontiers,advanced manufacturing,and precision sensing.Real-time dispersive spectral interferometry(DSI)shows promise for high-speed precision measurements,whereas the resolution of subnanometers has not yet been achieved.We present a comprehensive theoretical framework to analyze the limitations of real-time DSI based on the signal-to-noise ratio and data volume.A real-time orthogonal polarization spectral interferometry technique is proposed,which utilizes a pair of interferograms with the pi-phase shift to effectively mitigate the phase noise embedded in real-time spectral envelopes,thereby enabling the precise measurements with subnanometer resolution at megahertz frame rates.The recorded time series data are processed through interpolation,segmentation,time–frequency mapping,and de-enveloping to regain the typical cosine-shaped spectral evolution,followed by a fitting-based phase retrieval method to extract the interference phase.The phase resolution of 1.1 mrad(0.91 as for time delay and 0.3 nm for distance)is obtained at the update rate of 22.2 MHz even under the detection bandwidth of 500 MHz,and can be further enhanced to 0.29 mrad(0.24 as for time delay)after 500 times averaging(∼0.5 MHz).Our approach is validated through periodic phase modulations and applied to measure the rapid damped oscillations of a piezo stage,yielding results consistent with those obtained from a commercial picometer interferometer.展开更多
The chemical composition of seawater affects the desulfurization of chalcopyrite in flotation.In this study,desulfurization experiments of chalcopyrite were conducted in both deionized(DI)water and seawater.The result...The chemical composition of seawater affects the desulfurization of chalcopyrite in flotation.In this study,desulfurization experiments of chalcopyrite were conducted in both deionized(DI)water and seawater.The results showed that,the copper grade of the concentrate obtained from seawater flotation decreased to 24.30%,compared to 24.60%in DI water.Concurrently,the recovery of chalcopyrite decreased from 51.39%to 38.67%,while the selectivity index(SI)also had a reduction from 2.006 to 1.798.The incorporation of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA),sodium silicate(SS),and sodium hexametaphosphate(SHMP)yielded an enhancement in the SI value,elevating it from 1.798 to 1.897,2.250 and 2.153,separately.It is particularly noteworthy that an excess of EDTA resulted in a SI value of merely 1.831.The mechanism of action was elucidated through analysis of surface charge measurements,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),extended Derjaguin-Landau Verwey-Overbeek(E-DLVO)theory,and density functional theory(DFT)calculations.展开更多
Natal dispersal is a critical trait for individual ftness and the viability,structure,and genetic identity of populations.However,there is a pronounced information gap for large and long-lived species due to the diffc...Natal dispersal is a critical trait for individual ftness and the viability,structure,and genetic identity of populations.However,there is a pronounced information gap for large and long-lived species due to the diffculty of monitoring individuals at appropriate spatio-temporal scales.Here we study how individual traits and social and environmental characteristics infuence natal dispersal decisions of griffon vultures(Gypsfulvus)using long-term(30 years)monitoring of a large number of individuals marked as nestlings in Spain.Our results show a strong philopatryin both sexes,with some individuals recruiting as breeders on the same cliffs,and even the same nests,where they were born.This philopatrictendency was modulated by the effect of conspecifc density on individual parameters and emphasized the importance of conspecifc attraction and changes in food availability that may have infuenced the increment in colony size and the colonization of new areas.Although furtherresearch is needed considering smaller colonies and more isolated population nuclei,our results highlight the importance of long-term studieson long-lived species to understand the factors that determine their population dynamics and their relationship with anthropogenic activities,whose effects should be predicted and managed using conservation criteria.展开更多
Assessing individual differences and variability in animal movement patterns is essential to improve our understanding of the evolution and ontogeny of migratory strategies.In long-distance migratory species,fledged j...Assessing individual differences and variability in animal movement patterns is essential to improve our understanding of the evolution and ontogeny of migratory strategies.In long-distance migratory species,fledged juveniles often rely on an extremely restricted time span to learn the essential skills for survival and to prepare for migration,possibly the most risky phase of their lives.Collecting detailed information on the dynamics of the movements during the crucial pre-migratory phase is hence essential to understand the solutions developed by migratory species in different environmental contexts.Here,we used high-resolution GPS/GSM transmitters to collect information on the movement ecology of seven juvenile Montagu's Harriers(Circus pygargus)born in central Italy,investigating their early life stages,namely the post-fledging dependence period(PFDP)and the pre-migratory phase(PMP),until autumn migration.After fledging,individuals showed high variability(both in space and time)in home range size,daily distances covered(6.88±11.44 km/day),distance from the nest(1.45±2.8 km)and PFDP length(23.3±5.3 days).Residence time at the natal site significantly decreased,while time interval between revists in the natal area significantly increased,as the PFDP progressed.During the PMP,explored areas and distance from the nest(max value up to 320.8 km)varied among individuals,despite daily distances covered(27±40 km/day)and time allocation between traveling(60.7%)and foraging(39.3%)were similar across individuals.The PMP lasted 38±14 days.Land cover composition of foraging locations was mostly represented by agricultural lands(~78.2%),though habitat use differed among individuals.More than 76%of such locations were outside protected areas.This individual-based tracking study represents a novel approach that improves previous knowledge based on field studies on the early life stages of the Montagu's Harrier.High inter-individual variability in movement patterns,broad-range exploratory movements and foraging locations outside the protected area network make the application of standard conservation measures difficult,raising concerns about the long-term preservation of this vulnerable migratory species in Italy.展开更多
Dispersion characteristics of magnonic crystals have attracted considerable attention because of the potential applications for spin-wave devices.In this work,we investigated the strain-manipulated dispersion characte...Dispersion characteristics of magnonic crystals have attracted considerable attention because of the potential applications for spin-wave devices.In this work,we investigated the strain-manipulated dispersion characteristics of magnonic crystals with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction(DMI)and discussed the potential applications in spin-wave devices.Here,the ground states and stabilities of the magnonic crystals were investigated.Then,the strain-manipulated dispersion characteristics of the magnonic crystals based on domains and skyrmions were studied.The simulation results indicated that,the applied strain could manipulate the band widths and the positions of the allowed frequency bands.Finally,the realization of magnonic crystal heterojunctions and potential applications in spin-wave devices,such as filters,diodes,and transistors based on strain-manipulated magnonic crystals were proposed.Our research provides a theoretical foundation for designing tunable spin-wave devices based on strain-manipulated magnonic crystals with DMI.展开更多
Chemical synthesis is essential in industries such as petrochemicals, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, driving economic and social development. The increasing demand for new molecules and materials calls for novel...Chemical synthesis is essential in industries such as petrochemicals, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, driving economic and social development. The increasing demand for new molecules and materials calls for novel chemical reactions;however, manual experimental screening is time-consuming. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution by leveraging large-scale experimental data to model chemical reactions, although challenges such as the lack of standardization and predictability in chemical synthesis hinder AI applications. Additionally, the multi-scale nature of chemical reactions, along with complex multiphase processes, further complicates the task. Recent advances in microchemical systems, particularly continuous flow methods using microreactors, provide precise control over reaction conditions, enhancing reproducibility and enabling high-throughput experimentation. These systems minimize transport-related inconsistencies and facilitate scalable industrial applications. This review systematically explores recent developments in intelligent synthesis based on microchemical systems, focusing on reaction system design, synthesis robots, closed-loop optimization, and high-throughput experimentation, while identifying key areas for future research.展开更多
Elucidating the historical processes that led populations to their current spatial and genetic arrangement is relevant in conserving threatened species. We interpreted the phylogeographic structure of the threatened Y...Elucidating the historical processes that led populations to their current spatial and genetic arrangement is relevant in conserving threatened species. We interpreted the phylogeographic structure of the threatened Yellow-headed Parrot (Amazona oratrix) with mitochondrial markers and analyzed 98 samples from Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. We performed analyses of genetic structure, genealogical relationships, demographic history, and divergence times and illustrated the phenotypic variation qualitatively of the sampled individuals. The studies revealed that 92% of the genetic variation is explained between the Mexican Tres Marías Islands, the Mexican Pacific Coast, and the Atlantic groups. These three groups were segregated into two main lineages (Pacific and Atlantic), separated by 26 mutations, leaving A. auropalliata within the Atlantic. We found that both lineages diverged 0.55 million years ago, from which the Atlantic lineage experienced population expansion, high levels of genetic diversity, and a low genetic structure with two phenotypes. The Pacific experienced demographic stability, low levels of diversity, and a genetic structure marked with two phenotypes. Our estimates indicate that this separation occurred in the Pleistocene when the Atlantic clade diverged from Panama and dispersed overland to the Gulf of Mexico. Simultaneously, the Pacific clade departed from the same area to Tres Marías Islands and the Mexican Pacific coast. We deduce that this long-distance event was probably produced by assisted dispersal, but other scenarios appear more parsimonious. We conclude that there is no gene flow between both lineages and that the phylogeographic structure resulted significantly from historical events and climatic changes during the Pleistocene. We propose undertaking other analyses in the future to compare our results and the paraphyletic relationships in A. oratrix.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.21805139,21905023,12102194,22005144 and 22005145)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2141202)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20200471)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.30920041106,30921011203)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(Program,2021QNRC001).
文摘Improving the application of nanomaterials has always been a research hotspot in the field of energetic materials(EMs)due to their obvious catalytic effect on the EMs,especially the uniformly dispersed nanomaterials.However,few studies have reported the dispersion of nanomaterials.In this study,the dispersity and mixing uniformity of nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)was evaluated based on the difference of solid UV light absorption between the nano-catalytic materials and EMs.The nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)/ultrafine AP composites with different dispersity of nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)were prepared by manual grinding and mechanical grinding with different grinding strength and griding time.And then,the absorbance of different samples at 212 nm was obtained by solid UV testing due to the high repeatability of the absorbance at 210-214 nm for three parallel experiments,and the dispersity of different samples was calculated through the established difference equation.Furthermore,the samples were characterized by XRD,IR,SEM,EDS,DSC and TG-MS,which confirmed that different mixing methods did not change the structure of the samples(XRD and IR),and the mixing uniformity improved with the increase of grinding strength and grinding time(SEM and EDS).The scientificity and feasibility of the difference equation were further verified by DSC.The dispersity of nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)exhibits a positive intrinsic relationship with its catalytic performance,and the uniformly dispersed nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)significantly reduces the thermal decomposition temperature of ultrafine AP from 367.7 to 338.8℃.The TG-MS patterns show that the dispersed nano-CuCr_(2)O_(4)advanced the thermal decomposition process of ultrafine AP by about 700 s,especially in the high temperature decomposition stage,and the more concentrated energy release characteristic is beneficial to further enhance the energy performance of AP-based propellants.The above conclusions show that the evaluation method of dispersity based on solid UV curves could provide new ideas for the dispersity characterization of nano-catalytic materials in EMs,which is expected to be widely used in the field of EMs.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22171083)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(No.B502)。
文摘Conjugated polymers are mainly synthesized by cross-coupling polymerizations catalyzed with transition metal(Pd,Ni)catalysts through step-growth polymerization(SGP)mechanism.According to the classical theory of SGP,the polymer dispersion index(D)of the synthesized polymers will never be higher than 2.However,the cases where conjugated polymers synthesized with D value far exceeding 2 are very common in reality,which severely limits their processing property,performance and applications.To investigate the reason behind the D value deviation from the theoretical value of SGP,direct arylation polycondensation(DArP)of 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene(3HT)was chosen as the model reaction,and the reaction process was tracked using gel permeation chromatography analysis.When Pd(OAc)_(2) was used as the catalyst,the D value linearly increased with the increase of the weight-average molecular weight(M_(w))of polymer(P3HT)after a short period and reached up to 7.2 at prolonged reaction time.Scanning transmission electron microscopic images of the reaction mixture showed the fibril-like aggregation of P3HT and assembling of Pd species in P3HT aggregates.A catalyst competition mechanism was thus proposed,together with numerical calculation,giving a good fitting to the experimental results,which is believed to have far-reaching significance for guiding the design,synthesis and processing of conjugated polymers.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22071168 and 21774082)the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Dispersity(D)of polymers has a great effect on the properties of polymeric materials,and therefore how to control θ is very important but still a huge challenge in polymer synthesis,especially for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization(RDRP)strategy.Herein,we successfully developed a novel strategy to adjust D of polymers by visible light-controlled reversible complexation mediated living radical polymerizatio n(RCMP)and combi nation of single-electron transfer-degenerative chain tran sfer living radical polymerization(SET-DTLRP)at room temperature.In RCMP system,2-iodo-2-methylpropionitrile(CP-I)and ethyl 2-iodo-2-phenylacetate(EIPA)were used as alkyl iodide initiators,by using methyl methacrylate(MMA)as the model monomer and n-butylacrylate(BA)as the end-capping reagent to regulate D of polymers.Subsequently,we successfully prepared the block copolymer PMMA-b-PBA with adjustable D by reactivating the polymer end-chains via SET-DTLRP in the presence of copper wire,fully dem on strati ng that it is a promising strategy that can keep the"living"feature of polymers while regulating their molar mass dispersities easily.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No.2023A1515010093)the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (Stable Support Plan Program)(Nos.JCYJ20220809170611004, 20231121110828001 and 20231121113641002)the National Taipei University of Technology-Shenzhen University Joint Research Program (No.2024001)。
文摘In this paper, we have demonstrated an Er-doped ultrafast laser with a single mode fiber-gradient index multimode fiber-single mode fiber(SMF-GIMF-SMF, SMS) structure as saturable absorber(SA), which can generate not only stable single-pulse state, but also special mode-locked pulses with the characteristics of high energy and noisy behaviors at proper pump power and cavity polarization state. In addition, we have deeply investigated the real-time spectral evolutions of the mode-locked pulses through the dispersive Fourier transformation(DFT) technique. It can be found that the pulse regime can actually consist of a lot of small noise pulses with randomly varying intensities. We believe that these results will further enrich the nonlinear dynamical processes in the ultrafast lasers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through Grant Number 42074193
文摘Theoretical analysis has demonstrated that the dispersion relation of chorus waves plays an essential role in the resonant interaction and energy transformation between the waves and magnetospheric electrons.Previous quantitative analyses often simplified the chorus dispersion relation by using the cold plasma assumption.However,the applicability of the cold plasma assumption is doubtful,especially during geomagnetic disturbances.We here present a systematic statistical analysis on the validity of the cold plasma dispersion relation of chorus waves based on observations from the Van Allen Probes over the period from 2012 to 2018.The statistical results show that the observed magnetic field intensities deviate substantially from those calculated from the cold plasma dispersion relation and that they become more pronounced with an increase in geomagnetic activity or a decrease in background plasma density.The region with large deviations is mainly concentrated in the nightside and expands in both the radial and azimuthal directions as the geomagnetic activity increases or the background plasma density decreases.In addition,the bounce-averaged electron scattering rates are computed by using the observed and cold plasma dispersion relation of chorus waves.Compared with usage of the cold plasma dispersion relation,usage of the observed dispersion relation considerably lowers the minimum resonant energy of electrons and lowers the scattering rates of electrons above tens of kiloelectronvolts but enhances those below.Furthermore,these differences are more pronounced with the enhancement of geomagnetic activity or the decrease in background plasma density.
文摘Dispersals,colonisation,immigration and population assimilation or replacement are fundamental themes in the Palaeolithic record of East Asia.Some of these issues can be studied within a biogeographic framework that explains why and how the distribution of hominin species changed over time and space in response to climatic and environmental change.Because hominins(and especially humans)can change their behaviour through technical,social and cognitive developments,biogeographic models also have to incorporate this factor when investigating dispersals.This is particularly important with the dispersals in East Asia by Homo sapiens into rainforests,across open sea to off-shore islands,to the Arctic and the highest parts of the Tibetan Plateau.This paper suggests how hominin and human dispersals in East Asia might be investigated by using a biogeographic framework that can incorporate changes in hominin adaptability and behaviour.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE03140002,2019YFE03110200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52273320,52173303,52325103,52171084)+2 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0470000)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2308085J07)HFIPS Director's Fund(YZJJ202102,YZJJQY202306,YZJJKX202202)。
文摘93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloys strengthened by nanoscale ZrC particles were prepared by spark-plasma-sintering(SPS)and hot rotary swaging,separately.Results show that the addition of a small number of ZrC nanoparticles can refine grains and increase the hardness of the WNiFe alloys,but hinder the formation of theγ-(Ni,Fe)phase during SPS.SPSed WNiFe and WNiFe-ZrC alloys are brittle at room temperature,while the swaged WNiFe and WNiFe-0.5ZrC(wt%)alloys are ductile.At 400°C,the swaged WNiFe-0.5ZrC alloy exhibits both higher tensile strength and better ductility than the swaged WNiFe.The nanoscale particles distributed in the W grains andγ-(Ni,Fe)phase provide a good pinning effect,which enhances the strength.The thermal conductivity of swaged WNiFe-0.5ZrC is only 71 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)at room temperature,but it increases to about 100 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)at 800°C,which is close to that of pure W(121 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)).These results show the potential of WNiFe alloys as plasma-facing materials in fusion reactor.
文摘For segmented detectors,surface flatness is critical as it directly influences both energy resolution and image clarity.Additionally,the limited adjustment range of the segmented detectors necessitates precise benchmark construction.This paper proposes an architecture for detecting detector flatness based on channel spectral dispersion.By measuring the dispersion fringes for coplanar adjustment,the final adjustment residual is improved to better than 300 nm.This result validates the feasibility of the proposed technology and provides significant technical support for the development of next-generation large-aperture sky survey equipment.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515010908,2025A1515011103)Opening Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials(2024P11)+2 种基金Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20233104)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22202087)Opening Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing&Finishing(STRZ202418)。
文摘Catalytic oxidation desulfurization(CODS)technology has shown great promise for diesel desulfurization by virtue of its low cost,mild reaction conditions,and superior desulfurization performance.Herein,a series of FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z samples with diverse Fe/Mo ratios were prepared via a facile citric acid-assisted method.The impact of Fe incorporation on the dispersion and surface elemental states of Mo species,as well as oxygen species content of the synthesized FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z catalysts were systematically characterized using TEM,BET,UV-vis DRS,XPS,XANES,and reaction kinetics,and their CODS performances were examined for 4,6-DMDBT removal.Experimental results demonstrated that Fe/Mo ratio significantly affected the Ti−O bond strength,surface dispersion and electronic structure of Mo O_(2)species on FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z catalysts.FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-2 catalyst showed outstanding cycling durability and the best CODS performance with almost 100%removal of 4,6-DMDBT from model oil within 75 min due to its proper MoO3 dispersion,optimal redox property,and the most oxygen vacancy concentration.Nevertheless,further enhancing Fe content led to the increased dispersion of Mo species,while the decrease active Mo species as well as the increase of steric effect for 4,6-DMDBT accessing to the catalytic reactive sites considerably increase the apparent activation energy of FeMoO_(x)/LaTiO_(y)-z(z>2)catalysts during the CODS process,thereby seriously suppressing their CODS performances.Moreover,Radical trapping experiments reveal that the·,generated by the activation of O_(2)at the active sites,catalytic oxidized 4,6-DMDBT to the product of 4,6-DMDBTO_(2),thereby enabling both deep desulfurization and recovery of high-value 4,6-DMDBTO_(2).These findings offer an alternative strategy to achieve ultra deep desulfurization as well as separate and recover high economic value sulfone substances from diesel.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Percolation threshold of Brittle-Ductile (B-D) transition and its relation with the affecting varibles (such as particle-size dispersity, interphase adhesion)in polymer blends are studied.Percolation Threshold (Φ_(sc)) which is equivalent to that of B-D transition and critical matrix ligament thickness (T_c) are first independently calculated and the correlated equation between Φ_(sc) and σ_g is also given.In addition, a new type of master curve of S_1(G_0,toughness) with Φ_s (stress volume fraction) for polymer blends is proposed and the new parameter Φ_(so) (up-limited stress volume fraction) is also discussed. The results confirm that Φ_(sc) is not only related with σ_g,but also tightly related with the interphase adhesion.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(grant number 23-24-00042).
文摘Dispersal is an important life history trait with signifcant consequences for spatially structured populations,as the exchange of individuals between habitat patches is crucial for maintaining metapopulation connectivity.In this study,we used a long-term data set(2005–2023)to describe dispersal patterns in a patchy population of the Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla fava within a large(approximately 1,300 km2)study area in the boreal zone of European Russia.We quantifed dispersal distances for birds that dispersed outside their natal or breeding habitat patches and applied a multistate capture–recapture approach to estimate natal and breeding dispersal probabilities.Of 395 adult wagtails and 1,610 nestlings ringed,3%of birds ringed as adults and 3%of birds ringed as nestlings were resighted outside their natal or breeding patches.The probability of natal dispersal(0.29±0.05)was signifcantly higher than the probability of breeding dispersal(0.05±0.01).The median natal dispersal distances(2.8 km for males,3.9 km for females)were the same as the median breeding dispersal distances(2.7 km for males,3.9 km for females).We did not fnd a signifcant effect of the fedging date on either the natal dispersal distance or the natal dispersal probability.Similarly,we did not fnd a signifcant effect of the previous reproductive success on either the breeding dispersal distance or the breeding dispersal probability.Our results indicate that strong breeding site fdelity and short-distance natal dispersal are the dominant dispersal strategies in a patchy population of the western yellow wagtail.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation,Russia(Grant No.24-24-00031).
文摘In this study,we searched for dispersed repeats(DRs)in the rice(Oryza sativa)genome using the iterative procedure(IP)method.The results revealed that the O.sativa genome contained 79 DR families,comprising 992739 DNA repeats,of which 496762 and 495977 were identified on the forward and reverse DNA strands,respectively.The detected DRs were,on average,374 bp in length and occupied 66.4%of the O.sativa genome.Totally 61%of DRs,identified by the IP method,overlapped with previously annotated dispersed repeats(ADRs)detected using the Extensive De Novo TE Annotator(EDTA)pipeline.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2024JBZY021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61575018)。
文摘Reverse design of highly GeO2-doped silica optical fibers with broadband and flat dispersion profiles is proposed using a neural network(NN) combined with a particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm.Firstly,the NN model designed to predict optical fiber dispersion is trained with an appropriate choice of hyperparameters,achieving a root mean square error(RMSE) of 9.47×10-7on the test dataset,with a determination coefficient(R2) of 0.999.Secondly,the NN is combined with the PSO algorithm for the inverse design of dispersion-flattened optical fibers.To expand the search space and avoid particles becoming trapped in local optimal solutions,the PSO algorithm incorporates adaptive inertia weight updating and a simulated annealing algorithm.Finally,by using a suitable fitness function,the designed fibers exhibit flat group velocity dispersion(GVD) profiles at 1 400—2 400 nm,where the GVD fluctuations and minimum absolute GVD values are below 18 ps·nm-1·km-1and 7 ps·nm-1·km-1,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61705193)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LGG20F050002)the Jinhua Science and Technology Plan(Project No.2024-1-064).
文摘Laser interferometry with higher resolution,faster update rate,and larger dynamic range is highly anticipated in the exploration of physics frontiers,advanced manufacturing,and precision sensing.Real-time dispersive spectral interferometry(DSI)shows promise for high-speed precision measurements,whereas the resolution of subnanometers has not yet been achieved.We present a comprehensive theoretical framework to analyze the limitations of real-time DSI based on the signal-to-noise ratio and data volume.A real-time orthogonal polarization spectral interferometry technique is proposed,which utilizes a pair of interferograms with the pi-phase shift to effectively mitigate the phase noise embedded in real-time spectral envelopes,thereby enabling the precise measurements with subnanometer resolution at megahertz frame rates.The recorded time series data are processed through interpolation,segmentation,time–frequency mapping,and de-enveloping to regain the typical cosine-shaped spectral evolution,followed by a fitting-based phase retrieval method to extract the interference phase.The phase resolution of 1.1 mrad(0.91 as for time delay and 0.3 nm for distance)is obtained at the update rate of 22.2 MHz even under the detection bandwidth of 500 MHz,and can be further enhanced to 0.29 mrad(0.24 as for time delay)after 500 times averaging(∼0.5 MHz).Our approach is validated through periodic phase modulations and applied to measure the rapid damped oscillations of a piezo stage,yielding results consistent with those obtained from a commercial picometer interferometer.
基金Project(52174239)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2021YFC2902400)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China。
文摘The chemical composition of seawater affects the desulfurization of chalcopyrite in flotation.In this study,desulfurization experiments of chalcopyrite were conducted in both deionized(DI)water and seawater.The results showed that,the copper grade of the concentrate obtained from seawater flotation decreased to 24.30%,compared to 24.60%in DI water.Concurrently,the recovery of chalcopyrite decreased from 51.39%to 38.67%,while the selectivity index(SI)also had a reduction from 2.006 to 1.798.The incorporation of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA),sodium silicate(SS),and sodium hexametaphosphate(SHMP)yielded an enhancement in the SI value,elevating it from 1.798 to 1.897,2.250 and 2.153,separately.It is particularly noteworthy that an excess of EDTA resulted in a SI value of merely 1.831.The mechanism of action was elucidated through analysis of surface charge measurements,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),extended Derjaguin-Landau Verwey-Overbeek(E-DLVO)theory,and density functional theory(DFT)calculations.
基金partially funded through projects PID2019-109685GB-I00,CGL2007-61395,CGL2010-15726,and CGL2013-42451-P,of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.
文摘Natal dispersal is a critical trait for individual ftness and the viability,structure,and genetic identity of populations.However,there is a pronounced information gap for large and long-lived species due to the diffculty of monitoring individuals at appropriate spatio-temporal scales.Here we study how individual traits and social and environmental characteristics infuence natal dispersal decisions of griffon vultures(Gypsfulvus)using long-term(30 years)monitoring of a large number of individuals marked as nestlings in Spain.Our results show a strong philopatryin both sexes,with some individuals recruiting as breeders on the same cliffs,and even the same nests,where they were born.This philopatrictendency was modulated by the effect of conspecifc density on individual parameters and emphasized the importance of conspecifc attraction and changes in food availability that may have infuenced the increment in colony size and the colonization of new areas.Although furtherresearch is needed considering smaller colonies and more isolated population nuclei,our results highlight the importance of long-term studieson long-lived species to understand the factors that determine their population dynamics and their relationship with anthropogenic activities,whose effects should be predicted and managed using conservation criteria.
文摘Assessing individual differences and variability in animal movement patterns is essential to improve our understanding of the evolution and ontogeny of migratory strategies.In long-distance migratory species,fledged juveniles often rely on an extremely restricted time span to learn the essential skills for survival and to prepare for migration,possibly the most risky phase of their lives.Collecting detailed information on the dynamics of the movements during the crucial pre-migratory phase is hence essential to understand the solutions developed by migratory species in different environmental contexts.Here,we used high-resolution GPS/GSM transmitters to collect information on the movement ecology of seven juvenile Montagu's Harriers(Circus pygargus)born in central Italy,investigating their early life stages,namely the post-fledging dependence period(PFDP)and the pre-migratory phase(PMP),until autumn migration.After fledging,individuals showed high variability(both in space and time)in home range size,daily distances covered(6.88±11.44 km/day),distance from the nest(1.45±2.8 km)and PFDP length(23.3±5.3 days).Residence time at the natal site significantly decreased,while time interval between revists in the natal area significantly increased,as the PFDP progressed.During the PMP,explored areas and distance from the nest(max value up to 320.8 km)varied among individuals,despite daily distances covered(27±40 km/day)and time allocation between traveling(60.7%)and foraging(39.3%)were similar across individuals.The PMP lasted 38±14 days.Land cover composition of foraging locations was mostly represented by agricultural lands(~78.2%),though habitat use differed among individuals.More than 76%of such locations were outside protected areas.This individual-based tracking study represents a novel approach that improves previous knowledge based on field studies on the early life stages of the Montagu's Harrier.High inter-individual variability in movement patterns,broad-range exploratory movements and foraging locations outside the protected area network make the application of standard conservation measures difficult,raising concerns about the long-term preservation of this vulnerable migratory species in Italy.
文摘Dispersion characteristics of magnonic crystals have attracted considerable attention because of the potential applications for spin-wave devices.In this work,we investigated the strain-manipulated dispersion characteristics of magnonic crystals with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction(DMI)and discussed the potential applications in spin-wave devices.Here,the ground states and stabilities of the magnonic crystals were investigated.Then,the strain-manipulated dispersion characteristics of the magnonic crystals based on domains and skyrmions were studied.The simulation results indicated that,the applied strain could manipulate the band widths and the positions of the allowed frequency bands.Finally,the realization of magnonic crystal heterojunctions and potential applications in spin-wave devices,such as filters,diodes,and transistors based on strain-manipulated magnonic crystals were proposed.Our research provides a theoretical foundation for designing tunable spin-wave devices based on strain-manipulated magnonic crystals with DMI.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378227)Shijiazhuang Science and Technology Bureau(231790163A).
文摘Chemical synthesis is essential in industries such as petrochemicals, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, driving economic and social development. The increasing demand for new molecules and materials calls for novel chemical reactions;however, manual experimental screening is time-consuming. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution by leveraging large-scale experimental data to model chemical reactions, although challenges such as the lack of standardization and predictability in chemical synthesis hinder AI applications. Additionally, the multi-scale nature of chemical reactions, along with complex multiphase processes, further complicates the task. Recent advances in microchemical systems, particularly continuous flow methods using microreactors, provide precise control over reaction conditions, enhancing reproducibility and enabling high-throughput experimentation. These systems minimize transport-related inconsistencies and facilitate scalable industrial applications. This review systematically explores recent developments in intelligent synthesis based on microchemical systems, focusing on reaction system design, synthesis robots, closed-loop optimization, and high-throughput experimentation, while identifying key areas for future research.
基金funded by the Program of Support for Research and Technological Innovation Projects (PAPIIT) of the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México with project number PAPIIT_IT200722funded by the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnologíathe Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
文摘Elucidating the historical processes that led populations to their current spatial and genetic arrangement is relevant in conserving threatened species. We interpreted the phylogeographic structure of the threatened Yellow-headed Parrot (Amazona oratrix) with mitochondrial markers and analyzed 98 samples from Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. We performed analyses of genetic structure, genealogical relationships, demographic history, and divergence times and illustrated the phenotypic variation qualitatively of the sampled individuals. The studies revealed that 92% of the genetic variation is explained between the Mexican Tres Marías Islands, the Mexican Pacific Coast, and the Atlantic groups. These three groups were segregated into two main lineages (Pacific and Atlantic), separated by 26 mutations, leaving A. auropalliata within the Atlantic. We found that both lineages diverged 0.55 million years ago, from which the Atlantic lineage experienced population expansion, high levels of genetic diversity, and a low genetic structure with two phenotypes. The Pacific experienced demographic stability, low levels of diversity, and a genetic structure marked with two phenotypes. Our estimates indicate that this separation occurred in the Pleistocene when the Atlantic clade diverged from Panama and dispersed overland to the Gulf of Mexico. Simultaneously, the Pacific clade departed from the same area to Tres Marías Islands and the Mexican Pacific coast. We deduce that this long-distance event was probably produced by assisted dispersal, but other scenarios appear more parsimonious. We conclude that there is no gene flow between both lineages and that the phylogeographic structure resulted significantly from historical events and climatic changes during the Pleistocene. We propose undertaking other analyses in the future to compare our results and the paraphyletic relationships in A. oratrix.
