The recent study published by Lee et al examined the discrepancies between endoscopic and histologic evaluations of mucosal inflammation in active ileal Crohn’s disease(CD).While this research contributes to our unde...The recent study published by Lee et al examined the discrepancies between endoscopic and histologic evaluations of mucosal inflammation in active ileal Crohn’s disease(CD).While this research contributes to our understanding of the limitations of current biopsy protocols,it raises several concerns about the generalizability of its findings,sample size,and methodology.One major limitation was the exclusion of patients with ileal strictures,ileostomies,or J-pouches,which reduced the applicability of the results to the wider CD population.Furthermore,the biopsy protocol's focus on single biopsies from specific locations may inadequately capture the patchy inflammation characteristic of CD.The study also uses histologic indices primarily developed for ulcerative colitis,which may not be suitable for assessing CD.It is recommended that multi-center studies be conducted and histologic indices specific to CD be developed to improve the relevance of future research.Additionally,researchers should consider the influence of treatment regimens on the findings.Addressing these limitations would enhance the clinical significance of the study and inform better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CD.展开更多
Using quantum discord(QD)and geometric quantum discord(GQD),quantum correlation dynamics is investigated for two coupled qubits within a multiqubit interacting system in the zero-temperature bosonic reservoir,under bo...Using quantum discord(QD)and geometric quantum discord(GQD),quantum correlation dynamics is investigated for two coupled qubits within a multiqubit interacting system in the zero-temperature bosonic reservoir,under both weak and strong qubit-reservoir coupling regimes.The multiqubit system is connected with either a common bosonic reservoir(CBR)or multiple independent bosonic reservoirs(IBRs).In the CBR case,our findings indicate that both QD and GQD can be strengthened by increasing the number of qubits in the multiqubit system.Furthermore,we study the steady state QD and GQD in the strong coupling regime,and find that the stable value in the long-time limit is determined exclusively by the number of qubits.The evolution period of QD and GQD gets longer as the dipole–dipole interaction(DDI)strength increases,which helps prolong the correlation time and thus preserves the quantum correlation under the weak coupling regime.Further analysis reveals notable differences between the CBR and IBRs scenarios.In the IBRs case,the decay of QD and GQD becomes slower compared to the CBR case,with both measures tending to zero at a reduced rate.Moreover,GQD consistently exhibits lower values than QD in both scenarios.These findings provide valuable insights into the selection of appropriate correlation measurement techniques for quantifying quantum correlations.展开更多
BACKGROUND Discordance between endoscopic and histologic assessments in Crohn’s disease(CD)have been observed,however the prevalence and cause are unclear.AIM To assess if a protocolized approach to biopsy collection...BACKGROUND Discordance between endoscopic and histologic assessments in Crohn’s disease(CD)have been observed,however the prevalence and cause are unclear.AIM To assess if a protocolized approach to biopsy collection facilitates understanding of this discordance in patients with ileal CD.METHODS Patients with known ileal CD underwent colonoscopy with endoscopic disease activity assessment.Three protocolized biopsies were taken respectively from an ulcer edge,7-mm,and 14-mm away from the ulcer edge in patients with discrete ileal ulcer(s).In patients with no ulcers as controls,the same 3-site biopsy protocol was applied in a randomly selected area of endoscopically-unremarkable terminal ileal mucosa.A blinded pathologist assessed mucosal inflammation in each biopsy using 3 validated histologic indices.RESULTS Twenty-four participants had visible ulcer(s)on endoscopy and 12 served as no-ulcer controls.Of biopsies taken from an ulcer edge,only 67%showed histologic evidence of active(neutrophilic)inflammation,and 33%showed histologic features of ulcer or erosion;all were from either large(n=4)or very large(n=4)ulcers.In the no-ulcer controls,no biopsies showed histologic features of ulcer or erosion,but 8%showed active inflammation.CONCLUSION A striking discordance exists between endoscopic and histologic assessments for mucosal inflammation in patients with active ileal CD,even in biopsies targeted at an ulcer edge,while a higher concordance is seen in patients with no endoscopic disease activity.It remains unclear how to incorporate histologic disease activity into the treatment paradigm.Further research is needed to optimize biopsy protocols and histologic assessments for CD.展开更多
Background:This study assessed the frequency of changes in some key receptor status of tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)in patients with invasive breast cancer and the prognostic impact of these changes.Metho...Background:This study assessed the frequency of changes in some key receptor status of tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)in patients with invasive breast cancer and the prognostic impact of these changes.Methods:This study included 300 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who were treated with both NAC and surgery between 2012 and 2021.The hormone receptor(HR)and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)levels were measured before and after NAC.The prognostic impact of receptor conversion was also evaluated in patients receiving NAC,by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models as statistical methods.Results:The conversion rate of estrogen receptor–positive(ER^(+))to ER-negative(ER^(-))was similar to that of ER^(-)to ER^(+)(9.2%and10.9%,respectively).The proportion of HR^(-)to HR^(+)was remarkably higher than that of HR^(+)to HR^(-)(14.8%vs 9.2%,respectively).The change from HER2^(+)to HER2^(-)was significantly more frequently than that from HER2^(-)to HER2^(+)(20.3%vs 6%,respectively).Patients with ER and HR status changes from(-)to(+)after NAC had significantly worse recurrence-free survival(RFS)and overall survival(OS)than those in the other 3 groups(ER^(-)to ER^(+):RFS:p=0.002,OS:p<0.001;HR^(-)to HR^(+):RFS:p=0.003,OS:p<0.001).The 4 HER2 conversion subgroups were not significantly associated with RFS or OS.Conclusions:This study demonstrated a discordance in HR status after NAC and identified predictors of conversion.Patients whose HR status switched to positive after NAC had the worst 3-year RFS and OS rates.展开更多
In the co-evolutionary system of avian brood parasitism,egg recognition and rejection are common and generally act as effective anti-parasitic adaptations by hosts.Accordingly,most studies have examined the role of pa...In the co-evolutionary system of avian brood parasitism,egg recognition and rejection are common and generally act as effective anti-parasitic adaptations by hosts.Accordingly,most studies have examined the role of parasite egg colors and markings in detection cues in hosts;however,studies focusing on the effects of egg size and quantity are relatively scarce and have mostly concentrated on the hosts of parasitic cowbirds.Here,we studied the egg recognition behaviors of a potential host of the Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus)—the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus),to determine:(1)whether the host uses the sizes of parasite eggs and/or the quantity contrast between parasite and host eggs as cues for recognition,(2)whether the host employs the template or discordant recognition mechanism for egg recognition,and(3)whether the size and quantity of parasite eggs affect the egg rejection modes of the hosts.The results indicate that Green-backed Tits did not use parasite egg size as a primary cue for egg recognition.We hypothesized that both visual and tactile detection might be involved in egg recognition by Green-backed Tits and suggest further studies after controlling for nest light conditions.Differences in egg quantity between parasites and hosts were not used as cues for egg recognition because the hosts employed the template mechanism rather than discordance to recognize parasite eggs.However,both the relative sizes and quantity of parasite and host eggs significantly affected the rejection modes of parasite eggs,and larger or more parasite eggs triggered higher probabilities of nest desertion in hosts.展开更多
Quantum discord, one of the famous quantum correlations, has been recently generalized to multipartite systems by Radhakrishnan et al. Here we give analytical solutions of the quantum discord for a family of N-qubit q...Quantum discord, one of the famous quantum correlations, has been recently generalized to multipartite systems by Radhakrishnan et al. Here we give analytical solutions of the quantum discord for a family of N-qubit quantum states. For the bipartite system, we derive a zero quantum discord which will remain unchanged under the phase damping channel. For multiparitite systems, it is found that the quantum discord can be classified into three categories and the quantum discord for odd-partite systems can exhibit freezing under the phase damping channel, while the freezing does not exist in the even-partite systems.展开更多
The angiosperm family Elaeagnaceae comprises three genera and ca.100 species distributed mainly in Eurasia and North America.Little family-wide phylogenetic and biogeographic research on Elaeagnaceae has been conducte...The angiosperm family Elaeagnaceae comprises three genera and ca.100 species distributed mainly in Eurasia and North America.Little family-wide phylogenetic and biogeographic research on Elaeagnaceae has been conducted,limiting the application and preservation of natural genetic resources.Here,we reconstructed a strongly supported phylogenetic framework of Elaeagnaceae to better understand interand intrageneric relationships,as well as the origin and biogeographical history of the family.For this purpose,we used both nuclear and plastid sequences from Hyb-Seq and genome skimming approaches to reconstruct a well-supported phylogeny and,along with current distributional data,infer historical biogeographical processes.Our phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and plastid data strongly support the monophyly of Elaeagnaceae and each of the three genera.Elaeagnus was resolved as sister to the well-supported clade of Hippophae and Shepherdia.The intrageneric relationships of Elaeagnus and Hippophae were also well resolved.High levels of nuclear gene tree conflict and cytonuclear discordance were detected within Elaeagnus,and our analyses suggest putative ancient and recent hybridization.We inferred that Elaeagnaceae originated at ca.90.48 Ma(95%CI?89.91e91.05 Ma),and long-distance dispersal likely played a major role in shaping its intercontinentally disjunct distribution.This work presents the most comprehensive phylogenetic framework for Elaeagnaceae to date,offers new insights into previously unresolved relationships in Elaeagnus,and provides a foundation for further studies on classification,evolution,biogeography,and conservation of Elaeagnaceae.展开更多
The transition of traits between genetically related lineages is a fascinating topic that provides clues to understanding the drivers of speciation and diversification.Much can be learned about this process from phylo...The transition of traits between genetically related lineages is a fascinating topic that provides clues to understanding the drivers of speciation and diversification.Much can be learned about this process from phylogeny-based trait evolution.However,such inference is often plagued by genome-wide gene-tree discordance(GTD),mostly due to incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)and/or introgressive hybridization,especially when the genes underlying the traits appear discordant.Here,by collecting transcriptomes,whole chloroplast genomes(cpDNA),and population genetic datasets,we used the coalescent model to turn GTD into a source of information for ILS and employed hemiplasy to explain specific cases of apparent“phylogenetic discordance”between different morphological traits and probable species phylogeny in the Allium subg.Cyathophora.Both concatenation and coalescence methods consistently showed the same phylogenetic topology for species tree inference based on single-copy genes(SCGs),as supported by the KS distribution.However,GTD was high across the genomes of subg.Cyathophora:~27%e38.9%of the SCG trees were in conflict with the species tree.Plasmid and nuclear incongruence was also present.Our coalescent simulations indicated that such GTD was mainly a product of ILS.Our hemiplasy risk factor calculations supported that random fixation of ancient polymorphisms in different populations during successive speciation events along the subg.Cyathophora phylogeny may have caused the character transition,as well as the anomalous cpDNA tree.Our study exemplifies how phylogenetic noise can be transformed into evolutionary information for understanding character state transitions along species phylogenies.展开更多
In our study of super quantum discord between two excitonic qubits inside a coupled semiconductor quantum dots system,our primary focus is to uncover the impact of weak measurement on its quantum characteristics.To ac...In our study of super quantum discord between two excitonic qubits inside a coupled semiconductor quantum dots system,our primary focus is to uncover the impact of weak measurement on its quantum characteristics.To achieve this,we analyze how varying the measurement strength x,affects this super quantum correlation in the presence of thermal effects.Additionally,we assess the effect of this variation on the system's evolution against its associated quantum parameters;external electric fields,exciton-exciton dipole interaction energy and F?rster interaction.Our findings indicate that adjusting x to smaller values effectively enhances the super quantum correlation,making weak measurements act as a catalyst.This adjustment ensures its robustness against thermal effects while preserving the non-classical attributes of the system.Furthermore,our study unveils that the effect of weak measurements on this latter surpasses the quantum effects associated with the system.Indeed,manipulating the parameter x allows the weak measurement to function as a versatile tool for modulating quantum characteristics and controlling exciton-exciton interactions within the coupled semiconductor quantum dots system.展开更多
BACKGROUND A reliable test is essential for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,and crucial for managing H.pylori-related diseases.Serving as an excellent method for detecting H.pylori infection,histolog...BACKGROUND A reliable test is essential for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,and crucial for managing H.pylori-related diseases.Serving as an excellent method for detecting H.pylori infection,histologic examination is a test that clinicians heavily rely on,especially when complemented with immunohistochemistry(IHC).Additionally,other diagnostic tests for H.pylori,such as the rapid urease test(CLO test)and stool antigen test(SA),are also highly sensitive and specific.Typically,the results of histology and other tests align with each other.However,on rare occasions,discrepancy between histopathology and other H.pylori diagnostic tests occurs.AIM To investigate the discordance between histology and other H.pylori tests,the underlying causes,and the impact on clinical management.METHODS Pathology reports of gastric biopsies were retrieved spanning August 2013 and July 2018.Reports were included in the study only if there were other H.pylori tests within seven days of the biopsy.These additional tests include CLO test,SA,and H.pylori culture.Concordance between histopathology and other tests was determined based on the consistency of results.In instances where histology results were negative while other tests were positive,the slides were retrieved for re-assessment,and the clinical chart was reviewed.RESULTS Of 1396 pathology reports were identified,each accompanied by one additional H.pylori test.The concordance rates in detecting H.pylori infection between biopsy and other tests did not exhibit significant differences based on the number of biopsy fragments.117 discrepant cases were identified.Only 20 cases(9 with CLO test and 11 with SA)had negative biopsy but positive results in other tests.Four cases initially stained with Warthin-Starry turned out to be positive for H.pylori with subsequent IHC staining.Among the remaining 16 true discrepant cases,10 patients were on proton pump inhibitors before the biopsy and/or other tests.Most patients underwent treatment,except for two who were untreated,and two patients who were lost to follow-up.CONCLUSION There are rare discrepant cases with negative biopsy but positive in SA or CLO test.Various factors may contribute to this inconsistency.Most patients in such cases had undergone treatment.展开更多
The antiretroviral treatment (ART) has significantly reduced the number of new HIV/AIDS infections and related deaths. However, cases of immunovirological discordance (IVD) are found in various locations. The objectiv...The antiretroviral treatment (ART) has significantly reduced the number of new HIV/AIDS infections and related deaths. However, cases of immunovirological discordance (IVD) are found in various locations. The objective of this study was to determine the profile of People living with HIV (PLHIV) with IVD and to identify associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the records of PLHIV under ART for at least 6 months, followed at Hpital de Jour Donka from 2015 to 2017, and having both viral load (CV) and CD4 T-cell count. Prevalence of IVD was 34.57%, with 23.87% for immunological discordance (ID) and 10.7% for virological discordance (VD). Females were predominant (66.26%), and male gender influenced IVD with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.006) and was associated with VD (p = 0.007). The average age was 38.77 11.30 years. PLHIV were classified at WHO stages 3 and 4 (86.01%). The median initial haemoglobin level was 11.5 g/L [3.2 - 12]. The mean initial CD4 T-cell count was 272.84 cells/mm3 201.6. The median initial viral load (VL) was 147,337 copies/mL [1092 - 31,675,000]. The initial CD4 T-cell count 3 was associated with IVD with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0009) and correlated with ID (p = 0.000). Prurigo was associated with IVD with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). Cerebral toxoplasmosis was not associated with IVD but was associated with ID (p = 0.04). This study allowed us to describe the profile of PLHIV with IVD. The main associated factors were male gender, initial CD4 T-cell count 3, toxoplasmosis, prurigo, and herpes zoster.展开更多
Most studies exploring abilities of hosts to detect brood parasitism are based on detecting colour and/or pattern differences among parasitic and host eggs or nestlings,while only few were focused on size differences....Most studies exploring abilities of hosts to detect brood parasitism are based on detecting colour and/or pattern differences among parasitic and host eggs or nestlings,while only few were focused on size differences.True recognition and recognition by discordancy are used to explain cognitive mechanisms of host egg recognition;however,only a few studies have found that hosts use recognition by discordancy.This study investigated:1)whether egg and nestling recognitions in the Crested Myna(Acridotheres cristatellus) are based on size cues;2)whether the egg cognitive mechanism is recognition by discordancy based on size cues;and 3) whether the longer the experiment time,the higher the egg recognition rate.Our results showed that the Crested Myna uses egg or nestling size as a recognition cue while the egg and nestling colour and patterning are not associated with egg or nestling rejection,thus the cognitive mechanism of egg recognition in the Crested Myna is recognition by discordancy based on egg size cues.Furthermore,there is a rejection delay in time of egg rejection behaviour of the Crested Myna.Therefore,we suggest that the periodicity of egg rejection experiments could be appropriately extended,especially for species with relatively low egg recognition ability.展开更多
Background:Nest parasitism by cuckoos(Cuculus spp.)results in enormous reproductive failure and forces hosts to evolve antiparasitic strategies,i.e.,recognition of own eggs and rejection of cuckoo eggs.There are often...Background:Nest parasitism by cuckoos(Cuculus spp.)results in enormous reproductive failure and forces hosts to evolve antiparasitic strategies,i.e.,recognition of own eggs and rejection of cuckoo eggs.There are often sexual conflicts between male and female individuals in the expression of antiparasitic behavior due to the differences in reproductive inputs and division of labor.Methods:By adding a foreign egg made of blue soft clay to the host nest during early incubation period in the field,and by removing several host eggs and adding experimental eggs to control the proportion of two egg types in the nest,we examined egg rejection ability,egg recognition mechanism and sexual difference in egg rejection of the Oriental Reed Warbler(Acrocephalus orientalis),one of the major hosts of Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus).Results:Our results indicated that Oriental Reed Warblers can recognize and reject nearly 100%(73/75)of the nonmimetic eggs made of blue soft clay,and they could reject foreign eggs with 100%accuracy,regardless of the ratio of experimental eggs and its own eggs in the nest.Furthermore,all cases of egg rejections recorded by videos were only carried out by females.Conclusions:Oriental Reed Warblers have a high egg recognition ability and show a true recognition mechanism.Only female warblers perform egg rejection,suggesting that the sex for host egg incubation seems to play an important role in the evolution of egg recognition mechanisms.展开更多
With the knowledge that cuckoos and cowbirds lay their eggs parasitically,and that some hosts eject parasitic eggs,ornithologists began to ponder the question of how host females discriminate between a foreign egg and...With the knowledge that cuckoos and cowbirds lay their eggs parasitically,and that some hosts eject parasitic eggs,ornithologists began to ponder the question of how host females discriminate between a foreign egg and their own eggs,wondering how hosts 'know' which egg to remove.Results of one of the rst uncontrolled experiments were inappropriately interpreted to imply ejection was based on discordancy,with hosts simply ejecting the egg in the minority,or the 'odd-looking' egg.Controlled experiments eventually revealed that hosts rst learn the appearance of own their eggs and discriminate between them and any odd egg in their nest,regardless of which egg type is in the minority.Recent work has shown that discordancy may play a role in discrimination by males mated successively with females that lay polymorphic eggs.We examine the details of the early experiments,in light of recent advances in studies of egg recognition.An ability to recognize eggs also has been extended,implicitly,to include obligate brood parasites,as it underlies several hypotheses in explanation of the behavior of parasites toward their hosts.Egg recognition in parasites,however,has not been experimentally con rmed,nor has a mechanism been identi ed by which parasites could discriminate between their own eggs and the other eggs in a nest.We review hypotheses(parasite competition,egg removal and multiple parasitism,ma a,farming) that require the ability of obligate brood parasites to discriminate eggs at di erent levels and the potential mechanisms used by parasites to recognize their own eggs and suggest experiments to test for egg discrimination.An assessment of the egg recognition ability of parasites is germane to our understanding of how parasites counteract defenses of hosts.展开更多
文摘The recent study published by Lee et al examined the discrepancies between endoscopic and histologic evaluations of mucosal inflammation in active ileal Crohn’s disease(CD).While this research contributes to our understanding of the limitations of current biopsy protocols,it raises several concerns about the generalizability of its findings,sample size,and methodology.One major limitation was the exclusion of patients with ileal strictures,ileostomies,or J-pouches,which reduced the applicability of the results to the wider CD population.Furthermore,the biopsy protocol's focus on single biopsies from specific locations may inadequately capture the patchy inflammation characteristic of CD.The study also uses histologic indices primarily developed for ulcerative colitis,which may not be suitable for assessing CD.It is recommended that multi-center studies be conducted and histologic indices specific to CD be developed to improve the relevance of future research.Additionally,researchers should consider the influence of treatment regimens on the findings.Addressing these limitations would enhance the clinical significance of the study and inform better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11564013 and 11964010)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2020JJ4495)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,China(Grant Nos.22A0377 and 21A0333).
文摘Using quantum discord(QD)and geometric quantum discord(GQD),quantum correlation dynamics is investigated for two coupled qubits within a multiqubit interacting system in the zero-temperature bosonic reservoir,under both weak and strong qubit-reservoir coupling regimes.The multiqubit system is connected with either a common bosonic reservoir(CBR)or multiple independent bosonic reservoirs(IBRs).In the CBR case,our findings indicate that both QD and GQD can be strengthened by increasing the number of qubits in the multiqubit system.Furthermore,we study the steady state QD and GQD in the strong coupling regime,and find that the stable value in the long-time limit is determined exclusively by the number of qubits.The evolution period of QD and GQD gets longer as the dipole–dipole interaction(DDI)strength increases,which helps prolong the correlation time and thus preserves the quantum correlation under the weak coupling regime.Further analysis reveals notable differences between the CBR and IBRs scenarios.In the IBRs case,the decay of QD and GQD becomes slower compared to the CBR case,with both measures tending to zero at a reduced rate.Moreover,GQD consistently exhibits lower values than QD in both scenarios.These findings provide valuable insights into the selection of appropriate correlation measurement techniques for quantifying quantum correlations.
文摘BACKGROUND Discordance between endoscopic and histologic assessments in Crohn’s disease(CD)have been observed,however the prevalence and cause are unclear.AIM To assess if a protocolized approach to biopsy collection facilitates understanding of this discordance in patients with ileal CD.METHODS Patients with known ileal CD underwent colonoscopy with endoscopic disease activity assessment.Three protocolized biopsies were taken respectively from an ulcer edge,7-mm,and 14-mm away from the ulcer edge in patients with discrete ileal ulcer(s).In patients with no ulcers as controls,the same 3-site biopsy protocol was applied in a randomly selected area of endoscopically-unremarkable terminal ileal mucosa.A blinded pathologist assessed mucosal inflammation in each biopsy using 3 validated histologic indices.RESULTS Twenty-four participants had visible ulcer(s)on endoscopy and 12 served as no-ulcer controls.Of biopsies taken from an ulcer edge,only 67%showed histologic evidence of active(neutrophilic)inflammation,and 33%showed histologic features of ulcer or erosion;all were from either large(n=4)or very large(n=4)ulcers.In the no-ulcer controls,no biopsies showed histologic features of ulcer or erosion,but 8%showed active inflammation.CONCLUSION A striking discordance exists between endoscopic and histologic assessments for mucosal inflammation in patients with active ileal CD,even in biopsies targeted at an ulcer edge,while a higher concordance is seen in patients with no endoscopic disease activity.It remains unclear how to incorporate histologic disease activity into the treatment paradigm.Further research is needed to optimize biopsy protocols and histologic assessments for CD.
基金supported by grants from the Basic Research Project of Shanxi Science and Technology Department(no.202303021221190)the Shanxi General Surgery“136”Healthcare Engineering Project(no.2024XYZ03)。
文摘Background:This study assessed the frequency of changes in some key receptor status of tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)in patients with invasive breast cancer and the prognostic impact of these changes.Methods:This study included 300 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who were treated with both NAC and surgery between 2012 and 2021.The hormone receptor(HR)and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)levels were measured before and after NAC.The prognostic impact of receptor conversion was also evaluated in patients receiving NAC,by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models as statistical methods.Results:The conversion rate of estrogen receptor–positive(ER^(+))to ER-negative(ER^(-))was similar to that of ER^(-)to ER^(+)(9.2%and10.9%,respectively).The proportion of HR^(-)to HR^(+)was remarkably higher than that of HR^(+)to HR^(-)(14.8%vs 9.2%,respectively).The change from HER2^(+)to HER2^(-)was significantly more frequently than that from HER2^(-)to HER2^(+)(20.3%vs 6%,respectively).Patients with ER and HR status changes from(-)to(+)after NAC had significantly worse recurrence-free survival(RFS)and overall survival(OS)than those in the other 3 groups(ER^(-)to ER^(+):RFS:p=0.002,OS:p<0.001;HR^(-)to HR^(+):RFS:p=0.003,OS:p<0.001).The 4 HER2 conversion subgroups were not significantly associated with RFS or OS.Conclusions:This study demonstrated a discordance in HR status after NAC and identified predictors of conversion.Patients whose HR status switched to positive after NAC had the worst 3-year RFS and OS rates.
基金funded by the Education Department of Hainan Province(No.HnjgY,2022–12)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32260127 to C.Y.)Doctoral Start-up Funds of China West Normal University(No.493002 to P.Y.).
文摘In the co-evolutionary system of avian brood parasitism,egg recognition and rejection are common and generally act as effective anti-parasitic adaptations by hosts.Accordingly,most studies have examined the role of parasite egg colors and markings in detection cues in hosts;however,studies focusing on the effects of egg size and quantity are relatively scarce and have mostly concentrated on the hosts of parasitic cowbirds.Here,we studied the egg recognition behaviors of a potential host of the Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus)—the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus),to determine:(1)whether the host uses the sizes of parasite eggs and/or the quantity contrast between parasite and host eggs as cues for recognition,(2)whether the host employs the template or discordant recognition mechanism for egg recognition,and(3)whether the size and quantity of parasite eggs affect the egg rejection modes of the hosts.The results indicate that Green-backed Tits did not use parasite egg size as a primary cue for egg recognition.We hypothesized that both visual and tactile detection might be involved in egg recognition by Green-backed Tits and suggest further studies after controlling for nest light conditions.Differences in egg quantity between parasites and hosts were not used as cues for egg recognition because the hosts employed the template mechanism rather than discordance to recognize parasite eggs.However,both the relative sizes and quantity of parasite and host eggs significantly affected the rejection modes of parasite eggs,and larger or more parasite eggs triggered higher probabilities of nest desertion in hosts.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11601338)。
文摘Quantum discord, one of the famous quantum correlations, has been recently generalized to multipartite systems by Radhakrishnan et al. Here we give analytical solutions of the quantum discord for a family of N-qubit quantum states. For the bipartite system, we derive a zero quantum discord which will remain unchanged under the phase damping channel. For multiparitite systems, it is found that the quantum discord can be classified into three categories and the quantum discord for odd-partite systems can exhibit freezing under the phase damping channel, while the freezing does not exist in the even-partite systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Key International(regional)Cooperative Research Project(no.31720103903)the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(no.2019FY100900)+6 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(no.XDB31000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31270274)the Yunling International High-end Experts Program of Yunnan Province,China(no.YNQR-GDWG-2017-002 and no.YNQR-GDWG-2018-012)the China Scholarship Council(202004910775)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)President's International Fellowship Initiative(no.2020PB0009)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)the United States Department of Energy(grant no.DESC0018247 to PSS,RPG,and DES).
文摘The angiosperm family Elaeagnaceae comprises three genera and ca.100 species distributed mainly in Eurasia and North America.Little family-wide phylogenetic and biogeographic research on Elaeagnaceae has been conducted,limiting the application and preservation of natural genetic resources.Here,we reconstructed a strongly supported phylogenetic framework of Elaeagnaceae to better understand interand intrageneric relationships,as well as the origin and biogeographical history of the family.For this purpose,we used both nuclear and plastid sequences from Hyb-Seq and genome skimming approaches to reconstruct a well-supported phylogeny and,along with current distributional data,infer historical biogeographical processes.Our phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and plastid data strongly support the monophyly of Elaeagnaceae and each of the three genera.Elaeagnus was resolved as sister to the well-supported clade of Hippophae and Shepherdia.The intrageneric relationships of Elaeagnus and Hippophae were also well resolved.High levels of nuclear gene tree conflict and cytonuclear discordance were detected within Elaeagnus,and our analyses suggest putative ancient and recent hybridization.We inferred that Elaeagnaceae originated at ca.90.48 Ma(95%CI?89.91e91.05 Ma),and long-distance dispersal likely played a major role in shaping its intercontinentally disjunct distribution.This work presents the most comprehensive phylogenetic framework for Elaeagnaceae to date,offers new insights into previously unresolved relationships in Elaeagnus,and provides a foundation for further studies on classification,evolution,biogeography,and conservation of Elaeagnaceae.
基金supported by the Key Science & Technology Project of Gansu Province (22ZD6NA007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD2200202)Computing support was provided by the Supercomputing Center of Lanzhou University
文摘The transition of traits between genetically related lineages is a fascinating topic that provides clues to understanding the drivers of speciation and diversification.Much can be learned about this process from phylogeny-based trait evolution.However,such inference is often plagued by genome-wide gene-tree discordance(GTD),mostly due to incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)and/or introgressive hybridization,especially when the genes underlying the traits appear discordant.Here,by collecting transcriptomes,whole chloroplast genomes(cpDNA),and population genetic datasets,we used the coalescent model to turn GTD into a source of information for ILS and employed hemiplasy to explain specific cases of apparent“phylogenetic discordance”between different morphological traits and probable species phylogeny in the Allium subg.Cyathophora.Both concatenation and coalescence methods consistently showed the same phylogenetic topology for species tree inference based on single-copy genes(SCGs),as supported by the KS distribution.However,GTD was high across the genomes of subg.Cyathophora:~27%e38.9%of the SCG trees were in conflict with the species tree.Plasmid and nuclear incongruence was also present.Our coalescent simulations indicated that such GTD was mainly a product of ILS.Our hemiplasy risk factor calculations supported that random fixation of ancient polymorphisms in different populations during successive speciation events along the subg.Cyathophora phylogeny may have caused the character transition,as well as the anomalous cpDNA tree.Our study exemplifies how phylogenetic noise can be transformed into evolutionary information for understanding character state transitions along species phylogenies.
文摘In our study of super quantum discord between two excitonic qubits inside a coupled semiconductor quantum dots system,our primary focus is to uncover the impact of weak measurement on its quantum characteristics.To achieve this,we analyze how varying the measurement strength x,affects this super quantum correlation in the presence of thermal effects.Additionally,we assess the effect of this variation on the system's evolution against its associated quantum parameters;external electric fields,exciton-exciton dipole interaction energy and F?rster interaction.Our findings indicate that adjusting x to smaller values effectively enhances the super quantum correlation,making weak measurements act as a catalyst.This adjustment ensures its robustness against thermal effects while preserving the non-classical attributes of the system.Furthermore,our study unveils that the effect of weak measurements on this latter surpasses the quantum effects associated with the system.Indeed,manipulating the parameter x allows the weak measurement to function as a versatile tool for modulating quantum characteristics and controlling exciton-exciton interactions within the coupled semiconductor quantum dots system.
文摘BACKGROUND A reliable test is essential for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,and crucial for managing H.pylori-related diseases.Serving as an excellent method for detecting H.pylori infection,histologic examination is a test that clinicians heavily rely on,especially when complemented with immunohistochemistry(IHC).Additionally,other diagnostic tests for H.pylori,such as the rapid urease test(CLO test)and stool antigen test(SA),are also highly sensitive and specific.Typically,the results of histology and other tests align with each other.However,on rare occasions,discrepancy between histopathology and other H.pylori diagnostic tests occurs.AIM To investigate the discordance between histology and other H.pylori tests,the underlying causes,and the impact on clinical management.METHODS Pathology reports of gastric biopsies were retrieved spanning August 2013 and July 2018.Reports were included in the study only if there were other H.pylori tests within seven days of the biopsy.These additional tests include CLO test,SA,and H.pylori culture.Concordance between histopathology and other tests was determined based on the consistency of results.In instances where histology results were negative while other tests were positive,the slides were retrieved for re-assessment,and the clinical chart was reviewed.RESULTS Of 1396 pathology reports were identified,each accompanied by one additional H.pylori test.The concordance rates in detecting H.pylori infection between biopsy and other tests did not exhibit significant differences based on the number of biopsy fragments.117 discrepant cases were identified.Only 20 cases(9 with CLO test and 11 with SA)had negative biopsy but positive results in other tests.Four cases initially stained with Warthin-Starry turned out to be positive for H.pylori with subsequent IHC staining.Among the remaining 16 true discrepant cases,10 patients were on proton pump inhibitors before the biopsy and/or other tests.Most patients underwent treatment,except for two who were untreated,and two patients who were lost to follow-up.CONCLUSION There are rare discrepant cases with negative biopsy but positive in SA or CLO test.Various factors may contribute to this inconsistency.Most patients in such cases had undergone treatment.
文摘The antiretroviral treatment (ART) has significantly reduced the number of new HIV/AIDS infections and related deaths. However, cases of immunovirological discordance (IVD) are found in various locations. The objective of this study was to determine the profile of People living with HIV (PLHIV) with IVD and to identify associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the records of PLHIV under ART for at least 6 months, followed at Hpital de Jour Donka from 2015 to 2017, and having both viral load (CV) and CD4 T-cell count. Prevalence of IVD was 34.57%, with 23.87% for immunological discordance (ID) and 10.7% for virological discordance (VD). Females were predominant (66.26%), and male gender influenced IVD with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.006) and was associated with VD (p = 0.007). The average age was 38.77 11.30 years. PLHIV were classified at WHO stages 3 and 4 (86.01%). The median initial haemoglobin level was 11.5 g/L [3.2 - 12]. The mean initial CD4 T-cell count was 272.84 cells/mm3 201.6. The median initial viral load (VL) was 147,337 copies/mL [1092 - 31,675,000]. The initial CD4 T-cell count 3 was associated with IVD with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0009) and correlated with ID (p = 0.000). Prurigo was associated with IVD with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). Cerebral toxoplasmosis was not associated with IVD but was associated with ID (p = 0.04). This study allowed us to describe the profile of PLHIV with IVD. The main associated factors were male gender, initial CD4 T-cell count 3, toxoplasmosis, prurigo, and herpes zoster.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31970427 and 32270526 to WL)supported by the specific research fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province
文摘Most studies exploring abilities of hosts to detect brood parasitism are based on detecting colour and/or pattern differences among parasitic and host eggs or nestlings,while only few were focused on size differences.True recognition and recognition by discordancy are used to explain cognitive mechanisms of host egg recognition;however,only a few studies have found that hosts use recognition by discordancy.This study investigated:1)whether egg and nestling recognitions in the Crested Myna(Acridotheres cristatellus) are based on size cues;2)whether the egg cognitive mechanism is recognition by discordancy based on size cues;and 3) whether the longer the experiment time,the higher the egg recognition rate.Our results showed that the Crested Myna uses egg or nestling size as a recognition cue while the egg and nestling colour and patterning are not associated with egg or nestling rejection,thus the cognitive mechanism of egg recognition in the Crested Myna is recognition by discordancy based on egg size cues.Furthermore,there is a rejection delay in time of egg rejection behaviour of the Crested Myna.Therefore,we suggest that the periodicity of egg rejection experiments could be appropriately extended,especially for species with relatively low egg recognition ability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31970427 to WL and 32101242 to LM)by the Open Foundation of Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation(hklk201903 to LM)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(C2020101002 to LM)。
文摘Background:Nest parasitism by cuckoos(Cuculus spp.)results in enormous reproductive failure and forces hosts to evolve antiparasitic strategies,i.e.,recognition of own eggs and rejection of cuckoo eggs.There are often sexual conflicts between male and female individuals in the expression of antiparasitic behavior due to the differences in reproductive inputs and division of labor.Methods:By adding a foreign egg made of blue soft clay to the host nest during early incubation period in the field,and by removing several host eggs and adding experimental eggs to control the proportion of two egg types in the nest,we examined egg rejection ability,egg recognition mechanism and sexual difference in egg rejection of the Oriental Reed Warbler(Acrocephalus orientalis),one of the major hosts of Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus).Results:Our results indicated that Oriental Reed Warblers can recognize and reject nearly 100%(73/75)of the nonmimetic eggs made of blue soft clay,and they could reject foreign eggs with 100%accuracy,regardless of the ratio of experimental eggs and its own eggs in the nest.Furthermore,all cases of egg rejections recorded by videos were only carried out by females.Conclusions:Oriental Reed Warblers have a high egg recognition ability and show a true recognition mechanism.Only female warblers perform egg rejection,suggesting that the sex for host egg incubation seems to play an important role in the evolution of egg recognition mechanisms.
基金funded chiefly by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
文摘With the knowledge that cuckoos and cowbirds lay their eggs parasitically,and that some hosts eject parasitic eggs,ornithologists began to ponder the question of how host females discriminate between a foreign egg and their own eggs,wondering how hosts 'know' which egg to remove.Results of one of the rst uncontrolled experiments were inappropriately interpreted to imply ejection was based on discordancy,with hosts simply ejecting the egg in the minority,or the 'odd-looking' egg.Controlled experiments eventually revealed that hosts rst learn the appearance of own their eggs and discriminate between them and any odd egg in their nest,regardless of which egg type is in the minority.Recent work has shown that discordancy may play a role in discrimination by males mated successively with females that lay polymorphic eggs.We examine the details of the early experiments,in light of recent advances in studies of egg recognition.An ability to recognize eggs also has been extended,implicitly,to include obligate brood parasites,as it underlies several hypotheses in explanation of the behavior of parasites toward their hosts.Egg recognition in parasites,however,has not been experimentally con rmed,nor has a mechanism been identi ed by which parasites could discriminate between their own eggs and the other eggs in a nest.We review hypotheses(parasite competition,egg removal and multiple parasitism,ma a,farming) that require the ability of obligate brood parasites to discriminate eggs at di erent levels and the potential mechanisms used by parasites to recognize their own eggs and suggest experiments to test for egg discrimination.An assessment of the egg recognition ability of parasites is germane to our understanding of how parasites counteract defenses of hosts.
