To performance susceptibility testing of antifungal agents Due to the increasing number of resistant strains, susceptibility testing of antifungal agents is gaining importance Methods We compared the results of s...To performance susceptibility testing of antifungal agents Due to the increasing number of resistant strains, susceptibility testing of antifungal agents is gaining importance Methods We compared the results of standard macrotube dilution reference method with two different microdilution methods, as well as the disc diffusion method in order to test the susceptibility of 150 Candida strains to fluconazole Results Overall correlation between microdilution and macrodilution methods was 86% It was 91% between the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations obtained from macrodilution and disc diffusion zone diameters Conclusion The disc diffusion test was evaluated as a low-cost, reproducible, and efficient way of assessing the in vitro susceptibility of Candida strains to fluconazole展开更多
Degenerative disc disease is the most common cause of low back pain. Intervertebral disc abnormalities are commonly evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Pfirrmann’s system involves the use of T2-weighte...Degenerative disc disease is the most common cause of low back pain. Intervertebral disc abnormalities are commonly evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Pfirrmann’s system involves the use of T2-weighted images (T2WI) to classify disc degeneration. However, as this classification is based on visual evaluation, it is not possible to quantify degeneration using this method. The present study was performed to establish an MRI-based intervertebral disc classification system using diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI), to quantify intervertebral disc water content according to the Pfirrmann classification. Sagittal mean diffusional kurtosis (MK) mapping was performed for the L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 intervertebral discs in 32 patients (15 female, 17 male;age range, 24 - 82 years;mean age, 57.7 years). The degree of disc degeneration was assessed in the midsagittal section on T2WI according to the Pfirrmann classification (grade I - V). The relationships between MK values, which are correlated with intervertebral disc composition changes, and grade of degeneration determined using the Pfirrmann classification were analyzed. The MK values tended to decrease with increasing grade of degeneration, and differed significantly between grades I and IV, but not between grade IV and V (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). DKI is an effective means of detecting the early stages of disc degeneration. Therefore, DKI may be a useful diagnostic tool for quantitative assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration.展开更多
Objective To identify the antimicrobial resistance of commercial lactic acid bacteria present in microbial foods and drug additives by analyzing their isolated strains used for fermentation and probiotics. Methods Ant...Objective To identify the antimicrobial resistance of commercial lactic acid bacteria present in microbial foods and drug additives by analyzing their isolated strains used for fermentation and probiotics. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility of 41 screened isolates was tested with disc diffusion and E-test methods after species-level identification. Resistant strains were selected and examined for the presence of resistance genes by PCR. Results Distribution of resistance was found in different species. All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalothin, and imipenem. In addition, isolates resistant to vancomycin, rifampicin, streptomycin, bacitracin, and erythromycin were detected, although the incidence of resistance to these antibiotics was relatively low. In contrast, most strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and gentamycin. The genes msrC, vanX, and dfrA were detected in strains of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactococcus lactis. Conclusion Antibiotic resistance is present in different species of probiotic strains, which poses a threat to food safety. Evaluation of the safety of lactic acid bacteria for human consumption should be guided by established criteria, guidelines and regulations.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial property of three different partitioned extracts(petroleum ether, ethanol and water) prepared from some fungal mycelia.Methods: Seven fungal mycelia were prepared, ini...Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial property of three different partitioned extracts(petroleum ether, ethanol and water) prepared from some fungal mycelia.Methods: Seven fungal mycelia were prepared, initially extracted with acidified ethanol(0.2 mol/L HCl in 80% ethanol), yielding the raw crude extracts. The obtained extracts were then further partitioned with petroleum ether(F1), ethanol(F2) and water(F3). All the fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion assay.Results: Our data showed that all the fractions could inhibit the testing bacteria.However, the inhibitory activity was found to be dependent on(i) the fungal strains used;(ii) the solvent extracted; and(iii) the testing bacteria assayed. In general, the ethanolic extracts(F2) derived from all fungi displayed highest inhibitory activity against the testing bacteria except for Chaetomium sp.Conclusions: The findings of the present study concluded that the extracts prepared from the fungal mycelia had the bioactive compounds with antibacterial property. This study is a pioneering work and further study should be carried out for development of the new drug leads.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim: </span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The objective of this study w...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim: </span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and explore the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> antifungal susceptibility pattern of dermatophytes isolated from clinica</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lly suspected cases of dermatophytosis (tinea infections) attending th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e Dermatology Department at J.S.S Hospital. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was conducted at JSS Medical College and Hospital from December 2016 to December 2017. Clinical samples (e.g., skin scrapings and hair stumps) were collected under asep</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tic precautions. The identification of dermatophytes was perfor</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">med</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> through microscopic examination using 10%, 20% & 40% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), SDAac, PDA and Dermatophyte test medium (DTM). All dermatophytes isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing using the agar-base</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d disk diffusion (ABDD) and E-test method against Terbinafine, Itraconazole, Fluconazole, and Griseofulvin. Data were analyzed by using Chi square test. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A 100 samples were studied, 46% tinea corporis, 2%tinea cruris, 9% tinea pedis, 5% tin</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ea faciei. The dermatophytes isolated were </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton rubrum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1 (35%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton mentagrophyte</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 8 (25%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton tonsurans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 5 (16%), Microsporum gypseum 3</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(10%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton verrucosum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2 (6%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton violaceum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(3%) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Microsporum audouinii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1 (3%). Out of 31 dermatophytes 17 were sensitive to all four antifungal agents within the range of FLC (2</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mcg/ml), ITR (0.125</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), TER (0.125</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), and GRI (0.125</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), 5 isolates were resistant in which 2 were resistant to FLC (64.256 mcg/ml), 2 isolates were resistant to TER 2 (32.38 mcg/ml), 1 isolate was resistant to both GRI and TER (16.32 mcg/ml) and 9 isolates were within the intermediate range. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Every patient with a tinea infection should be properly studied for a mycological examination and should be treated accordingly. Dermatophyte test medium is more useful as an identification medium in the isolation of dermatophytes. The ABDD method appears to be a simple, cost-effective, and promising method for the evaluation of antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes. E-test method is the most sensitive method due to the fact that quantitative MICs can be obtained directly from the E-strip. However, the E-test method is expensive and difficult in defining the precise borders of the inhibition zones in dermatophytes</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate antibacterial sensitivity of 43 ethnomedicinally important plants belonging to 25 different families from Western Uttar Pradesh,a northern province in India,against hospital isolated pathogenic s...Objective:To evaluate antibacterial sensitivity of 43 ethnomedicinally important plants belonging to 25 different families from Western Uttar Pradesh,a northern province in India,against hospital isolated pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Methods:Methanol(MeOH)and aqueous extracts of plants were subjected to sensitivity test against S.aureus ATCC 25953 and two hospital isolated virulent strains of S.aureus SA1 and SA2 following disc diffusion assay to determine sensitivity and agar dilution method to test minimum inhibition concentration using Mueller-Hinton agar.Results:Potential antibacterial activity was recorded for MeOH extracts against test pathogens,while moderate antibacterial activity was observed in case of aqueous extracts.Out of 43 plant species,39 species were found sensitive to tested strains.Minimum inhibition concentration values of MeOH extracts were demonstrated at low concentration ranging from 15.5 mg/mL up to 45.5 mg/mL compared to aqueous extracts which were observed ranging from 30.0 mg/mL up to 95.0 mg/mL.Conclusions:The present findings strongly support traditional uses of these plants in the treatment of infectious maladies and further urge of phytochemical and pharmacological research to develop safer and cheaper drugs for the benefit of ailing humanity.展开更多
Objective:To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESKAPE pathogens from Neyshabur,Iran during 2013-2015.Methods:A total of 345 isolates including 62 Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),38 Enterobacter spp.(i...Objective:To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESKAPE pathogens from Neyshabur,Iran during 2013-2015.Methods:A total of 345 isolates including 62 Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),38 Enterobacter spp.(including 14 Enterobacter agglomerans,6 Enterobacter aerogenes and other 18 Enterobacter spp.),123 Enterococcus faecium,78 Klebsiella pneumonia,10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 34 Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated.The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates was conducted with Kirby Bauer method.Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software using F-and t-tests.Results:Among S.aureus isolates,the highest resistance was observed against nalidixic acid(81.35%)and cefixime(74.50%).Thirty-three(53.22%)S.aureus isolates were cefoxitin resistant(methicillin-resistant S.aureus).The majority of Enterobacter species was resistant to amikacin(100.00%)and cephalotin(66.60%).Most Enterococcus faecium isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid(89.43%)and amikacin(83.33%),but vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates were not detected.Moreover,among Klebsiella pneumonia,the highest resistance was observed to nalidixic acid(20.98%)and cotrimoxazole(28.39%).Furthermore,all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were resistant to cefotaxime(100.00%)and majority to nitroforantoin(88.80%).Acinetobacter baumannii isolates showed the highest and the lowest resistance to cefotaxime(100.00%)and cefixime(88.71%),respectively.Conclusions:The prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens from northeast region was low,but majority of them exhibited high rate of antibiotic resistance to common used antimicrobial agents.展开更多
Objective:To examine hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of organic extracts of four Bangladeshi plants.Methods:An in vivo hypoglycemic effect on mice model wa...Objective:To examine hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of organic extracts of four Bangladeshi plants.Methods:An in vivo hypoglycemic effect on mice model was used to check the hypoglycemic effect of four Bangladeshi herbal organic extracts viz.,roots of Curculigo recurvata W.T.Aiton(Satipata)(C.recurvata),leaf of Amorphophallus bulbifer Roxb.(Olkachu)(A.bulbifer),whole plant of Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.(Nillata)(T.grandiflora)and leaf of Steudnera colocasiifolia K.Koch(Yunnan)(S.colocasiifolia)using glibenclamide as a positive control and water as a negative control.They were also tested for antibacterial activity on three Grampositive and four Gram-negative bacteria by disk diffusion method.C.recurvata,A.bulbifer and T.grandiflora were extracted with methanol and S.colocasiifolia was extracted with ethanol.Results:Among all the plant extract,only ethanol extract of S.colocasiifolia leaves at 800 mg/kg dose significantly(P<0.01)reduced fasting glucose level in normal mice as compared to standard drug glibenclamide(5 mg/kg).Ethanol extract of S.colocasiifolia leaves at 800 mg/kg dose decreased 20.28%of blood glucose level after 2 h of administration in normal mice,where glibenclamide decreased 39.63%.Methanol extract of T.grandiflora didn’t show any zone of inhibition against the tested bacteria,but other three extracts showed a wide range of zone of inhibition.However,none of the extract showed antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria.Methanol extract of C.recurvata showed maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus cereus[(10.50±0.50)mm],Salmonella typhi[(16.20±1.26)mm],Escherichia coli[(13.00±1.00)mm]and ethanol extract of S.colocasiifolia showed maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus[(11.20±1.26)mm],Bacillus subtilis[(12.00±0.50)mm],Salmonella paratyphi[(10.80±0.29)mm].Only methanol extract of A.bulbifer showed(8.50±0.50)mm and(7.20±0.76)mm zone of inhibition against Pseudomomas aeruginosa at 1000 and 800μg/disk dose respectively.Conclusions:Through our study,it was found that S.colocasiifolia could be considered as very promising and beneficial hypoglycemic agent.Although C.recurvata and S.colocasiifolia showed comparable high antibacterial activity,further studies should be needed to develop new antibacterial agent from them.S.colocasiifolia may be a potential source for the development of new oral hypoglycemic agent.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract extracts of selected Algerian medicinal plants.Methods:Antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated in terms of radical scavengi...Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract extracts of selected Algerian medicinal plants.Methods:Antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated in terms of radical scavenging potential(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)and β-carotene bleaching assay.Total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents were also measured.Antimicrobial activity of these plants was examined against Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.Results:The values of IC_(50) ranged from 4.30μg/mL to 486.6μg/mL for the DPPH method,while total antioxidant activity using β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay ranged from 17.03%to 86.13%.It was found that Pistacia lentiscus showed the highest antioxidant capacities using DPPH assay(IC_(50)=4.30μg/mL),while Populus trimula,Origanum glandulosum,Centaurea calcitrapa,Sysimbrium officinalis and Rhamnus alaternus showed the highest percent of total antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay.Total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 3.96 to 259.65 mg GAE/g extract and from 1.13 to 26.84 mg QE/g extract,respectively.The most interesting antimicrobial activity was obtained from Sysimbrium officinalis,Rhamnus alaternus,Origanum glandulosum,Cupressus sempervirens,Pinus halipensis and Centaurea calcitrapa.Conclusions:The results indicated that the plants tested may be potential sources for isolation of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the potential antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Turbinaria ornata(T.ornata),Oleic acid(OA)and palmitic acid(PA)extracted from T.ornata as well as mixtures of OA and PA(1:1)agains...Objective:To investigate the potential antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Turbinaria ornata(T.ornata),Oleic acid(OA)and palmitic acid(PA)extracted from T.ornata as well as mixtures of OA and PA(1:1)against some bacterial species.Methods:Brown seaweed T.ornata was collected from Hurghada shores,Red Sea coast of Egypt.OA and PA were extracted from T.ornata.Ethanol extracts of T.ornata,OA,PA and mixtures of these two fatty acids(1:1)were tested for their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus subtilis,Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus by the disc diffusion method.Results:Ethanol extracts of T.ornata,OA,PA and mixtures of OA and PA(1:1)showed antibacterial activities that increased significantly(least significant difference at 0.05 level)with increasing concentrations against all tested bacteria.Different concentrations of ethanol extracts of T.ornata and extracted OA showed its highest activity against Bacillus subtilis,while PA and mixtures of PA and OA(1:1)showed its highest activity against Bacillus cereus.The maximum inhibition activities were shown for mixtures of OA and PA(1:1).Scanning electron microscope showed that mixtures of OA and PA(1:1)caused plasmolysis and reduction in cell size of Escherichia coli.Conclusions:Different concentrations of T.ornata and its fatty acids showed activities against all tested bacteria.Therefore,it is a potential source of natural antimicrobial compounds.展开更多
Objective:To detect extended spectrumβ-lactamase(ESBL)and determine its prevalence in various clinical samples collected from Dehradun City Hospital.Methods:The samples were first cultured in MacConkey’s agar plates...Objective:To detect extended spectrumβ-lactamase(ESBL)and determine its prevalence in various clinical samples collected from Dehradun City Hospital.Methods:The samples were first cultured in MacConkey’s agar plates by streak plate method,then identified by Gram staining and biochemical tests.The isolated bacterial strains were then tested for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer method.The ESBL detection is then carried out by double disc diffusion method.Results:Off the 56 samples cultured,21 strains were identified which were six Escherichia coli(E.coli),six Klebsiella,four Proteus,four Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)and only one Acinetobacter.Eight out of 21(38.1%)strains including three of E.coli,three of Klebsiella and two of P.aeruginosa,were found to be resistance to all five antibiotics(piperacillin,amikacin,ampicillin,gentamicin,and ciprofloxacin).Initial screening using four antibiotics(cefotaxime,ceftazidime,aztreonam and ceftriaxone)and the final confirmatory test using ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and ceftazidime alone showed that 19.05%of all strains isolated were ESBL producers.Individually,16.67%E.coli,16.67%Klebsiella pneumoniae,25%P.aeruginosa and 100%Acinetobacter were found to be ESBL producers.Conclusions:Antibiotic resistance by ESBL has become a major risk factor worldwide,therefore routine checkup and accordingly prescription are suggested.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial potentials of 6 traditionally used medicinal plants to treat gastrointestinal infection against pathogenic bacteria,as most of the pathogens develop drug resistance against comm...Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial potentials of 6 traditionally used medicinal plants to treat gastrointestinal infection against pathogenic bacteria,as most of the pathogens develop drug resistance against commonly used antibiotics.Methods:Crude extracts from different parts of different plants were tested against bacterial strains of clinical significance.Extraction of bioactive principles was done with water and ethanol.Evaluation of antibacterial activity was done by disc diffusion assay against selected bacterial stains.Results:Of the 6 different plant materials tested,extracts prepared from Psidium guajava leaves showed significantly higher efficacy.Extracts prepared using alcohol exhibited higher antibacterial activity when compared to their corresponding aqueous extracts.Conclusions:The findings of the present study suggested that phytochemical extracts of the presently studied plant materials possess significant anti-enteric bacterial activity,and thus lend pharmacological credibility to the suggested traditional use of the plant as a natural remedy for the treatment,management and/or control of gastrointestinal diseases in the coastal tracts of Kanyakumari district,Tamilnadu,India.展开更多
文摘To performance susceptibility testing of antifungal agents Due to the increasing number of resistant strains, susceptibility testing of antifungal agents is gaining importance Methods We compared the results of standard macrotube dilution reference method with two different microdilution methods, as well as the disc diffusion method in order to test the susceptibility of 150 Candida strains to fluconazole Results Overall correlation between microdilution and macrodilution methods was 86% It was 91% between the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations obtained from macrodilution and disc diffusion zone diameters Conclusion The disc diffusion test was evaluated as a low-cost, reproducible, and efficient way of assessing the in vitro susceptibility of Candida strains to fluconazole
文摘Degenerative disc disease is the most common cause of low back pain. Intervertebral disc abnormalities are commonly evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Pfirrmann’s system involves the use of T2-weighted images (T2WI) to classify disc degeneration. However, as this classification is based on visual evaluation, it is not possible to quantify degeneration using this method. The present study was performed to establish an MRI-based intervertebral disc classification system using diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI), to quantify intervertebral disc water content according to the Pfirrmann classification. Sagittal mean diffusional kurtosis (MK) mapping was performed for the L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 intervertebral discs in 32 patients (15 female, 17 male;age range, 24 - 82 years;mean age, 57.7 years). The degree of disc degeneration was assessed in the midsagittal section on T2WI according to the Pfirrmann classification (grade I - V). The relationships between MK values, which are correlated with intervertebral disc composition changes, and grade of degeneration determined using the Pfirrmann classification were analyzed. The MK values tended to decrease with increasing grade of degeneration, and differed significantly between grades I and IV, but not between grade IV and V (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). DKI is an effective means of detecting the early stages of disc degeneration. Therefore, DKI may be a useful diagnostic tool for quantitative assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration.
文摘Objective To identify the antimicrobial resistance of commercial lactic acid bacteria present in microbial foods and drug additives by analyzing their isolated strains used for fermentation and probiotics. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility of 41 screened isolates was tested with disc diffusion and E-test methods after species-level identification. Resistant strains were selected and examined for the presence of resistance genes by PCR. Results Distribution of resistance was found in different species. All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalothin, and imipenem. In addition, isolates resistant to vancomycin, rifampicin, streptomycin, bacitracin, and erythromycin were detected, although the incidence of resistance to these antibiotics was relatively low. In contrast, most strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and gentamycin. The genes msrC, vanX, and dfrA were detected in strains of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactococcus lactis. Conclusion Antibiotic resistance is present in different species of probiotic strains, which poses a threat to food safety. Evaluation of the safety of lactic acid bacteria for human consumption should be guided by established criteria, guidelines and regulations.
基金Supported by“Operational Program Prague–Competitiveness”(CZ.2.16/3.1.00/24503)the“National Program of Sustainability I”-NPU I(LO1601-No.:MSMT-43760/2015)from the University of Chemistry and Technology,Czech Republic
文摘Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial property of three different partitioned extracts(petroleum ether, ethanol and water) prepared from some fungal mycelia.Methods: Seven fungal mycelia were prepared, initially extracted with acidified ethanol(0.2 mol/L HCl in 80% ethanol), yielding the raw crude extracts. The obtained extracts were then further partitioned with petroleum ether(F1), ethanol(F2) and water(F3). All the fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion assay.Results: Our data showed that all the fractions could inhibit the testing bacteria.However, the inhibitory activity was found to be dependent on(i) the fungal strains used;(ii) the solvent extracted; and(iii) the testing bacteria assayed. In general, the ethanolic extracts(F2) derived from all fungi displayed highest inhibitory activity against the testing bacteria except for Chaetomium sp.Conclusions: The findings of the present study concluded that the extracts prepared from the fungal mycelia had the bioactive compounds with antibacterial property. This study is a pioneering work and further study should be carried out for development of the new drug leads.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim: </span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and explore the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> antifungal susceptibility pattern of dermatophytes isolated from clinica</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lly suspected cases of dermatophytosis (tinea infections) attending th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e Dermatology Department at J.S.S Hospital. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was conducted at JSS Medical College and Hospital from December 2016 to December 2017. Clinical samples (e.g., skin scrapings and hair stumps) were collected under asep</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tic precautions. The identification of dermatophytes was perfor</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">med</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> through microscopic examination using 10%, 20% & 40% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), SDAac, PDA and Dermatophyte test medium (DTM). All dermatophytes isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing using the agar-base</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d disk diffusion (ABDD) and E-test method against Terbinafine, Itraconazole, Fluconazole, and Griseofulvin. Data were analyzed by using Chi square test. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A 100 samples were studied, 46% tinea corporis, 2%tinea cruris, 9% tinea pedis, 5% tin</span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ea faciei. The dermatophytes isolated were </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton rubrum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1 (35%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton mentagrophyte</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 8 (25%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton tonsurans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 5 (16%), Microsporum gypseum 3</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(10%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton verrucosum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2 (6%), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichophyton violaceum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(3%) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Microsporum audouinii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1 (3%). Out of 31 dermatophytes 17 were sensitive to all four antifungal agents within the range of FLC (2</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mcg/ml), ITR (0.125</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), TER (0.125</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), and GRI (0.125</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2), 5 isolates were resistant in which 2 were resistant to FLC (64.256 mcg/ml), 2 isolates were resistant to TER 2 (32.38 mcg/ml), 1 isolate was resistant to both GRI and TER (16.32 mcg/ml) and 9 isolates were within the intermediate range. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Every patient with a tinea infection should be properly studied for a mycological examination and should be treated accordingly. Dermatophyte test medium is more useful as an identification medium in the isolation of dermatophytes. The ABDD method appears to be a simple, cost-effective, and promising method for the evaluation of antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes. E-test method is the most sensitive method due to the fact that quantitative MICs can be obtained directly from the E-strip. However, the E-test method is expensive and difficult in defining the precise borders of the inhibition zones in dermatophytes</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.
基金Supported by SERC Fast Track OYS Scheme,Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi,India[Grant No.304/2004(SR/FT/L-129/2004)].
文摘Objective:To evaluate antibacterial sensitivity of 43 ethnomedicinally important plants belonging to 25 different families from Western Uttar Pradesh,a northern province in India,against hospital isolated pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Methods:Methanol(MeOH)and aqueous extracts of plants were subjected to sensitivity test against S.aureus ATCC 25953 and two hospital isolated virulent strains of S.aureus SA1 and SA2 following disc diffusion assay to determine sensitivity and agar dilution method to test minimum inhibition concentration using Mueller-Hinton agar.Results:Potential antibacterial activity was recorded for MeOH extracts against test pathogens,while moderate antibacterial activity was observed in case of aqueous extracts.Out of 43 plant species,39 species were found sensitive to tested strains.Minimum inhibition concentration values of MeOH extracts were demonstrated at low concentration ranging from 15.5 mg/mL up to 45.5 mg/mL compared to aqueous extracts which were observed ranging from 30.0 mg/mL up to 95.0 mg/mL.Conclusions:The present findings strongly support traditional uses of these plants in the treatment of infectious maladies and further urge of phytochemical and pharmacological research to develop safer and cheaper drugs for the benefit of ailing humanity.
基金Supported by Medical Diagnostic Laboratory of Neyshabour,Center of Medical,Pathological and Genetic Diagnostic Services,Iranian Academic Center for Education,Culture and Research(ACECR),Mashhad Branch,Mashhad,Iran(Grant No.1393/247N58).
文摘Objective:To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESKAPE pathogens from Neyshabur,Iran during 2013-2015.Methods:A total of 345 isolates including 62 Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),38 Enterobacter spp.(including 14 Enterobacter agglomerans,6 Enterobacter aerogenes and other 18 Enterobacter spp.),123 Enterococcus faecium,78 Klebsiella pneumonia,10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 34 Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated.The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates was conducted with Kirby Bauer method.Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software using F-and t-tests.Results:Among S.aureus isolates,the highest resistance was observed against nalidixic acid(81.35%)and cefixime(74.50%).Thirty-three(53.22%)S.aureus isolates were cefoxitin resistant(methicillin-resistant S.aureus).The majority of Enterobacter species was resistant to amikacin(100.00%)and cephalotin(66.60%).Most Enterococcus faecium isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid(89.43%)and amikacin(83.33%),but vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates were not detected.Moreover,among Klebsiella pneumonia,the highest resistance was observed to nalidixic acid(20.98%)and cotrimoxazole(28.39%).Furthermore,all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were resistant to cefotaxime(100.00%)and majority to nitroforantoin(88.80%).Acinetobacter baumannii isolates showed the highest and the lowest resistance to cefotaxime(100.00%)and cefixime(88.71%),respectively.Conclusions:The prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens from northeast region was low,but majority of them exhibited high rate of antibiotic resistance to common used antimicrobial agents.
基金Supported by Department of Pharmacy,International Islamic University Chittagong,Bangladesh with a research grant to accomplish the study(Grant No.Pharm-P&D 71/09-15/09).
文摘Objective:To examine hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of organic extracts of four Bangladeshi plants.Methods:An in vivo hypoglycemic effect on mice model was used to check the hypoglycemic effect of four Bangladeshi herbal organic extracts viz.,roots of Curculigo recurvata W.T.Aiton(Satipata)(C.recurvata),leaf of Amorphophallus bulbifer Roxb.(Olkachu)(A.bulbifer),whole plant of Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.(Nillata)(T.grandiflora)and leaf of Steudnera colocasiifolia K.Koch(Yunnan)(S.colocasiifolia)using glibenclamide as a positive control and water as a negative control.They were also tested for antibacterial activity on three Grampositive and four Gram-negative bacteria by disk diffusion method.C.recurvata,A.bulbifer and T.grandiflora were extracted with methanol and S.colocasiifolia was extracted with ethanol.Results:Among all the plant extract,only ethanol extract of S.colocasiifolia leaves at 800 mg/kg dose significantly(P<0.01)reduced fasting glucose level in normal mice as compared to standard drug glibenclamide(5 mg/kg).Ethanol extract of S.colocasiifolia leaves at 800 mg/kg dose decreased 20.28%of blood glucose level after 2 h of administration in normal mice,where glibenclamide decreased 39.63%.Methanol extract of T.grandiflora didn’t show any zone of inhibition against the tested bacteria,but other three extracts showed a wide range of zone of inhibition.However,none of the extract showed antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria.Methanol extract of C.recurvata showed maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus cereus[(10.50±0.50)mm],Salmonella typhi[(16.20±1.26)mm],Escherichia coli[(13.00±1.00)mm]and ethanol extract of S.colocasiifolia showed maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus[(11.20±1.26)mm],Bacillus subtilis[(12.00±0.50)mm],Salmonella paratyphi[(10.80±0.29)mm].Only methanol extract of A.bulbifer showed(8.50±0.50)mm and(7.20±0.76)mm zone of inhibition against Pseudomomas aeruginosa at 1000 and 800μg/disk dose respectively.Conclusions:Through our study,it was found that S.colocasiifolia could be considered as very promising and beneficial hypoglycemic agent.Although C.recurvata and S.colocasiifolia showed comparable high antibacterial activity,further studies should be needed to develop new antibacterial agent from them.S.colocasiifolia may be a potential source for the development of new oral hypoglycemic agent.
基金Supported by Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract extracts of selected Algerian medicinal plants.Methods:Antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated in terms of radical scavenging potential(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)and β-carotene bleaching assay.Total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents were also measured.Antimicrobial activity of these plants was examined against Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.Results:The values of IC_(50) ranged from 4.30μg/mL to 486.6μg/mL for the DPPH method,while total antioxidant activity using β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay ranged from 17.03%to 86.13%.It was found that Pistacia lentiscus showed the highest antioxidant capacities using DPPH assay(IC_(50)=4.30μg/mL),while Populus trimula,Origanum glandulosum,Centaurea calcitrapa,Sysimbrium officinalis and Rhamnus alaternus showed the highest percent of total antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay.Total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 3.96 to 259.65 mg GAE/g extract and from 1.13 to 26.84 mg QE/g extract,respectively.The most interesting antimicrobial activity was obtained from Sysimbrium officinalis,Rhamnus alaternus,Origanum glandulosum,Cupressus sempervirens,Pinus halipensis and Centaurea calcitrapa.Conclusions:The results indicated that the plants tested may be potential sources for isolation of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.
基金Supported by a grant from the Department of Botany and Microbiology,Damietta University,Damietta,Egypt as a part of MSc programme(Grant No.110/2012).
文摘Objective:To investigate the potential antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Turbinaria ornata(T.ornata),Oleic acid(OA)and palmitic acid(PA)extracted from T.ornata as well as mixtures of OA and PA(1:1)against some bacterial species.Methods:Brown seaweed T.ornata was collected from Hurghada shores,Red Sea coast of Egypt.OA and PA were extracted from T.ornata.Ethanol extracts of T.ornata,OA,PA and mixtures of these two fatty acids(1:1)were tested for their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus subtilis,Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus by the disc diffusion method.Results:Ethanol extracts of T.ornata,OA,PA and mixtures of OA and PA(1:1)showed antibacterial activities that increased significantly(least significant difference at 0.05 level)with increasing concentrations against all tested bacteria.Different concentrations of ethanol extracts of T.ornata and extracted OA showed its highest activity against Bacillus subtilis,while PA and mixtures of PA and OA(1:1)showed its highest activity against Bacillus cereus.The maximum inhibition activities were shown for mixtures of OA and PA(1:1).Scanning electron microscope showed that mixtures of OA and PA(1:1)caused plasmolysis and reduction in cell size of Escherichia coli.Conclusions:Different concentrations of T.ornata and its fatty acids showed activities against all tested bacteria.Therefore,it is a potential source of natural antimicrobial compounds.
文摘Objective:To detect extended spectrumβ-lactamase(ESBL)and determine its prevalence in various clinical samples collected from Dehradun City Hospital.Methods:The samples were first cultured in MacConkey’s agar plates by streak plate method,then identified by Gram staining and biochemical tests.The isolated bacterial strains were then tested for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer method.The ESBL detection is then carried out by double disc diffusion method.Results:Off the 56 samples cultured,21 strains were identified which were six Escherichia coli(E.coli),six Klebsiella,four Proteus,four Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)and only one Acinetobacter.Eight out of 21(38.1%)strains including three of E.coli,three of Klebsiella and two of P.aeruginosa,were found to be resistance to all five antibiotics(piperacillin,amikacin,ampicillin,gentamicin,and ciprofloxacin).Initial screening using four antibiotics(cefotaxime,ceftazidime,aztreonam and ceftriaxone)and the final confirmatory test using ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and ceftazidime alone showed that 19.05%of all strains isolated were ESBL producers.Individually,16.67%E.coli,16.67%Klebsiella pneumoniae,25%P.aeruginosa and 100%Acinetobacter were found to be ESBL producers.Conclusions:Antibiotic resistance by ESBL has become a major risk factor worldwide,therefore routine checkup and accordingly prescription are suggested.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial potentials of 6 traditionally used medicinal plants to treat gastrointestinal infection against pathogenic bacteria,as most of the pathogens develop drug resistance against commonly used antibiotics.Methods:Crude extracts from different parts of different plants were tested against bacterial strains of clinical significance.Extraction of bioactive principles was done with water and ethanol.Evaluation of antibacterial activity was done by disc diffusion assay against selected bacterial stains.Results:Of the 6 different plant materials tested,extracts prepared from Psidium guajava leaves showed significantly higher efficacy.Extracts prepared using alcohol exhibited higher antibacterial activity when compared to their corresponding aqueous extracts.Conclusions:The findings of the present study suggested that phytochemical extracts of the presently studied plant materials possess significant anti-enteric bacterial activity,and thus lend pharmacological credibility to the suggested traditional use of the plant as a natural remedy for the treatment,management and/or control of gastrointestinal diseases in the coastal tracts of Kanyakumari district,Tamilnadu,India.
