Integrated disaster mitigation needs interpreting torrent catchment areas as complex landscape systems. The history of valley-evolution shows the influence of climate and vegetation on the valley-evolution. The energy...Integrated disaster mitigation needs interpreting torrent catchment areas as complex landscape systems. The history of valley-evolution shows the influence of climate and vegetation on the valley-evolution. The energy-concept (energy dissipation concept including the idea of the energy-line) is used for a simple explanation of debris flow. Examples of heavy debris flow disasters in controlled torrents in the Alps and Pyrenees give hints, which expanding the time scale can show that side-effects restrict or counteract the mitigation measures. A pallet of different mitigation measures to avoid or to reduce some of the side-effects is shown. The comprehensive method of disaster mitigation also includes the effect of vegetation. The pallet includes: avoiding hazards (hazard mapping, warning and alarming), appropriate land use and avoiding disaster-enhancing measures in the landscape and technical measures, which take into account their side-effects. The energy line is used as simple design theory. The Jiu-Jitsu Principle is explained too. With this comprehensive method a more sustainable reduction of disasters seems possible.展开更多
In this paper, we discuss about the near range radar applied to various environmental applications and disaster mitigation issues. Synthetic aperture radar（SAR） processing or migration is the key technology in near ...In this paper, we discuss about the near range radar applied to various environmental applications and disaster mitigation issues. Synthetic aperture radar（SAR） processing or migration is the key technology in near range radar imaging, which can be used in ground penetrating radar（GPR） and ground-based synthetic aperture radar（GB-SAR）. We demonstrate some applications which include GPR for humanitarian demining, GPR for archaeological survey, GB-SAR for landslide monitoring and nondestructive inspection of wooden buildings. We also demonstrate a new array GPR system “Yakumo”, which was used for archaeological survey for demonstration of advanced multi-static radar signal processing for better radar imaging.展开更多
To explore the nourishment effect and disaster reduction efficiency of a fully dissipative dry beach under the impact of storms,this paper uses the measured topography and hydrodynamic data to establish a one-dimensio...To explore the nourishment effect and disaster reduction efficiency of a fully dissipative dry beach under the impact of storms,this paper uses the measured topography and hydrodynamic data to establish a one-dimensional numerical model of the XBeach beach profile.By numerically modeling the change in the nourished profile for different dry beach widths under normal waves and storm conditions and the recovery process of the profile after the storm,the degree of response in dry beach nourishment for the fully dissipative beach is analyzed.The results show that under normal wave conditions,the response of the nourished dry beach is obvious.Sediment on the dry beach erodes heavily,and the shoreline moves landward over a long distance.With the increase in the width and size of the dry beach,the wave height at the bottom of the backshore profile decreases,the wave height attenuation rate increases continuously,and the wave elimination effect is remarkable.When the storm incident wave intensifies,the wave height attenuation rate of the nourished dry beach decreases,indicating that the smaller the storm intensity is,the more significant the wave reduction effect of the nourished dry beach is.At the same time,different profile arrangements of nourished dry beaches suffer from different degrees of erosion under storm conditions,with significant changes in profile morphology.With intensified storm action,the intensity of sediment erosion in the nourished dry beach increases,the nourishment is weakened,and the recovery effect of the profile after the storm is not obvious.The results of the numerical modeling highlight that the dry beach nourishment method can resist storms to a certain extent,but the overall effect is relatively limited.展开更多
As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these effo...As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.展开更多
Rainstorm-induced flood hazards in mountainous areas often result in complex cascading effects by interacting with environmental and human systems.However,traditional studies typically categorize them simply as clearw...Rainstorm-induced flood hazards in mountainous areas often result in complex cascading effects by interacting with environmental and human systems.However,traditional studies typically categorize them simply as clearwater floods or debris floods/flows,overlooking their evolutionary characteristics and compound impacts.This study presents a novel classification-based approach to investigate the formation and destructive mechanisms of a catastrophic composite disaster of flash flood and debris flow in the Dayao Gully(DYG)catchment in Hanyuan County,Sichuan Province,China.The event resulted in 14 fatalities,25 missing persons,and extensive infrastructure damage.Through comprehensive field investigations and multi-method analysis,three distinct disaster zones were identified with different magnitudes and impacts:(1)a clearwater flood disaster region with minimal geomorphological changes under a 5-year return period rainfall;(2)a debris flood disaster region triggered by a 30-year return period rainfall,leading to intense sediment transport with a total deposit volume of 52,511 m^(3);and(3)a sediment-induced flood disaster region characterized by significant riverbed aggradation and infrastructure destruction due to sediment-induced blockage effects.The results reveal that the cascading characteristics of this composite disaster were primarily driven by intense rainfall,enhanced sediment transport motivated by supracritical shear stress,and interactions with human infrastructure(e.g.,bridges and buildings).This classification-based approach provides a quantitative assessment of spatial characteristics of cascading flood disasters,offering new insights into their evolutionary characteristics and highlighting the necessity for targeted disaster mitigation strategies in sedimentprone mountainous regions.展开更多
This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protec...This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protection function,including wave energy dissipation,storm surge damping,tsunami mitigation,adjustment to sea level rise and wind speed reduction,which are sys-tematically summarized in this study.Moreover,the study analyzes the extensive physical models,based on indoor flume experi-ments and numerical models,that consider the interaction between mangroves and hydrodynamics,to help our understanding of mangrove-hydrodynamic interactions.Additionally,quantitative approaches for valuing coastal protection services provided by man-groves,including index-based and process-resolving approaches,are introduced in detail.Finally,we point out the limitations of previous studies,indicating that efforts are still required for obtaining more long-term field observations during extreme weather events,to create more real mangrove models for physical experiments,and to develop numerical models that consider the flexible properties of mangroves to better predict wave propagation in mangroves having complex morphology and structures.展开更多
Approximately 20,000 ha of densely built-up areas still remain in Japan. However, the advance of improvements in these areas has been very slow. Thus, making draft improvement plans through citizen-administration part...Approximately 20,000 ha of densely built-up areas still remain in Japan. However, the advance of improvements in these areas has been very slow. Thus, making draft improvement plans through citizen-administration partnerships is indispensable to promote improvements. The planning support tool proposed in this study supports a consensus-building process during the creation of draft improvement plans. We develop a disaster mitigation performance evaluation method （DMPEM） for built-up areas at the district level and incorporate this method into a disaster mitigation support Web-GIS. However, DMPEM requires lengthy calculation time because it uses the probabilistic Monte Carlo computation method. Using this tool in realime planning is therefore difficult. In this study, we first develop a system that reduces the calculation time required by DMPEM. Second, the support tool is used to make draft plans through citizen-administration partnerships in districts where residents are conducting various disaster mitigation activities. Finally, we investigate the usefulness of the tool for consensus building through the promotion of lively discussions among residents and clarify the issues associated with practical use of the tool.展开更多
This study determined the issues of Planning Support System(PSS)implementation in the field of urban disaster mitigation in Japan by understanding its analytical perspective through a review of Western literature,a qu...This study determined the issues of Planning Support System(PSS)implementation in the field of urban disaster mitigation in Japan by understanding its analytical perspective through a review of Western literature,a questionnaire survey of urban planning consultant companies,and PSS implementation for a practical project in a municipality.Regarding the instrum ental perspective,there was difficulty in conducting the simulationbased PSS due to the enormous simulation time required.Regarding the transfer perspective,the importance of the municipality^decision of adopting the PSS to a project,securing the budget and continuous running costs,track record of the practical project,and lack of human resource for the PSS use were clarified.Regarding the user perspective,the difficulty in data collection and update as well as im portance of the cooperative system/support from the developer in the initial period were clarified.Especially,considering the low number of implementations,a platform may be important for the promotion of PSS awareness.This may be also useful for the diffusion of PSS.It is necessary for the developers to fully comm unicate the benefits of PSS adoption.It is thought that a close cooperative system and support are required in the initial stage.For prom oting and understanding the benefits of PSS adoption,a guideline or manual seems to be useful.This is effective for ensuring the budget and providing an explanation to high-level members of the organizations about the effect of utilizing these tools.For the final implementation,the possibility of installation,maintenance,and operation of the PSS by the municipality was discussed.展开更多
Metropolitans are a result of fast economic development in China. Many metropolitans have emerged in the eastern part of China. Earthquake disasters in metropolitans are more complicated and serious than those in a sm...Metropolitans are a result of fast economic development in China. Many metropolitans have emerged in the eastern part of China. Earthquake disasters in metropolitans are more complicated and serious than those in a smaller city, and the impact of earthquake disaster on the economy and society is large. The characteristics of earthquake disasters and countermeasures to protect against and mitigate disaster in the metropolitan, as well as some key research fields in the earthquake disaster protection and mitigation, are discussed.展开更多
During recent ten years, many serious disasters were prevented and reduced by Chinese people and Government. The mechanism of Chinese disaster prevention and reduction was summarized in this paper. 24 years ago, autho...During recent ten years, many serious disasters were prevented and reduced by Chinese people and Government. The mechanism of Chinese disaster prevention and reduction was summarized in this paper. 24 years ago, author presented modern theory of disaster prevention and reduction in China firstly. A lot of work was done by Chinese people and scientists. For example, presented strategic suggestion; promoted "China Center of Disaster Reduction"; finished "National Report" and "China Plan on Disaster Reduction" and "China Decade Report" etc. As other part of practice, a series of modern scientific and technologic systems or setup were established or developed. For example, "Synthetic Scientific System of Atmosphere Hydrosphere Disaster Reduction" (SSSAHDR) obtained greatly successes reducing losses about 200 million US$; and it promotes to establish "China Center of Disaster Reduction" and larger step of "China Modern Setup of Disaster Prevention and Reduction" was presented and so on. It is very clear that above theory and practice of disaster prevention and reduction are important and useful for Chinese works on disaster reduction; and it may be a reference for other countries, specially for developing countries. China is in the crossing region of two great hazard belts in the world, and it’s natural hazards frequently strike and cause heavy damage. So, China is one of the few countries where natural hazards strike frequently and make serious damage. During recent ten years (1989-1998), the middle value of all direct economic losses of natural disasters in China are 157.8 billion yuan RMB a year. It is about 2.6%～6.1% General National Production (GNP) of China, the middle loss value of GNP is 3.8% which is very high, it is about ten times than advancing countries. The maximum of economic losses is 300.7 billion yuan RMB in 1998, because great flood struck our country in this year. So, disaster prevention and reduction are very important task in China which is in relation closely with national economic development.展开更多
This study draws from detailed qualitative case studies of three schools that practise disaster risk reduction (DRR) education initiatives in their curriculum in Nepal. Using curriculum mapping and discourse analysis,...This study draws from detailed qualitative case studies of three schools that practise disaster risk reduction (DRR) education initiatives in their curriculum in Nepal. Using curriculum mapping and discourse analysis, it aims to elaborate the significance of relevant disaster risk reduction (DRR) content in school curriculum to prepare youths for disaster response and recovery. It elaborates the nature of the current DRR content covered in curricula and textbooks and provides suggestions to address the identified disaster-related issues in the school curriculum. It further elaborates that incorporation of local and contextualised DRR content in school curricula contributes to the establishment of the “culture of resilience” in disaster prone context like Nepal. It concludes that more organised and holistic approach is essential to develop disaster and management knowledge, skills and attitudes to youths.展开更多
Amidst a concerning surge in urban losses attributed to disasters,this research paper explores the intricate relationship between urban development,disaster mitigation,and resilience emphasizing the significance of ad...Amidst a concerning surge in urban losses attributed to disasters,this research paper explores the intricate relationship between urban development,disaster mitigation,and resilience emphasizing the significance of addressing disaster vulnerability in urban settings,where a substantial portion of the population faces risks stemming from high population density,limited resilience,and inadequate coping capabilities.The study advocates for the integration of disaster resilience principles into the Smart Cities Mission of India,placing particular emphasis on the necessity of developing infrastructure,establishing early warning systems,and fostering community engagement to bolster urban resilience.Furthermore,the paper draws comparisons and parallels between the components of smart cities,mitigation strategies,and disaster resilience,illuminating their interconnectedness and potential synergies.In conclusion,the study recommends the incorporation of essential network elements to establish a Smart Cities Mission that is resilient to disasters,ultimately aiming to safeguard urban communities from the adverse impacts of future calamities.展开更多
On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis fo...On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.展开更多
Using summer(June-August)precipitation observation data in 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1971-2021 and disaster data caused by summer rainstorm in nine counties(cities)and four districts of Shaoya...Using summer(June-August)precipitation observation data in 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1971-2021 and disaster data caused by summer rainstorm in nine counties(cities)and four districts of Shaoyang during 1981-2021,statistical analysis on summer rainstorm and its caused disaster in Shaoyang was conducted,and spatial and temporal characteristics of summer rainstorm and spatial distribution rule of disaster were found out.The results showed that(1)the rainstorm disaster in Shaoyang City occurs almost every year and is highly seasonal.(2)Rainstorm disaster loss is the first of other meteorological disasters.(3)The summer rainstorm disaster has the characteristics of sudden and destructive.On this basis,the relative grades of rainstorm disaster risk degree and disaster loss degree were divided,and the risk assessment of rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang City was made,and the disaster prevention and mitigation measures and countermeasures were put forward.The research could provide scientific decision basis for party and government departments guiding flood fighting and disaster relief.展开更多
As an earthquake-prone country, China has experienced many large-scale earthquakes, such as the Tangshan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake, which have brought very serious loss of life and property to the people....As an earthquake-prone country, China has experienced many large-scale earthquakes, such as the Tangshan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake, which have brought very serious loss of life and property to the people. Especially in Gansu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Qinghai and other areas, especially in earthquake-prone areas, not only will cause direct loss of life and property, but also there will be a variety of secondary geological hazards, which have a very adverse impact on social development. This requires the construction of geological disaster prevention and mitigation system in earthquake-prone areas, summing up the previous experience in earthquake prevention and mitigation, and taking effective measures to minimize the damage caused by earthquakes and provides a reliable guarantee for the safety of people's lives and property.展开更多
Based on the current situation of marine disaster prevention and mitigation in Caofeidian district, this paper analyzes and summarizes the situation that the information sharing mechanism of marine disaster prevention...Based on the current situation of marine disaster prevention and mitigation in Caofeidian district, this paper analyzes and summarizes the situation that the information sharing mechanism of marine disaster prevention and mitigation needs to be improved. The results of marine disaster risk investigation and hidden danger investigation have not been effectively applied, and the technical force of disaster prevention and mitigation at the grass-roots level needs to be strengthened, and the level of monitoring, early warning and forecasting needs to be improved, and the emergency plan of marine disaster needs to be revised. This paper puts forward eight countermeasures and suggestions, namely, strengthening the marine basic research work in Caofeidian area, strengthening the scientific spatial planning with Lu Dinghais concept, perfecting Caofeidian areas engineering disaster prevention system, improving Caofeidian areas marine disaster monitoring and early warning ability, strengthening the marine disaster emergency organization and guarantee system, improving the public service and information level of marine disaster prevention and mitigation, strengthening the team building of marine disaster prevention and mitigation institutions, and strengthening the publicity, education and training of marine disaster prevention and mitigation, which will provide a basis for effective marine disaster prevention and emergency management in Caofeidian area and gradually improve its marine disaster prevention and mitigation ability.展开更多
The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regener...The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regeneration cycle.This study aims to identify the indicators influencing forest fire vulnerability and compare maps of forest fire susceptibility that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tripartite model,with a focus on the vulnerable Hyrcanian forest region in Golestan Province,northern Iran,where forest fires have caused considerable economic losses.On the basis of expert opinions and a literature review,we used geographic information systems,remote sensing and machine learning techniques to select and weigh 30 biophysical,environmental and socioeconomic indicators that affect forest fire vulnerability in the study area.These indicators were rigorously normalized,weighted and amalgamated into a comprehensive forest fire vulnerability index to analyze forest exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We thus identified and mapped areas with very high forest fire exposure,high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity for urgent targeted intervention and strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of forest fires.The results also revealed a set of critical indicators that contribute more significantly to forest fire vulnerability(e.g.,precipitation,elevation and factors related to biodiversity,human activity and economic reliance on forest resources).Our results provide insights that can inform policy-making,community engagement and environmental management strategies to mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with forest fires in the Hyrcanian forest.展开更多
This study aims to assess seismic hazards and develop effective mitigation strategies for the Mentawai-Siberut region in Indonesia.The research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze historical seismic d...This study aims to assess seismic hazards and develop effective mitigation strategies for the Mentawai-Siberut region in Indonesia.The research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze historical seismic data,predictive models,and stakeholder perspectives.The quantitative analysis includes seismic hazard estimation using the Gutenberg-Richter formula,ground movement analysis based on GMPE,and time interval calculations to forecast future earthquakes.Qualitative methods involve Policy Network Theory to explore the roles and interactions of various stakeholders in disaster management,including government agencies,Indonesian Archipelago Youth Association(NGOs),local communities,and academic researchers.Findings reveal significant seismic activity in the area,with historical earthquakes of magnitudes 8 and 9 occurring at intervals of 18 to 232 years.Predictions suggest a potential magnitude 8 earthquake around 2083,with a megathrust event likely around 2123.The study also identifies economic costs and losses,with damage from a megathrust estimated between USD 1.5–2.5 billion and 10-20 billion,including destroyed homes and displaced populations.Challenges include infrastructure limitations,logistical constraints,and enhancing disaster preparedness and response.The study emphasizes the importance of improving infrastructure,strengthening disaster preparedness,and updating early warning systems.Effective collaboration among stakeholders and integrating local knowledge into disaster management strategies are crucial for enhancing regional resilience.Recommendations include completing infrastructure projects like the Trans-Mentawai Road,increasing community engagement,and utilizing scientific data for evidence-based policymaking.Addressing these recommendations and limitations is essential for developing a robust disaster management framework to mitigate regional seismic risks.展开更多
The estimation of the value on the engineering project in tourist towns is usually very challenging and controversial. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the economic value of the debris flow control ...The estimation of the value on the engineering project in tourist towns is usually very challenging and controversial. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the economic value of the debris flow control engineering in tourist towns by integrating both welfare and disaster economics. The total value of debris flow prevention and control engineering in tourist towns(VDFE) includes investment cost(IC), disaster mitigation benefit(DMB), and loss of brand value(LBV). Here DMB is assessed by the cost-benefit method. The LBV is estimated by incorporating brand equity and costbenefit methods. The engineering for debris flow control in the Hongchun Gully of southwest China was built to protect Yingxiu tourist town and was assessed as an example. The IC for the engineering is180 million RMB, however, the VDFE reaches as high as 3401 million RMB, of which the LBV is 169 million RMB, and the input-output ratio is 1:18. Thus, the LBV cannot be neglected in case of VDFE estimation process. The more developed the tourism in one town or city is, the greater the LBV and the higher the VDFE are.展开更多
Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of m...Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of meteorological disasters on tourism brand, tourism decision, tourism transport, peak tourist season and the threat on tourism industry chain were studied, the main tourism meteorological disasters in North China, East China, Central China, Northeast Region, Southeast Region and Southwest Region were summarized, and some comprehensive measures of meteorological disaster for prevention and mitigation were put forward.展开更多
文摘Integrated disaster mitigation needs interpreting torrent catchment areas as complex landscape systems. The history of valley-evolution shows the influence of climate and vegetation on the valley-evolution. The energy-concept (energy dissipation concept including the idea of the energy-line) is used for a simple explanation of debris flow. Examples of heavy debris flow disasters in controlled torrents in the Alps and Pyrenees give hints, which expanding the time scale can show that side-effects restrict or counteract the mitigation measures. A pallet of different mitigation measures to avoid or to reduce some of the side-effects is shown. The comprehensive method of disaster mitigation also includes the effect of vegetation. The pallet includes: avoiding hazards (hazard mapping, warning and alarming), appropriate land use and avoiding disaster-enhancing measures in the landscape and technical measures, which take into account their side-effects. The energy line is used as simple design theory. The Jiu-Jitsu Principle is explained too. With this comprehensive method a more sustainable reduction of disasters seems possible.
基金"Development of Non-Destructive Inspection method for constructions by electromagnetic wave", the Commissioned Research of National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan and JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 23246076)
文摘In this paper, we discuss about the near range radar applied to various environmental applications and disaster mitigation issues. Synthetic aperture radar（SAR） processing or migration is the key technology in near range radar imaging, which can be used in ground penetrating radar（GPR） and ground-based synthetic aperture radar（GB-SAR）. We demonstrate some applications which include GPR for humanitarian demining, GPR for archaeological survey, GB-SAR for landslide monitoring and nondestructive inspection of wooden buildings. We also demonstrate a new array GPR system “Yakumo”, which was used for archaeological survey for demonstration of advanced multi-static radar signal processing for better radar imaging.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41930538the Scientific Research Foundation of the Third Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources under contract No.2022017。
文摘To explore the nourishment effect and disaster reduction efficiency of a fully dissipative dry beach under the impact of storms,this paper uses the measured topography and hydrodynamic data to establish a one-dimensional numerical model of the XBeach beach profile.By numerically modeling the change in the nourished profile for different dry beach widths under normal waves and storm conditions and the recovery process of the profile after the storm,the degree of response in dry beach nourishment for the fully dissipative beach is analyzed.The results show that under normal wave conditions,the response of the nourished dry beach is obvious.Sediment on the dry beach erodes heavily,and the shoreline moves landward over a long distance.With the increase in the width and size of the dry beach,the wave height at the bottom of the backshore profile decreases,the wave height attenuation rate increases continuously,and the wave elimination effect is remarkable.When the storm incident wave intensifies,the wave height attenuation rate of the nourished dry beach decreases,indicating that the smaller the storm intensity is,the more significant the wave reduction effect of the nourished dry beach is.At the same time,different profile arrangements of nourished dry beaches suffer from different degrees of erosion under storm conditions,with significant changes in profile morphology.With intensified storm action,the intensity of sediment erosion in the nourished dry beach increases,the nourishment is weakened,and the recovery effect of the profile after the storm is not obvious.The results of the numerical modeling highlight that the dry beach nourishment method can resist storms to a certain extent,but the overall effect is relatively limited.
文摘As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of Joint Fund for Changjiang River Water Science Research(U2340201)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52239006)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0005).
文摘Rainstorm-induced flood hazards in mountainous areas often result in complex cascading effects by interacting with environmental and human systems.However,traditional studies typically categorize them simply as clearwater floods or debris floods/flows,overlooking their evolutionary characteristics and compound impacts.This study presents a novel classification-based approach to investigate the formation and destructive mechanisms of a catastrophic composite disaster of flash flood and debris flow in the Dayao Gully(DYG)catchment in Hanyuan County,Sichuan Province,China.The event resulted in 14 fatalities,25 missing persons,and extensive infrastructure damage.Through comprehensive field investigations and multi-method analysis,three distinct disaster zones were identified with different magnitudes and impacts:(1)a clearwater flood disaster region with minimal geomorphological changes under a 5-year return period rainfall;(2)a debris flood disaster region triggered by a 30-year return period rainfall,leading to intense sediment transport with a total deposit volume of 52,511 m^(3);and(3)a sediment-induced flood disaster region characterized by significant riverbed aggradation and infrastructure destruction due to sediment-induced blockage effects.The results reveal that the cascading characteristics of this composite disaster were primarily driven by intense rainfall,enhanced sediment transport motivated by supracritical shear stress,and interactions with human infrastructure(e.g.,bridges and buildings).This classification-based approach provides a quantitative assessment of spatial characteristics of cascading flood disasters,offering new insights into their evolutionary characteristics and highlighting the necessity for targeted disaster mitigation strategies in sedimentprone mountainous regions.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3007900)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42106204)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Basic Research Program(Natural Science Foundation)(No.BK20220082)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52271271)the Major Science&Technology Projects of the Ministry of Water Resources(No.SKS-2022025).
文摘This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protection function,including wave energy dissipation,storm surge damping,tsunami mitigation,adjustment to sea level rise and wind speed reduction,which are sys-tematically summarized in this study.Moreover,the study analyzes the extensive physical models,based on indoor flume experi-ments and numerical models,that consider the interaction between mangroves and hydrodynamics,to help our understanding of mangrove-hydrodynamic interactions.Additionally,quantitative approaches for valuing coastal protection services provided by man-groves,including index-based and process-resolving approaches,are introduced in detail.Finally,we point out the limitations of previous studies,indicating that efforts are still required for obtaining more long-term field observations during extreme weather events,to create more real mangrove models for physical experiments,and to develop numerical models that consider the flexible properties of mangroves to better predict wave propagation in mangroves having complex morphology and structures.
文摘Approximately 20,000 ha of densely built-up areas still remain in Japan. However, the advance of improvements in these areas has been very slow. Thus, making draft improvement plans through citizen-administration partnerships is indispensable to promote improvements. The planning support tool proposed in this study supports a consensus-building process during the creation of draft improvement plans. We develop a disaster mitigation performance evaluation method （DMPEM） for built-up areas at the district level and incorporate this method into a disaster mitigation support Web-GIS. However, DMPEM requires lengthy calculation time because it uses the probabilistic Monte Carlo computation method. Using this tool in realime planning is therefore difficult. In this study, we first develop a system that reduces the calculation time required by DMPEM. Second, the support tool is used to make draft plans through citizen-administration partnerships in districts where residents are conducting various disaster mitigation activities. Finally, we investigate the usefulness of the tool for consensus building through the promotion of lively discussions among residents and clarify the issues associated with practical use of the tool.
文摘This study determined the issues of Planning Support System(PSS)implementation in the field of urban disaster mitigation in Japan by understanding its analytical perspective through a review of Western literature,a questionnaire survey of urban planning consultant companies,and PSS implementation for a practical project in a municipality.Regarding the instrum ental perspective,there was difficulty in conducting the simulationbased PSS due to the enormous simulation time required.Regarding the transfer perspective,the importance of the municipality^decision of adopting the PSS to a project,securing the budget and continuous running costs,track record of the practical project,and lack of human resource for the PSS use were clarified.Regarding the user perspective,the difficulty in data collection and update as well as im portance of the cooperative system/support from the developer in the initial period were clarified.Especially,considering the low number of implementations,a platform may be important for the promotion of PSS awareness.This may be also useful for the diffusion of PSS.It is necessary for the developers to fully comm unicate the benefits of PSS adoption.It is thought that a close cooperative system and support are required in the initial stage.For prom oting and understanding the benefits of PSS adoption,a guideline or manual seems to be useful.This is effective for ensuring the budget and providing an explanation to high-level members of the organizations about the effect of utilizing these tools.For the final implementation,the possibility of installation,maintenance,and operation of the PSS by the municipality was discussed.
文摘Metropolitans are a result of fast economic development in China. Many metropolitans have emerged in the eastern part of China. Earthquake disasters in metropolitans are more complicated and serious than those in a smaller city, and the impact of earthquake disaster on the economy and society is large. The characteristics of earthquake disasters and countermeasures to protect against and mitigate disaster in the metropolitan, as well as some key research fields in the earthquake disaster protection and mitigation, are discussed.
文摘During recent ten years, many serious disasters were prevented and reduced by Chinese people and Government. The mechanism of Chinese disaster prevention and reduction was summarized in this paper. 24 years ago, author presented modern theory of disaster prevention and reduction in China firstly. A lot of work was done by Chinese people and scientists. For example, presented strategic suggestion; promoted "China Center of Disaster Reduction"; finished "National Report" and "China Plan on Disaster Reduction" and "China Decade Report" etc. As other part of practice, a series of modern scientific and technologic systems or setup were established or developed. For example, "Synthetic Scientific System of Atmosphere Hydrosphere Disaster Reduction" (SSSAHDR) obtained greatly successes reducing losses about 200 million US$; and it promotes to establish "China Center of Disaster Reduction" and larger step of "China Modern Setup of Disaster Prevention and Reduction" was presented and so on. It is very clear that above theory and practice of disaster prevention and reduction are important and useful for Chinese works on disaster reduction; and it may be a reference for other countries, specially for developing countries. China is in the crossing region of two great hazard belts in the world, and it’s natural hazards frequently strike and cause heavy damage. So, China is one of the few countries where natural hazards strike frequently and make serious damage. During recent ten years (1989-1998), the middle value of all direct economic losses of natural disasters in China are 157.8 billion yuan RMB a year. It is about 2.6%～6.1% General National Production (GNP) of China, the middle loss value of GNP is 3.8% which is very high, it is about ten times than advancing countries. The maximum of economic losses is 300.7 billion yuan RMB in 1998, because great flood struck our country in this year. So, disaster prevention and reduction are very important task in China which is in relation closely with national economic development.
文摘This study draws from detailed qualitative case studies of three schools that practise disaster risk reduction (DRR) education initiatives in their curriculum in Nepal. Using curriculum mapping and discourse analysis, it aims to elaborate the significance of relevant disaster risk reduction (DRR) content in school curriculum to prepare youths for disaster response and recovery. It elaborates the nature of the current DRR content covered in curricula and textbooks and provides suggestions to address the identified disaster-related issues in the school curriculum. It further elaborates that incorporation of local and contextualised DRR content in school curricula contributes to the establishment of the “culture of resilience” in disaster prone context like Nepal. It concludes that more organised and holistic approach is essential to develop disaster and management knowledge, skills and attitudes to youths.
基金funding agency in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors.
文摘Amidst a concerning surge in urban losses attributed to disasters,this research paper explores the intricate relationship between urban development,disaster mitigation,and resilience emphasizing the significance of addressing disaster vulnerability in urban settings,where a substantial portion of the population faces risks stemming from high population density,limited resilience,and inadequate coping capabilities.The study advocates for the integration of disaster resilience principles into the Smart Cities Mission of India,placing particular emphasis on the necessity of developing infrastructure,establishing early warning systems,and fostering community engagement to bolster urban resilience.Furthermore,the paper draws comparisons and parallels between the components of smart cities,mitigation strategies,and disaster resilience,illuminating their interconnectedness and potential synergies.In conclusion,the study recommends the incorporation of essential network elements to establish a Smart Cities Mission that is resilient to disasters,ultimately aiming to safeguard urban communities from the adverse impacts of future calamities.
文摘On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.
文摘Using summer(June-August)precipitation observation data in 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1971-2021 and disaster data caused by summer rainstorm in nine counties(cities)and four districts of Shaoyang during 1981-2021,statistical analysis on summer rainstorm and its caused disaster in Shaoyang was conducted,and spatial and temporal characteristics of summer rainstorm and spatial distribution rule of disaster were found out.The results showed that(1)the rainstorm disaster in Shaoyang City occurs almost every year and is highly seasonal.(2)Rainstorm disaster loss is the first of other meteorological disasters.(3)The summer rainstorm disaster has the characteristics of sudden and destructive.On this basis,the relative grades of rainstorm disaster risk degree and disaster loss degree were divided,and the risk assessment of rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang City was made,and the disaster prevention and mitigation measures and countermeasures were put forward.The research could provide scientific decision basis for party and government departments guiding flood fighting and disaster relief.
文摘As an earthquake-prone country, China has experienced many large-scale earthquakes, such as the Tangshan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake, which have brought very serious loss of life and property to the people. Especially in Gansu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Qinghai and other areas, especially in earthquake-prone areas, not only will cause direct loss of life and property, but also there will be a variety of secondary geological hazards, which have a very adverse impact on social development. This requires the construction of geological disaster prevention and mitigation system in earthquake-prone areas, summing up the previous experience in earthquake prevention and mitigation, and taking effective measures to minimize the damage caused by earthquakes and provides a reliable guarantee for the safety of people's lives and property.
文摘Based on the current situation of marine disaster prevention and mitigation in Caofeidian district, this paper analyzes and summarizes the situation that the information sharing mechanism of marine disaster prevention and mitigation needs to be improved. The results of marine disaster risk investigation and hidden danger investigation have not been effectively applied, and the technical force of disaster prevention and mitigation at the grass-roots level needs to be strengthened, and the level of monitoring, early warning and forecasting needs to be improved, and the emergency plan of marine disaster needs to be revised. This paper puts forward eight countermeasures and suggestions, namely, strengthening the marine basic research work in Caofeidian area, strengthening the scientific spatial planning with Lu Dinghais concept, perfecting Caofeidian areas engineering disaster prevention system, improving Caofeidian areas marine disaster monitoring and early warning ability, strengthening the marine disaster emergency organization and guarantee system, improving the public service and information level of marine disaster prevention and mitigation, strengthening the team building of marine disaster prevention and mitigation institutions, and strengthening the publicity, education and training of marine disaster prevention and mitigation, which will provide a basis for effective marine disaster prevention and emergency management in Caofeidian area and gradually improve its marine disaster prevention and mitigation ability.
基金funding provided by University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna(BOKU).
文摘The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regeneration cycle.This study aims to identify the indicators influencing forest fire vulnerability and compare maps of forest fire susceptibility that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tripartite model,with a focus on the vulnerable Hyrcanian forest region in Golestan Province,northern Iran,where forest fires have caused considerable economic losses.On the basis of expert opinions and a literature review,we used geographic information systems,remote sensing and machine learning techniques to select and weigh 30 biophysical,environmental and socioeconomic indicators that affect forest fire vulnerability in the study area.These indicators were rigorously normalized,weighted and amalgamated into a comprehensive forest fire vulnerability index to analyze forest exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We thus identified and mapped areas with very high forest fire exposure,high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity for urgent targeted intervention and strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of forest fires.The results also revealed a set of critical indicators that contribute more significantly to forest fire vulnerability(e.g.,precipitation,elevation and factors related to biodiversity,human activity and economic reliance on forest resources).Our results provide insights that can inform policy-making,community engagement and environmental management strategies to mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with forest fires in the Hyrcanian forest.
文摘This study aims to assess seismic hazards and develop effective mitigation strategies for the Mentawai-Siberut region in Indonesia.The research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze historical seismic data,predictive models,and stakeholder perspectives.The quantitative analysis includes seismic hazard estimation using the Gutenberg-Richter formula,ground movement analysis based on GMPE,and time interval calculations to forecast future earthquakes.Qualitative methods involve Policy Network Theory to explore the roles and interactions of various stakeholders in disaster management,including government agencies,Indonesian Archipelago Youth Association(NGOs),local communities,and academic researchers.Findings reveal significant seismic activity in the area,with historical earthquakes of magnitudes 8 and 9 occurring at intervals of 18 to 232 years.Predictions suggest a potential magnitude 8 earthquake around 2083,with a megathrust event likely around 2123.The study also identifies economic costs and losses,with damage from a megathrust estimated between USD 1.5–2.5 billion and 10-20 billion,including destroyed homes and displaced populations.Challenges include infrastructure limitations,logistical constraints,and enhancing disaster preparedness and response.The study emphasizes the importance of improving infrastructure,strengthening disaster preparedness,and updating early warning systems.Effective collaboration among stakeholders and integrating local knowledge into disaster management strategies are crucial for enhancing regional resilience.Recommendations include completing infrastructure projects like the Trans-Mentawai Road,increasing community engagement,and utilizing scientific data for evidence-based policymaking.Addressing these recommendations and limitations is essential for developing a robust disaster management framework to mitigate regional seismic risks.
基金supported by the program of increasing resilience to natural hazards in earthquake prone regions in China:The NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41661134012 and 41501012)
文摘The estimation of the value on the engineering project in tourist towns is usually very challenging and controversial. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the economic value of the debris flow control engineering in tourist towns by integrating both welfare and disaster economics. The total value of debris flow prevention and control engineering in tourist towns(VDFE) includes investment cost(IC), disaster mitigation benefit(DMB), and loss of brand value(LBV). Here DMB is assessed by the cost-benefit method. The LBV is estimated by incorporating brand equity and costbenefit methods. The engineering for debris flow control in the Hongchun Gully of southwest China was built to protect Yingxiu tourist town and was assessed as an example. The IC for the engineering is180 million RMB, however, the VDFE reaches as high as 3401 million RMB, of which the LBV is 169 million RMB, and the input-output ratio is 1:18. Thus, the LBV cannot be neglected in case of VDFE estimation process. The more developed the tourism in one town or city is, the greater the LBV and the higher the VDFE are.
基金Supported by Technological Project of Shaanxi (2007K03-01)the Constructive Spot for Distinctive Major of Shaanxi Tourism Management (110206)Construction of the Key Subject in Natural Geography,Xiangyang Normal University~~
文摘Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of meteorological disasters on tourism brand, tourism decision, tourism transport, peak tourist season and the threat on tourism industry chain were studied, the main tourism meteorological disasters in North China, East China, Central China, Northeast Region, Southeast Region and Southwest Region were summarized, and some comprehensive measures of meteorological disaster for prevention and mitigation were put forward.
