Despite the promising prospects of body-centered cubic iron(BCC Fe)in aerospace,energy transportation,and nuclear applications,the effects of extreme environments on its mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms...Despite the promising prospects of body-centered cubic iron(BCC Fe)in aerospace,energy transportation,and nuclear applications,the effects of extreme environments on its mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms remain elusive to date.In this work,the mechanical responses and deformation behaviors of BCC Fe single crystals under extreme loading conditions are investigated by performing the three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics simulations.It turns out that the yield strength(oy)of BCC Fe can be enhanced by increasing the strain rate()and/or decreasing the deformation temperature(T).With the strain rate increasing from=10^(2)s^(-1)to 106 s^(-1),the yield strength at 300 K rises fromσy=51.14 MPa to 1114.57 MPa.When the strain rate exceeds 10^(3)s^(-1),an elastic overshoot phenomenon appears because the applied stress and the low initial dislocation density at the early tensile stage cannot drive the plastic deformation immediately.With the temperature increasing from T=100 K to 800 K,the yield strength atσ_(y)=10^(3)3 s^(-1)decreases fromσε=64.97 MPa to 59.50 MPa.Such temperature and strain rate sensitivity of deformation behaviors are clarified from variations in the configurations of dislocation evolution and dislocation density fluxes.It is demonstrated that at low strain rate(ε≤10^(3)s^(-1))conditions,the deformation behaviors of BCC Fe are dominated by the dislocation multi-slip mechanism.With increasing strain rate to e.g.,>10^(3)s^(-1),the deformation behaviors are governed by the dislocation single-slip.Our investigation on the temperature and strain rate sensitivity of deformation behaviors provides insightful guidance for optimizing the mechanical performances of BCC Fe based ferritic steels.展开更多
Hot compressive behaviors of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy at 800℃, as well as the evolution of microstructure during deformation process, were investigated. The experimental results show that flow stress increases to a pe...Hot compressive behaviors of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy at 800℃, as well as the evolution of microstructure during deformation process, were investigated. The experimental results show that flow stress increases to a peak stress followed by a decease with increasing strain, and finally forms a stable stage. Dislocations are generated at the interface of αβ phase, and the phase interface and dislocation loops play an important role in impeding the movement of dislocation. As strain increasing, micro-deformation bands with high-density dislocation are formed, and dynamic recrystallizaton occurs finally. XRD Fourier analysis reveals that dislocation density increases followed by a decrease during compressive deformation, and falls into the range from 10^10 to 10^11 cm^-2.展开更多
Substructure evolution significantly influences the flow behavior of titanium alloys in isothermal hot compression. This paper presents a physical experiment（isothermal hot compression and electron backscatter difrac...Substructure evolution significantly influences the flow behavior of titanium alloys in isothermal hot compression. This paper presents a physical experiment（isothermal hot compression and electron backscatter difraction, EBSD） and a cellular automaton（CA） method to investigate the substructure evolution of a near-α titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the α ＋ β two-phase region. In the CA model, the subgrain growth, the transformation of low angle boundaries（LABs） to high angle boundaries（HABs） and the dislocation density evolution were considered. The dislocation density accumulating around the subgrain boundaries provided a driving force and made the transformation of the LABs to HABs. The CA model was employed to predict the substructure evolution, dislocation density evolution and flow stress. In addition, the efects of strain, strain rate and temperature on the relative frequency of the HABs were analyzed and discussed. To verify the CA model, the predicted results including the relative frequency of the HABs and the flow stress were compared with the experimental values.展开更多
Additive manufacturing of aluminum(Al)alloys has attracted significant attention in the aerospace industry.However,achieving ultrahigh-strength(>500 MPa)Al alloys remains challenging due to their intrinsic poor pri...Additive manufacturing of aluminum(Al)alloys has attracted significant attention in the aerospace industry.However,achieving ultrahigh-strength(>500 MPa)Al alloys remains challenging due to their intrinsic poor printability.Here,we report a novel hybrid additive manufacturing(HAM)approach to process ultrahigh-strength AlMgSc alloy,which combines laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)with interlayer ultrasonic shot peening(USP).The results show that the interlayer ultrasonic shot peening depth reached∼700μm,leading to almost full density and residual stress convection from tension to compression.The HAM method promotes equiaxed grain formation and refines grain due to grain recrystallizations.Interestingly,the HAM followed by aging treatment tailors the hierarchically multi-gradient structures,inhibits Mg element intragranular segregation,and promotes the multi-nanoprecipitates(e.g.Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)and Al_(6)Mn)precipitation.Remarkably,the HAM followed by aging treatment achieves yield strength of 609 MPa and breaks elongation of 7.5%,demonstrating ultrahigh strength and good ductility compared with other Al alloys manufactured by AM and forging as reported in the literature.The strength enhancement mechanisms in this AlMgSc alloy are discussed.The high-density Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)precipitates are the main strengthening contributor,and unique hetero-deformation induced(HDI)strengthening(originates from the heterogeneous microstructures)further enhances the strength of the material.This work highlights a novel approach for processing complex-structured ultrahigh strength Al alloy components by hybrid additive manufacturing.展开更多
A cellular automaton（CA） modeling of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization（DDRX） of a near-α Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the β single phase field was presented.In the CA model,nucleati...A cellular automaton（CA） modeling of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization（DDRX） of a near-α Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the β single phase field was presented.In the CA model,nucleation of the β-DDRX and the growth of recrystallized grains（re-grains） were considered and visibly simulated by the CA model.The driving force of re-grain growth was provided by dislocation density accumulating around the grain boundaries.To verify the CA model,the predicted flow stress by the CA model was compared with the experimental data.The comparison showed that the average relative errors were10.2%,10.1%and 6%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1 and 0.01 s^-1 of 1020 ℃,and were 10.2%,11.35%and 7.5%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1and 0.01 s^-1 of 1050 ℃.The CA model was further applied to predicting the average growth rate,average re-grain size and recrystallization kinetics.The simulated results showed that the average growth rate increases with the increasing strain rate or temperature,while the re-grain size increases with the decreasing strain rate;the volume fraction of recrystallization decreases with the increasing strain rate or decreasing temperature.展开更多
The effect of amorphous film on the deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of 6 H-SiC were systematically explored by a combination of both experiments and molecular dynamic(MD)simulations in nanoindentation....The effect of amorphous film on the deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of 6 H-SiC were systematically explored by a combination of both experiments and molecular dynamic(MD)simulations in nanoindentation.The experimental results showed that the plastic deformation of surface-modified6 H-SiC is mainly accommodated by dislocation activities in the subsurface and an amorphous layer with uniform thickness.The MD results indicated that the amorphous layer on the surface of the residual indentation mark consists of both amorphous SiO_(2)and SiC due to direct amorphization.In addition,the amorphous SiO_(2)film undergoes densification and then ruptures with the indentation depth increases.The modulus and hardness increase with increasing the indentation depth at the initial stage but will reach their stable values equivalent to monocrystalline 6 H-SiC.展开更多
Multi-principal element alloys(MPEAs)have attracted much attention as future nuclear materials due to their extraordinary radiation resistances.In this work,we have elucidated the development of local chemical orderin...Multi-principal element alloys(MPEAs)have attracted much attention as future nuclear materials due to their extraordinary radiation resistances.In this work,we have elucidated the development of local chemical orderings(LCOs)and their influences on radiation damage behavior in the typical CrFeNi MPEA by hybrid-molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations.It was found that considerable LCOs consist-ing of the Cr-Cr and Ni-Fe short-range orders existed in the ordered configuration with optimized system energy.Through modeling the accumulation cascades up to 1000 recoils,we revealed that the size of de-fect clusters and dislocation loops is smaller in the ordered configuration than those in the random one,although the former formed more Frenkel pairs(i.e.,self-interstitials and vacancies).In addition,the dis-tribution of dislocation loops is relatively more dispersed in the ordered configuration,and the stair-rod dislocations related to irradiation swelling are also smaller,implying that the existence of LCOs is con-ducive to enhancing radiation damage tolerance.To understand the underlying mechanism,the effects of LCOs on the formation and evolution of defects and radiation resistance were discussed from the aspects of atomic bonding,migration path,and energy of defect diffusion,which provides theoretical guidance for the design of MPEAs with enhanced radiation resistance.展开更多
Cryogenic pre-deformation treatment has been widely used to effectively improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of steels and novel metals.However,the dislocation evolution and phase transformation induced by ...Cryogenic pre-deformation treatment has been widely used to effectively improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of steels and novel metals.However,the dislocation evolution and phase transformation induced by different degrees of deep cryogenic deformation are not yet fully elucidated.In this study,the effects of multiple cryogenic pre-treatments on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of a paramagnetic Fe_(63.3)Mn_(14-)Si_(9.1)Cr_(9.8)C_(3.8)medium-entropy alloy(MEA)were investigated,leading to the discovery of a pretreated MEA that exhibits exceptional mechanical properties,including a fracture strength of 3.0 GPa,plastic strain of 26.1%and work-hardening index of 0.57.In addition,X-ray diffraction(XRD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses revealed that multiple cryogenic pre-deformation treatments significantly increased the dislocation density of the MEA(from 9×10^(15)to 4×10^(16)m^(-2)after three pretreatments),along with a transition in the dislocation type from predominantly edge dislocations to mixed dislocations(including screw-and edge-type dislocations).Notably,this pretreated MEA retained its paramagnetic properties(μ_(r)<1.0200)even after fracture.Thermodynamic calculations showed that cryogenic pretreatment can significantly reduce the stacking fault energy of the MEA by a factor of approximately four(i.e.,from 9.7 to2.6 m J·m^(-2)),thereby activating the synergistic effects of transformation-induced plasticity,twinning-induced plasticity and dislocation strengthening mechanisms.These synergistic effects lead to simultaneous strength and ductility enhancement of the MEA.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52171013 and 52130110)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2025CY-YBXM-127)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(Grant No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0369)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NPU)China(Grant No.2023-QZ-03)。
文摘Despite the promising prospects of body-centered cubic iron(BCC Fe)in aerospace,energy transportation,and nuclear applications,the effects of extreme environments on its mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms remain elusive to date.In this work,the mechanical responses and deformation behaviors of BCC Fe single crystals under extreme loading conditions are investigated by performing the three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics simulations.It turns out that the yield strength(oy)of BCC Fe can be enhanced by increasing the strain rate()and/or decreasing the deformation temperature(T).With the strain rate increasing from=10^(2)s^(-1)to 106 s^(-1),the yield strength at 300 K rises fromσy=51.14 MPa to 1114.57 MPa.When the strain rate exceeds 10^(3)s^(-1),an elastic overshoot phenomenon appears because the applied stress and the low initial dislocation density at the early tensile stage cannot drive the plastic deformation immediately.With the temperature increasing from T=100 K to 800 K,the yield strength atσ_(y)=10^(3)3 s^(-1)decreases fromσε=64.97 MPa to 59.50 MPa.Such temperature and strain rate sensitivity of deformation behaviors are clarified from variations in the configurations of dislocation evolution and dislocation density fluxes.It is demonstrated that at low strain rate(ε≤10^(3)s^(-1))conditions,the deformation behaviors of BCC Fe are dominated by the dislocation multi-slip mechanism.With increasing strain rate to e.g.,>10^(3)s^(-1),the deformation behaviors are governed by the dislocation single-slip.Our investigation on the temperature and strain rate sensitivity of deformation behaviors provides insightful guidance for optimizing the mechanical performances of BCC Fe based ferritic steels.
文摘Hot compressive behaviors of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy at 800℃, as well as the evolution of microstructure during deformation process, were investigated. The experimental results show that flow stress increases to a peak stress followed by a decease with increasing strain, and finally forms a stable stage. Dislocations are generated at the interface of αβ phase, and the phase interface and dislocation loops play an important role in impeding the movement of dislocation. As strain increasing, micro-deformation bands with high-density dislocation are formed, and dynamic recrystallizaton occurs finally. XRD Fourier analysis reveals that dislocation density increases followed by a decrease during compressive deformation, and falls into the range from 10^10 to 10^11 cm^-2.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB731701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 50935007 and 51175428)+1 种基金Foundation for Fundamental Research of Northwestern Polytechnical University in China (No. NPU-FFR-JC20100229)the 111 Project (No. B08040)
文摘Substructure evolution significantly influences the flow behavior of titanium alloys in isothermal hot compression. This paper presents a physical experiment（isothermal hot compression and electron backscatter difraction, EBSD） and a cellular automaton（CA） method to investigate the substructure evolution of a near-α titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the α ＋ β two-phase region. In the CA model, the subgrain growth, the transformation of low angle boundaries（LABs） to high angle boundaries（HABs） and the dislocation density evolution were considered. The dislocation density accumulating around the subgrain boundaries provided a driving force and made the transformation of the LABs to HABs. The CA model was employed to predict the substructure evolution, dislocation density evolution and flow stress. In addition, the efects of strain, strain rate and temperature on the relative frequency of the HABs were analyzed and discussed. To verify the CA model, the predicted results including the relative frequency of the HABs and the flow stress were compared with the experimental values.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:52475484)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No:2022YFB4600800)the 2022 MTC Young Individual Research Grants(Grant No:M22K3c0097)under the Singapore RIE 2025 Plan.
文摘Additive manufacturing of aluminum(Al)alloys has attracted significant attention in the aerospace industry.However,achieving ultrahigh-strength(>500 MPa)Al alloys remains challenging due to their intrinsic poor printability.Here,we report a novel hybrid additive manufacturing(HAM)approach to process ultrahigh-strength AlMgSc alloy,which combines laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)with interlayer ultrasonic shot peening(USP).The results show that the interlayer ultrasonic shot peening depth reached∼700μm,leading to almost full density and residual stress convection from tension to compression.The HAM method promotes equiaxed grain formation and refines grain due to grain recrystallizations.Interestingly,the HAM followed by aging treatment tailors the hierarchically multi-gradient structures,inhibits Mg element intragranular segregation,and promotes the multi-nanoprecipitates(e.g.Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)and Al_(6)Mn)precipitation.Remarkably,the HAM followed by aging treatment achieves yield strength of 609 MPa and breaks elongation of 7.5%,demonstrating ultrahigh strength and good ductility compared with other Al alloys manufactured by AM and forging as reported in the literature.The strength enhancement mechanisms in this AlMgSc alloy are discussed.The high-density Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)precipitates are the main strengthening contributor,and unique hetero-deformation induced(HDI)strengthening(originates from the heterogeneous microstructures)further enhances the strength of the material.This work highlights a novel approach for processing complex-structured ultrahigh strength Al alloy components by hybrid additive manufacturing.
基金Projects (50935007,51175428) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2010CB731701) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China+2 种基金Project (NPU-FFR-JC20100229) supported by the Foundation for Fundamental Research of Northwestern Polytechnical University in ChinaProject (27-TZ-2010) supported by the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing,ChinaProject (B08040) supported by the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to University,China
文摘A cellular automaton（CA） modeling of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization（DDRX） of a near-α Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the β single phase field was presented.In the CA model,nucleation of the β-DDRX and the growth of recrystallized grains（re-grains） were considered and visibly simulated by the CA model.The driving force of re-grain growth was provided by dislocation density accumulating around the grain boundaries.To verify the CA model,the predicted flow stress by the CA model was compared with the experimental data.The comparison showed that the average relative errors were10.2%,10.1%and 6%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1 and 0.01 s^-1 of 1020 ℃,and were 10.2%,11.35%and 7.5%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1and 0.01 s^-1 of 1050 ℃.The CA model was further applied to predicting the average growth rate,average re-grain size and recrystallization kinetics.The simulated results showed that the average growth rate increases with the increasing strain rate or temperature,while the re-grain size increases with the decreasing strain rate;the volume fraction of recrystallization decreases with the increasing strain rate or decreasing temperature.
基金financially supported by the Guangdong Specific Discipline Project(No.2020ZDZX2006)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cross-scale Manufacturing Mechanics Project(No.ZDSYS20200810171201007)undertaken with the assistance of the resources provided at the NCI National Facility systems through the National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme supported by the Australian Government。
文摘The effect of amorphous film on the deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of 6 H-SiC were systematically explored by a combination of both experiments and molecular dynamic(MD)simulations in nanoindentation.The experimental results showed that the plastic deformation of surface-modified6 H-SiC is mainly accommodated by dislocation activities in the subsurface and an amorphous layer with uniform thickness.The MD results indicated that the amorphous layer on the surface of the residual indentation mark consists of both amorphous SiO_(2)and SiC due to direct amorphization.In addition,the amorphous SiO_(2)film undergoes densification and then ruptures with the indentation depth increases.The modulus and hardness increase with increasing the indentation depth at the initial stage but will reach their stable values equivalent to monocrystalline 6 H-SiC.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51671021,11790293,51871016,52071024,and 51961160729)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(No.51921001)+1 种基金the 111 Project(No.B07003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Multi-principal element alloys(MPEAs)have attracted much attention as future nuclear materials due to their extraordinary radiation resistances.In this work,we have elucidated the development of local chemical orderings(LCOs)and their influences on radiation damage behavior in the typical CrFeNi MPEA by hybrid-molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations.It was found that considerable LCOs consist-ing of the Cr-Cr and Ni-Fe short-range orders existed in the ordered configuration with optimized system energy.Through modeling the accumulation cascades up to 1000 recoils,we revealed that the size of de-fect clusters and dislocation loops is smaller in the ordered configuration than those in the random one,although the former formed more Frenkel pairs(i.e.,self-interstitials and vacancies).In addition,the dis-tribution of dislocation loops is relatively more dispersed in the ordered configuration,and the stair-rod dislocations related to irradiation swelling are also smaller,implying that the existence of LCOs is con-ducive to enhancing radiation damage tolerance.To understand the underlying mechanism,the effects of LCOs on the formation and evolution of defects and radiation resistance were discussed from the aspects of atomic bonding,migration path,and energy of defect diffusion,which provides theoretical guidance for the design of MPEAs with enhanced radiation resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52061027 and 52130108)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY23E010002)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program Project of Gansu Province(Nos.22YF7GA155 and 22ZD6GA008)Lanzhou Youth Science and Technology Talent Innovation Project(No.2023-QN-91)。
文摘Cryogenic pre-deformation treatment has been widely used to effectively improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of steels and novel metals.However,the dislocation evolution and phase transformation induced by different degrees of deep cryogenic deformation are not yet fully elucidated.In this study,the effects of multiple cryogenic pre-treatments on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of a paramagnetic Fe_(63.3)Mn_(14-)Si_(9.1)Cr_(9.8)C_(3.8)medium-entropy alloy(MEA)were investigated,leading to the discovery of a pretreated MEA that exhibits exceptional mechanical properties,including a fracture strength of 3.0 GPa,plastic strain of 26.1%and work-hardening index of 0.57.In addition,X-ray diffraction(XRD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses revealed that multiple cryogenic pre-deformation treatments significantly increased the dislocation density of the MEA(from 9×10^(15)to 4×10^(16)m^(-2)after three pretreatments),along with a transition in the dislocation type from predominantly edge dislocations to mixed dislocations(including screw-and edge-type dislocations).Notably,this pretreated MEA retained its paramagnetic properties(μ_(r)<1.0200)even after fracture.Thermodynamic calculations showed that cryogenic pretreatment can significantly reduce the stacking fault energy of the MEA by a factor of approximately four(i.e.,from 9.7 to2.6 m J·m^(-2)),thereby activating the synergistic effects of transformation-induced plasticity,twinning-induced plasticity and dislocation strengthening mechanisms.These synergistic effects lead to simultaneous strength and ductility enhancement of the MEA.
