Water-sand gushing(WSG)disasters in confinedaquifers pose significantchallenges to the utilization of deep underground spaces in soft soil areas.Since few studies have considered the impact of confined aquifer thickne...Water-sand gushing(WSG)disasters in confinedaquifers pose significantchallenges to the utilization of deep underground spaces in soft soil areas.Since few studies have considered the impact of confined aquifer thickness and confinedwater pressure on WSG disasters,a novel visual model test system was developed to investigate the influencingcharacteristics and mechanisms of the two aforementioned factors.The test results showed that the WSG process in clay aquiclude-confinedaquifer composite strata exhibits two prominent stages.First,the sand loss zone expands vertically in an ellipsoid shape.Then,it expands horizontally once the ellipsoid reaches the boundary of the clay layer.The sand loss continues until the overlying clay sinks to the bottom to clog the gushing crack,creating a large sinkhole at the surface.Increasing the confinedaquifer thickness can increase the vertical expansion of the ellipsoid and delay the clay-clogging effects,thereby considerably increasing the severity of sand loss,stratum deformation,and surface settlement.An increase in the confinedwater pressure markedly increases the hydraulic gradient along the seepage path,which contributes to increasing the gushing rates of water and sand.As a result,substantial sand loss occurs before the clay clogs the gushing crack,inducing more cracks and deeper sinkholes at the surface.All the aforementioned results provide insights into the effects of confinedaquifer on WSG disasters in clay aquiclude-confinedaquifer composite strata.展开更多
In this study,tropical cyclone(TC)translation speed was introduced as a new similarity factor within the generalized initial value(GIV)framework,enhancing the disaster preassessment capability of the dynamical statist...In this study,tropical cyclone(TC)translation speed was introduced as a new similarity factor within the generalized initial value(GIV)framework,enhancing the disaster preassessment capability of the dynamical statistical analog ensemble forecast model for landfalling TC disasters(DSAEF_LTD model).Three TC translation speed indicators most relevant to TC precipitation were incorporated:the maximum speed on Day 1(the first day of TC-induced precipitation and wind occurring on land)and the average and minimum speeds over All Days(all days of TC-induced precipitation and wind occurring on land),all classified using the Kmeans clustering algorithm.Simulation experiments showed that integrating TC translation speed enhanced the model's performance.The model provided a better optimal common scheme,with the TSS UM(sum of threat scores for severe and above and extremely severe and above disasters)increasing by 2.66%(from 0.5117 to 0.5253)compared with the original model.More importantly,its preassessment ability improved significantly,with the average TSS UM for independent samples increasing by 6.43%(from 0.6488 to0.6905).The modified model demonstrated greater accuracy in capturing disaster severity and distribution of TCs with significant speed characteristics or with regular tracks.This improvement stemmed from reduced false alarms due to the selection of analogs that are more similar to the target TC.The enhanced preassessment ability can be attributed to the key role of TC translation speed,which significantly influences TC precipitation patterns and improves TC precipitation forecasting.Since precipitation is one of the most crucial disaster-causing factors,better TC precipitation forecasting leads to improved disaster preassessment outcomes.These findings emphasize the promising potential of the DSAEF_LTD model for future TC disaster research and management,contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations 2030 Agenda by strengthening coastal resilience.展开更多
At first glance(一瞥),10-year-old B.Kenit from the coastal town of Visakhapatnam in India looks like any other school-going child,but there is more than meets the eye.Inspired by a tsunami drill conducted in his schoo...At first glance(一瞥),10-year-old B.Kenit from the coastal town of Visakhapatnam in India looks like any other school-going child,but there is more than meets the eye.Inspired by a tsunami drill conducted in his school when he was eight,the third grader be-came a Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR)advocate,educating his fel-low students and community members on early warning,evacua-tion,and search and rescue.展开更多
Snow and freezing disasters are recurrent weather and climate phenomena that affect the world annually.These events exert a significant influence on numerous aspects of life,including transportation,power supply,and d...Snow and freezing disasters are recurrent weather and climate phenomena that affect the world annually.These events exert a significant influence on numerous aspects of life,including transportation,power supply,and daily activities,and result in considerable economic losses.This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the regions affected by these disasters,the preventive and responsive measures employed,recent advancements in key materials,and the challenges encountered.By doing so,we can gain a deeper understanding of the vital role,significant advantages,and untapped potential of key materials for effectively preventing and responding to snow and freezing disasters.Furthermore,promoting research and utilization of these materials not only contributes to the development of the safety and emergency equipment industry but also strengthens the supply of advanced and suitable safety and emergency equipment.展开更多
Disaster risk reduction,an essential function of protected areas(PAs),has been generally overlooked in PA design.Using primates as a model,we designed a disaster risk index(DRI)to measure the disaster sensitivity of p...Disaster risk reduction,an essential function of protected areas(PAs),has been generally overlooked in PA design.Using primates as a model,we designed a disaster risk index(DRI)to measure the disaster sensitivity of primate species.High-conservation-need(HCN)areas were identified by both their richness and number of threatened primate species.We also constructed high-disaster-risk(HDR)areas and climate-sensitive(CS)areas based on a disaster risk assessment and temperature change under climate change.We overlaid HCN and HDR areas to obtain HDR-HCN areas.We defined species conservation targets as the percent of each species’range that should be effectively conserved using“Zonation”.Landslides had the highest DRI(1.43±0.88),but have been overlooked in previous studies.PA coverage in HDR-HCN(30%)areas was similar to that in HCN areas(28%),indicating that current PA design fails to account for disaster risk reduction.About 50%of the HDR-HCN areas overlapped with CS areas.Presently,43%of primate species meet their conservation targets.Fifty-seven of primate species would meet their conservation targets and 67%of primates could benefit from PA expansion if HDR-HCN areas are fully incorporated into PAs.Increasing PA coverage in HDR-HCN areas is essential to achieving both primate conservation and disaster risk reduction.The study calls for integrating disaster risk reduction into PA design guidelines,particularly in regions like the western Amazon,and recommends flexible conservation approaches in other areas.展开更多
The occurrence characteristics and impacts of agricultural meteorological disasters during the main growth period of potatoes in Ulanqab City were analyzed.According to the development needs of modern potato industry,...The occurrence characteristics and impacts of agricultural meteorological disasters during the main growth period of potatoes in Ulanqab City were analyzed.According to the development needs of modern potato industry,some countermeasures for meteorological services in the disaster prevention and mitigation of potatoes were proposed,such as strengthening intelligent and digital meteorological services,and building a full-chain meteorological service for the entire growth period of potatoes.The aim is to reduce the impact of disasters and increase the yield and quality of potatoes through intelligent and digital meteorological services.展开更多
The Hengduan Mountains region(HMR)is one of the most densely distributed and severe flash flood disaster-prone areas in southwest China.It is also a key area for major engineering projects and beautiful countryside co...The Hengduan Mountains region(HMR)is one of the most densely distributed and severe flash flood disaster-prone areas in southwest China.It is also a key area for major engineering projects and beautiful countryside construction in Southwest China.However,previous studies have not systematically summarized the development characteristics and formation modes of flash flood disasters in the HMR,which limits the development of theoretical and technical system for flood control.In this study,we focused on the physical processes of flash flood disasters in the HMR,including generation,movement,and disaster formation,and clarified the dominant disaster-inducing conditions(multiple humid monsoon circulation,high potential energy and high heterogenous underlying surface)and disaster development characteristics(high spatio-temporal heterogeneity,highly concentrated energy,chain and cascading effects,and clustered occurrence)of flash floods in the HMR.Based on the entire processes of flash flood disasters,three major formation modes have been summarized:the runoff generation mode of vegetation-hydrology-soil coupling dominated by high hydraulic gradient in mountainous areas,strong flow-sediment coupling movement,and serious disaster losses due to high exposure of disaster bearing objects.Finally,based on the issues in previous research,four future research challenges for flash flood disaster in the HMR were proposed.Our study provides insights into disaster prevention and reduction research,including fundamental theoretical system,precise risk assessment of regional disasters,and accurate early warning and forecasting of flash floods.展开更多
Interdependencies between critical infrastructures and the economy amplify the effects of damage caused by disasters.The growing interest in impacts beyond physical damage and community resilience has spurred a surge ...Interdependencies between critical infrastructures and the economy amplify the effects of damage caused by disasters.The growing interest in impacts beyond physical damage and community resilience has spurred a surge in literature on economic modeling methodologies for estimating indirect economic impacts of disasters and the recovery of economic activity over time.In this review,we present a framework for categorizing modeling approaches that assess indirect economic impacts across natural hazards and anthropogenic disasters such as cyber attacks.We first conduct a comparative analysis of macroeconomic models,focusing on the approaches capturing sectoral interdependencies.These include the Leontief Input-Output(I/O)model,the Inoperability Input-Output Model(IIM),the Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output Model(DIIM),the Adaptive Regional Input-Output(ARIO)model,and the Computable General Equilibrium(CGE)model and its extensions.We evaluate their applicability to disaster scenarios based on input data availability,the compatibility of model assumptions,and output capabilities.We also reveal the functional relationships of input data and output metrics across economic modeling approaches for inter-sectoral impacts.Furthermore,we examine how the damage mechanisms posed by different types of disasters translate into model inputs and impact modeling processes.This synthesis provides guidance for researchers and practitioners in selecting and configuring models based on specific disaster scenarios.It also identifies the gaps in the literature,including the need for a deeper understanding of model performance reliability,key drivers of economic outcomes in different disaster contexts,and the disparities in modeling approach applications across various hazard types.展开更多
In the context of climate change,the acceleration of the global water cycle has led to the emergence of abrupt transitions between drought and flood events,presenting a new challenge for flood and drought disaster mit...In the context of climate change,the acceleration of the global water cycle has led to the emergence of abrupt transitions between drought and flood events,presenting a new challenge for flood and drought disaster mitigation.Abrupt transitions between drought and flood refer to a phenomenon in which an extreme drought event quickly shifts to an extreme flood event,or vice versa,within a relatively short time span.This phenomenon disrupts the traditional spatiotemporal distribution patterns of water-related disasters,reflecting not only the extreme unevenness in the distribution of water resources but also the rapid alternation of the water cycle's evolution(He et al.,2016).Moreover,due to its suddenness,extremity,and complexity,it poses severe threats to human societies and ecosystems.Scientifically addressing abrupt transitions between drought and flood has thus become a new challenge in flood and drought disaster prevention.展开更多
Based on the special landscape and regional characteristics,the lightning location information from 1999 to 2008 and conventional observation data from 1971 to 2000 provided by electricity departments in Hebei Provinc...Based on the special landscape and regional characteristics,the lightning location information from 1999 to 2008 and conventional observation data from 1971 to 2000 provided by electricity departments in Hebei Province were applied to analyze spatial and temporal distribution of lightning.With lighting disaster data since 2000 provided by meteorological department,and records from civil affair,statistics,insurance,and other departments,the lighting disaster distribution of Hebei Province was studied from aspects of economic and people losses,and some countermeasures for several lightning disasters industries were put forward.展开更多
The tropical cyclone that lands or passes through Guangxi coast is a serious natural disaster, which brings about strong winds, heavy rains, storm surges and other disasters causing severe damage of property or casual...The tropical cyclone that lands or passes through Guangxi coast is a serious natural disaster, which brings about strong winds, heavy rains, storm surges and other disasters causing severe damage of property or casualties in the coastal region every year. By counting and analyzing the tropical cyclones affecting Guangxi coast from 1950 to 2012, we find that the annual number of tropical cyclones changes significantly, and the maximum value can be up to 9, whereas the minimum value is 0 in some year. The regularity of seasonal distribution of tropical cyclones is obvious, and the peak period is in July, August and September every year, followed by June and October. Most of tropical cyclones come from the east of Philippines. After entering the South China Sea and passing through Hainan province and Leizhou Peninsula, they landed on Guangxi coast once again and caused the mean of peak surge reaching 111.2 cm, which is 2.6 times of non-landing typhoon. The formation of storm surge disaster is directly related to the severe typhoon weather systems, diurnal spring tide and discharge of river flood. Severe typhoons generate huge waves and rainfall, which lead to the rise of water level at the estuary, and would result in significant increasing water when stacking up with the storm surge, and cause huge tidal disaster.展开更多
Protected vegetable production made the traditional agriculture gradually get rid of the shackles of nature, broke the seasonal traditional agriculture and realized the anti season list of agricultural products. While...Protected vegetable production made the traditional agriculture gradually get rid of the shackles of nature, broke the seasonal traditional agriculture and realized the anti season list of agricultural products. While protected vegetables often encountered sudden disasters in production and were restricted with the conditions of low temperature and weak light. Aimed at the sudden disasters of protected vegetable production in Hebei Province,the countermeasures for disaster prevention and control were put forward from the aspects of variety selection, seedling treatment technology,grafting technique,cultivation and management,flower and fruit retention technology,application of exogenous substance,rational fertilization,transgenic technology and so on,in order to reduce production risks and cut loss,realize that protected vegetable production is safe,good-quality and efficient.展开更多
Based on statistic data of agricultural production and meteorological disasters in Liaoning Province from 1971 to 2008,the effect weight,disaster rate and variance value of main agro-meteorological disasters including...Based on statistic data of agricultural production and meteorological disasters in Liaoning Province from 1971 to 2008,the effect weight,disaster rate and variance value of main agro-meteorological disasters including drought,flood,wind,hail and frozen injury were calculated,and the variation characteristic of time series of agro-meteorological disasters was further analyzed,while the grade division and comprehensive evaluation of agro-meteorological disasters were carried out in our paper.The results showed that there was a negative correlation between grain yield and the degree of agro-meteorological disasters,and agro-meteorological disasters were relatively serious in 1989,1997 and 2000,with the reduction of grain yield.Meanwhile,the occurrence frequency of light disasters was highest,accounting for 39% of total years,and the adverse effect of agro-meteorological disasters on agricultural production became more and more severe decade by decade;the effect weight of drought reached 63%,so drought was the main agro-meteorological disaster influencing agricultural production.展开更多
Based on 35 a meteorological data and main crops planting data in Shiyang River basin meteorological station,the agricultural climate change,agricultural production,hydrology change and the influences on the crops lay...Based on 35 a meteorological data and main crops planting data in Shiyang River basin meteorological station,the agricultural climate change,agricultural production,hydrology change and the influences on the crops layout,planting in the basin were discussed.The results showed that the linear inclined rates of ≥0 ℃,10 ℃ accumulated temperature increase in the north-central part were bigger than in the south,and the heat resources increased evidently.The annual precipitation increased in the linear inclined rate which was 4.719 mm/10 a,and the annual runoff decreased in 0.274×109 m3/10 a velocity.The climate productivity increased in 134.62 kg/(hm2·10 a) velocity.In late spring and early summer,the regional drought increased evidently,and the frostless period prolonged.The sand storm decreased evidently.The gale in the south increased and decreased in the north-central part.The agricultural climate change made that the spring wheat planting zone advanced to the high-altitude area.The seeding date advanced,and the growth period shortened.It didn't favor for the yield formation.However,it was favorable to improve the yield and quality of thermophilous crops such as the corn,cotton and wine grape and so on.展开更多
By using the observation data of drought,storm and hail in Dalian in recent 30 years,the spatialization of major agriculture meteorological disasters were carried out by means of cokriging and plate smooth slice splin...By using the observation data of drought,storm and hail in Dalian in recent 30 years,the spatialization of major agriculture meteorological disasters were carried out by means of cokriging and plate smooth slice spline method.Based on the 1:250 000 geographical information data in Dalian City,major meteorological disasters were spatially analyzed by using ArcMap,and the thematic map overlaying disaster distribution and crop information was made.Taking the distribution of hail disaster and crop yield for example,the application of spatialization method of agriculture meteorological disasters was elaborated.The results could provide decision basis for the establishment of disaster prevention and reduction and the optimization of crop distribution in Dalian.展开更多
Based on technologies of GRADS, Delphi, WEB and an SQLServer, distri- bution system for major meteorological disasters early warning information in Hunan Province was established. The system consists of warning tips, ...Based on technologies of GRADS, Delphi, WEB and an SQLServer, distri- bution system for major meteorological disasters early warning information in Hunan Province was established. The system consists of warning tips, early warning for different media and early warning query statistics and the network terminal of the system platform includes a business database server, a message platform database server, a sending server and a receiving terminal. The system enjoys some func- tions, such as examination by different users, on-time updating and effectiveness of flood prevention, construction of excessive warning channel, construction of compre-hensive warning information platform and further improvement of information distribution. The system provides references for prevention and reduction of important me- teorological disasters in Hunan.展开更多
Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of m...Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of meteorological disasters on tourism brand, tourism decision, tourism transport, peak tourist season and the threat on tourism industry chain were studied, the main tourism meteorological disasters in North China, East China, Central China, Northeast Region, Southeast Region and Southwest Region were summarized, and some comprehensive measures of meteorological disaster for prevention and mitigation were put forward.展开更多
This paper analyzed the severe drought that took place in the five provinces of Northern China in 1920.Study suggested that the severe damage caused by the drought was resulted from many reasons,such as certain specif...This paper analyzed the severe drought that took place in the five provinces of Northern China in 1920.Study suggested that the severe damage caused by the drought was resulted from many reasons,such as certain specific natural conditions,deterioration of ecological environment,malformations of the rural economy and turbulence of domestic politics.However,some new phenomena took shapes during this time disaster relief activity.展开更多
The modern world remains vulnerable to natural disasters,including floods,earthquakes,wildfires,and others.These events remain unpredictable and inevitable,and recovering quickly and effectively requires significant e...The modern world remains vulnerable to natural disasters,including floods,earthquakes,wildfires,and others.These events remain unpredictable and inevitable,and recovering quickly and effectively requires significant effort and expense.Monitoring is becoming more efficient thanks to technologies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs),which can access hard-to-reach areas and provide real-time data.However,in disaster-affected areas,these monitoring systems may encounter many obstacles when communicating with servers or transmitting monitored data.This paper proposes an adaptive communication model to overcome the challenges faced in disaster-affected areas.A base station is responsible for collecting data(such as images and videos)captured by UAVs performing surveillance within its communication range.This station is typically a tower providing fixed cellular network service.However,in the absence of such a tower,a selected UAV may serve as the station,depending on the situation.If surveillance needs to be performed outside the coverage area,it can continue to communicate via nearby UAVs through cooperative communication.UAVs with internet support,known as the Internet of Flying Things(IoFT),will also be utilized to enhance communication capacity and efficiency.The proposed communication model is validated through experiments,showing superior data transmission performance and higher throughput.Analysis indicates it outperforms traditional systems,even in rural areas,with or without internet access.展开更多
China’s coastal regions,characterized by dense populations and industrial agglomeration,face escalating threats from typhoon disasters.Understanding the evolution of socio-economic exposure to future typhoon landfall...China’s coastal regions,characterized by dense populations and industrial agglomeration,face escalating threats from typhoon disasters.Understanding the evolution of socio-economic exposure to future typhoon landfalls under global change is critical for effective disaster risk management.This study utilizes future typhoon track data simulated by the regional climate model version 4(RegCM4),combined with projected population and Gross Domestic Product(GDP)data for China’s coastal regions under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs:SSP1,sustainability;SSP2,middle of the road;SSP5,fossil-fueled development).We analyze typhoon impact zones for future periods(2030s,2050s,and 2090s)under Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs:RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5,representing low,medium,and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios,respectively).Exposure levels for 2030,2050,and 2100 are calculated based on the annual average frequency of typhoon impacts during these periods,aiming to quantify the distribution characteristics of typhoon-affected population and GDP in China’s coastal regions.Key findings reveal two high-frequency typhoon im-pact zones:the Taiwan Strait region and the northern Qiongzhou Strait region.Furthermore,under RCP2.6,typhoon impacts may ex-tend to Liaoning,while RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios indicate potential impacts reaching further north to Heilongjiang.Under RCP4.5,Northeast China will experience the largest typhoon-affected area(43.800×10^(4) km^(2))by the 2030s.High population and GDP exposure concentrates in the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta,and the Taiwan Strait coastal areas.Notably,Liaoning’s cumulative ex-posed population may exceed 0.100×10^(8) by 2030 and 2050 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 due to typhoon track migration.Given China’s location within the Western Pacific typhoon high-incidence region,the northward expansion of impacts will substantially escalate socio-economic exposure in mid-latitude regions previously at lower risk.These findings underscore the imperative for enhanced disaster pre-vention,mitigation strategies and targeted countermeasure research.展开更多
基金financedby the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52090083)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Grant No.23QB1404800).
文摘Water-sand gushing(WSG)disasters in confinedaquifers pose significantchallenges to the utilization of deep underground spaces in soft soil areas.Since few studies have considered the impact of confined aquifer thickness and confinedwater pressure on WSG disasters,a novel visual model test system was developed to investigate the influencingcharacteristics and mechanisms of the two aforementioned factors.The test results showed that the WSG process in clay aquiclude-confinedaquifer composite strata exhibits two prominent stages.First,the sand loss zone expands vertically in an ellipsoid shape.Then,it expands horizontally once the ellipsoid reaches the boundary of the clay layer.The sand loss continues until the overlying clay sinks to the bottom to clog the gushing crack,creating a large sinkhole at the surface.Increasing the confinedaquifer thickness can increase the vertical expansion of the ellipsoid and delay the clay-clogging effects,thereby considerably increasing the severity of sand loss,stratum deformation,and surface settlement.An increase in the confinedwater pressure markedly increases the hydraulic gradient along the seepage path,which contributes to increasing the gushing rates of water and sand.As a result,substantial sand loss occurs before the clay clogs the gushing crack,inducing more cracks and deeper sinkholes at the surface.All the aforementioned results provide insights into the effects of confinedaquifer on WSG disasters in clay aquiclude-confinedaquifer composite strata.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of South China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province(No.SCSF202307)the Basic Research Fund of CAMS(No.2023Z016)+1 种基金the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(No.42275037)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change。
文摘In this study,tropical cyclone(TC)translation speed was introduced as a new similarity factor within the generalized initial value(GIV)framework,enhancing the disaster preassessment capability of the dynamical statistical analog ensemble forecast model for landfalling TC disasters(DSAEF_LTD model).Three TC translation speed indicators most relevant to TC precipitation were incorporated:the maximum speed on Day 1(the first day of TC-induced precipitation and wind occurring on land)and the average and minimum speeds over All Days(all days of TC-induced precipitation and wind occurring on land),all classified using the Kmeans clustering algorithm.Simulation experiments showed that integrating TC translation speed enhanced the model's performance.The model provided a better optimal common scheme,with the TSS UM(sum of threat scores for severe and above and extremely severe and above disasters)increasing by 2.66%(from 0.5117 to 0.5253)compared with the original model.More importantly,its preassessment ability improved significantly,with the average TSS UM for independent samples increasing by 6.43%(from 0.6488 to0.6905).The modified model demonstrated greater accuracy in capturing disaster severity and distribution of TCs with significant speed characteristics or with regular tracks.This improvement stemmed from reduced false alarms due to the selection of analogs that are more similar to the target TC.The enhanced preassessment ability can be attributed to the key role of TC translation speed,which significantly influences TC precipitation patterns and improves TC precipitation forecasting.Since precipitation is one of the most crucial disaster-causing factors,better TC precipitation forecasting leads to improved disaster preassessment outcomes.These findings emphasize the promising potential of the DSAEF_LTD model for future TC disaster research and management,contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations 2030 Agenda by strengthening coastal resilience.
文摘At first glance(一瞥),10-year-old B.Kenit from the coastal town of Visakhapatnam in India looks like any other school-going child,but there is more than meets the eye.Inspired by a tsunami drill conducted in his school when he was eight,the third grader be-came a Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR)advocate,educating his fel-low students and community members on early warning,evacua-tion,and search and rescue.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52273220 and 22205243)。
文摘Snow and freezing disasters are recurrent weather and climate phenomena that affect the world annually.These events exert a significant influence on numerous aspects of life,including transportation,power supply,and daily activities,and result in considerable economic losses.This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the regions affected by these disasters,the preventive and responsive measures employed,recent advancements in key materials,and the challenges encountered.By doing so,we can gain a deeper understanding of the vital role,significant advantages,and untapped potential of key materials for effectively preventing and responding to snow and freezing disasters.Furthermore,promoting research and utilization of these materials not only contributes to the development of the safety and emergency equipment industry but also strengthens the supply of advanced and suitable safety and emergency equipment.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2022YFF1301500)the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grants No.32000352,32171485,and 32371741)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021A1515010968)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(Grant No.23lgzy002).
文摘Disaster risk reduction,an essential function of protected areas(PAs),has been generally overlooked in PA design.Using primates as a model,we designed a disaster risk index(DRI)to measure the disaster sensitivity of primate species.High-conservation-need(HCN)areas were identified by both their richness and number of threatened primate species.We also constructed high-disaster-risk(HDR)areas and climate-sensitive(CS)areas based on a disaster risk assessment and temperature change under climate change.We overlaid HCN and HDR areas to obtain HDR-HCN areas.We defined species conservation targets as the percent of each species’range that should be effectively conserved using“Zonation”.Landslides had the highest DRI(1.43±0.88),but have been overlooked in previous studies.PA coverage in HDR-HCN(30%)areas was similar to that in HCN areas(28%),indicating that current PA design fails to account for disaster risk reduction.About 50%of the HDR-HCN areas overlapped with CS areas.Presently,43%of primate species meet their conservation targets.Fifty-seven of primate species would meet their conservation targets and 67%of primates could benefit from PA expansion if HDR-HCN areas are fully incorporated into PAs.Increasing PA coverage in HDR-HCN areas is essential to achieving both primate conservation and disaster risk reduction.The study calls for integrating disaster risk reduction into PA design guidelines,particularly in regions like the western Amazon,and recommends flexible conservation approaches in other areas.
文摘The occurrence characteristics and impacts of agricultural meteorological disasters during the main growth period of potatoes in Ulanqab City were analyzed.According to the development needs of modern potato industry,some countermeasures for meteorological services in the disaster prevention and mitigation of potatoes were proposed,such as strengthening intelligent and digital meteorological services,and building a full-chain meteorological service for the entire growth period of potatoes.The aim is to reduce the impact of disasters and increase the yield and quality of potatoes through intelligent and digital meteorological services.
基金The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program,No.2019QZKK0903-02National Key R&D Program of China,No.2022YFC3002902National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42201086。
文摘The Hengduan Mountains region(HMR)is one of the most densely distributed and severe flash flood disaster-prone areas in southwest China.It is also a key area for major engineering projects and beautiful countryside construction in Southwest China.However,previous studies have not systematically summarized the development characteristics and formation modes of flash flood disasters in the HMR,which limits the development of theoretical and technical system for flood control.In this study,we focused on the physical processes of flash flood disasters in the HMR,including generation,movement,and disaster formation,and clarified the dominant disaster-inducing conditions(multiple humid monsoon circulation,high potential energy and high heterogenous underlying surface)and disaster development characteristics(high spatio-temporal heterogeneity,highly concentrated energy,chain and cascading effects,and clustered occurrence)of flash floods in the HMR.Based on the entire processes of flash flood disasters,three major formation modes have been summarized:the runoff generation mode of vegetation-hydrology-soil coupling dominated by high hydraulic gradient in mountainous areas,strong flow-sediment coupling movement,and serious disaster losses due to high exposure of disaster bearing objects.Finally,based on the issues in previous research,four future research challenges for flash flood disaster in the HMR were proposed.Our study provides insights into disaster prevention and reduction research,including fundamental theoretical system,precise risk assessment of regional disasters,and accurate early warning and forecasting of flash floods.
基金supported by the Stanford Graduate Fellowship,the Center for Urban Science and Progress at New York Universitythe National Science Foundation under award number CMMI-2053014.The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone.
文摘Interdependencies between critical infrastructures and the economy amplify the effects of damage caused by disasters.The growing interest in impacts beyond physical damage and community resilience has spurred a surge in literature on economic modeling methodologies for estimating indirect economic impacts of disasters and the recovery of economic activity over time.In this review,we present a framework for categorizing modeling approaches that assess indirect economic impacts across natural hazards and anthropogenic disasters such as cyber attacks.We first conduct a comparative analysis of macroeconomic models,focusing on the approaches capturing sectoral interdependencies.These include the Leontief Input-Output(I/O)model,the Inoperability Input-Output Model(IIM),the Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output Model(DIIM),the Adaptive Regional Input-Output(ARIO)model,and the Computable General Equilibrium(CGE)model and its extensions.We evaluate their applicability to disaster scenarios based on input data availability,the compatibility of model assumptions,and output capabilities.We also reveal the functional relationships of input data and output metrics across economic modeling approaches for inter-sectoral impacts.Furthermore,we examine how the damage mechanisms posed by different types of disasters translate into model inputs and impact modeling processes.This synthesis provides guidance for researchers and practitioners in selecting and configuring models based on specific disaster scenarios.It also identifies the gaps in the literature,including the need for a deeper understanding of model performance reliability,key drivers of economic outcomes in different disaster contexts,and the disparities in modeling approach applications across various hazard types.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3209800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52279011).
文摘In the context of climate change,the acceleration of the global water cycle has led to the emergence of abrupt transitions between drought and flood events,presenting a new challenge for flood and drought disaster mitigation.Abrupt transitions between drought and flood refer to a phenomenon in which an extreme drought event quickly shifts to an extreme flood event,or vice versa,within a relatively short time span.This phenomenon disrupts the traditional spatiotemporal distribution patterns of water-related disasters,reflecting not only the extreme unevenness in the distribution of water resources but also the rapid alternation of the water cycle's evolution(He et al.,2016).Moreover,due to its suddenness,extremity,and complexity,it poses severe threats to human societies and ecosystems.Scientifically addressing abrupt transitions between drought and flood has thus become a new challenge in flood and drought disaster prevention.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry(Meteorology)[GYHY200806014]
文摘Based on the special landscape and regional characteristics,the lightning location information from 1999 to 2008 and conventional observation data from 1971 to 2000 provided by electricity departments in Hebei Province were applied to analyze spatial and temporal distribution of lightning.With lighting disaster data since 2000 provided by meteorological department,and records from civil affair,statistics,insurance,and other departments,the lighting disaster distribution of Hebei Province was studied from aspects of economic and people losses,and some countermeasures for several lightning disasters industries were put forward.
基金supported by National Nature Science (Grant No. 41266002)
文摘The tropical cyclone that lands or passes through Guangxi coast is a serious natural disaster, which brings about strong winds, heavy rains, storm surges and other disasters causing severe damage of property or casualties in the coastal region every year. By counting and analyzing the tropical cyclones affecting Guangxi coast from 1950 to 2012, we find that the annual number of tropical cyclones changes significantly, and the maximum value can be up to 9, whereas the minimum value is 0 in some year. The regularity of seasonal distribution of tropical cyclones is obvious, and the peak period is in July, August and September every year, followed by June and October. Most of tropical cyclones come from the east of Philippines. After entering the South China Sea and passing through Hainan province and Leizhou Peninsula, they landed on Guangxi coast once again and caused the mean of peak surge reaching 111.2 cm, which is 2.6 times of non-landing typhoon. The formation of storm surge disaster is directly related to the severe typhoon weather systems, diurnal spring tide and discharge of river flood. Severe typhoons generate huge waves and rainfall, which lead to the rise of water level at the estuary, and would result in significant increasing water when stacking up with the storm surge, and cause huge tidal disaster.
文摘Protected vegetable production made the traditional agriculture gradually get rid of the shackles of nature, broke the seasonal traditional agriculture and realized the anti season list of agricultural products. While protected vegetables often encountered sudden disasters in production and were restricted with the conditions of low temperature and weak light. Aimed at the sudden disasters of protected vegetable production in Hebei Province,the countermeasures for disaster prevention and control were put forward from the aspects of variety selection, seedling treatment technology,grafting technique,cultivation and management,flower and fruit retention technology,application of exogenous substance,rational fertilization,transgenic technology and so on,in order to reduce production risks and cut loss,realize that protected vegetable production is safe,good-quality and efficient.
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Development Project of Shenyang Regional Climate Center(201015)~~
文摘Based on statistic data of agricultural production and meteorological disasters in Liaoning Province from 1971 to 2008,the effect weight,disaster rate and variance value of main agro-meteorological disasters including drought,flood,wind,hail and frozen injury were calculated,and the variation characteristic of time series of agro-meteorological disasters was further analyzed,while the grade division and comprehensive evaluation of agro-meteorological disasters were carried out in our paper.The results showed that there was a negative correlation between grain yield and the degree of agro-meteorological disasters,and agro-meteorological disasters were relatively serious in 1989,1997 and 2000,with the reduction of grain yield.Meanwhile,the occurrence frequency of light disasters was highest,accounting for 39% of total years,and the adverse effect of agro-meteorological disasters on agricultural production became more and more severe decade by decade;the effect weight of drought reached 63%,so drought was the main agro-meteorological disaster influencing agricultural production.
基金Supported by The Special Project of Public Welfare Industry(Meteorology) Science Research(GYHY200806021)
文摘Based on 35 a meteorological data and main crops planting data in Shiyang River basin meteorological station,the agricultural climate change,agricultural production,hydrology change and the influences on the crops layout,planting in the basin were discussed.The results showed that the linear inclined rates of ≥0 ℃,10 ℃ accumulated temperature increase in the north-central part were bigger than in the south,and the heat resources increased evidently.The annual precipitation increased in the linear inclined rate which was 4.719 mm/10 a,and the annual runoff decreased in 0.274×109 m3/10 a velocity.The climate productivity increased in 134.62 kg/(hm2·10 a) velocity.In late spring and early summer,the regional drought increased evidently,and the frostless period prolonged.The sand storm decreased evidently.The gale in the south increased and decreased in the north-central part.The agricultural climate change made that the spring wheat planting zone advanced to the high-altitude area.The seeding date advanced,and the growth period shortened.It didn't favor for the yield formation.However,it was favorable to improve the yield and quality of thermophilous crops such as the corn,cotton and wine grape and so on.
文摘By using the observation data of drought,storm and hail in Dalian in recent 30 years,the spatialization of major agriculture meteorological disasters were carried out by means of cokriging and plate smooth slice spline method.Based on the 1:250 000 geographical information data in Dalian City,major meteorological disasters were spatially analyzed by using ArcMap,and the thematic map overlaying disaster distribution and crop information was made.Taking the distribution of hail disaster and crop yield for example,the application of spatialization method of agriculture meteorological disasters was elaborated.The results could provide decision basis for the establishment of disaster prevention and reduction and the optimization of crop distribution in Dalian.
基金Supported by Meteorological Key Technology Integration and Application Program in 2012(CAMGJ2012M34)Meteorological Key Technology Integration and Application Program in 2011(CMAGJ2011Z07)Hunan Key Program~~
文摘Based on technologies of GRADS, Delphi, WEB and an SQLServer, distri- bution system for major meteorological disasters early warning information in Hunan Province was established. The system consists of warning tips, early warning for different media and early warning query statistics and the network terminal of the system platform includes a business database server, a message platform database server, a sending server and a receiving terminal. The system enjoys some func- tions, such as examination by different users, on-time updating and effectiveness of flood prevention, construction of excessive warning channel, construction of compre-hensive warning information platform and further improvement of information distribution. The system provides references for prevention and reduction of important me- teorological disasters in Hunan.
基金Supported by Technological Project of Shaanxi (2007K03-01)the Constructive Spot for Distinctive Major of Shaanxi Tourism Management (110206)Construction of the Key Subject in Natural Geography,Xiangyang Normal University~~
文摘Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of meteorological disasters on tourism brand, tourism decision, tourism transport, peak tourist season and the threat on tourism industry chain were studied, the main tourism meteorological disasters in North China, East China, Central China, Northeast Region, Southeast Region and Southwest Region were summarized, and some comprehensive measures of meteorological disaster for prevention and mitigation were put forward.
文摘This paper analyzed the severe drought that took place in the five provinces of Northern China in 1920.Study suggested that the severe damage caused by the drought was resulted from many reasons,such as certain specific natural conditions,deterioration of ecological environment,malformations of the rural economy and turbulence of domestic politics.However,some new phenomena took shapes during this time disaster relief activity.
文摘The modern world remains vulnerable to natural disasters,including floods,earthquakes,wildfires,and others.These events remain unpredictable and inevitable,and recovering quickly and effectively requires significant effort and expense.Monitoring is becoming more efficient thanks to technologies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs),which can access hard-to-reach areas and provide real-time data.However,in disaster-affected areas,these monitoring systems may encounter many obstacles when communicating with servers or transmitting monitored data.This paper proposes an adaptive communication model to overcome the challenges faced in disaster-affected areas.A base station is responsible for collecting data(such as images and videos)captured by UAVs performing surveillance within its communication range.This station is typically a tower providing fixed cellular network service.However,in the absence of such a tower,a selected UAV may serve as the station,depending on the situation.If surveillance needs to be performed outside the coverage area,it can continue to communicate via nearby UAVs through cooperative communication.UAVs with internet support,known as the Internet of Flying Things(IoFT),will also be utilized to enhance communication capacity and efficiency.The proposed communication model is validated through experiments,showing superior data transmission performance and higher throughput.Analysis indicates it outperforms traditional systems,even in rural areas,with or without internet access.
基金Under the auspices of National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0604902,2024YFF1306802)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2022J01497)Open Project of the Strait Meteorology Laboratory(No.2025KF03)。
文摘China’s coastal regions,characterized by dense populations and industrial agglomeration,face escalating threats from typhoon disasters.Understanding the evolution of socio-economic exposure to future typhoon landfalls under global change is critical for effective disaster risk management.This study utilizes future typhoon track data simulated by the regional climate model version 4(RegCM4),combined with projected population and Gross Domestic Product(GDP)data for China’s coastal regions under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs:SSP1,sustainability;SSP2,middle of the road;SSP5,fossil-fueled development).We analyze typhoon impact zones for future periods(2030s,2050s,and 2090s)under Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs:RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5,representing low,medium,and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios,respectively).Exposure levels for 2030,2050,and 2100 are calculated based on the annual average frequency of typhoon impacts during these periods,aiming to quantify the distribution characteristics of typhoon-affected population and GDP in China’s coastal regions.Key findings reveal two high-frequency typhoon im-pact zones:the Taiwan Strait region and the northern Qiongzhou Strait region.Furthermore,under RCP2.6,typhoon impacts may ex-tend to Liaoning,while RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios indicate potential impacts reaching further north to Heilongjiang.Under RCP4.5,Northeast China will experience the largest typhoon-affected area(43.800×10^(4) km^(2))by the 2030s.High population and GDP exposure concentrates in the Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta,and the Taiwan Strait coastal areas.Notably,Liaoning’s cumulative ex-posed population may exceed 0.100×10^(8) by 2030 and 2050 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 due to typhoon track migration.Given China’s location within the Western Pacific typhoon high-incidence region,the northward expansion of impacts will substantially escalate socio-economic exposure in mid-latitude regions previously at lower risk.These findings underscore the imperative for enhanced disaster pre-vention,mitigation strategies and targeted countermeasure research.
