The continuous innovation and widespread application of digital technology have expedited the transformation of productivity and presented an opportunity to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality.Digital new qualit...The continuous innovation and widespread application of digital technology have expedited the transformation of productivity and presented an opportunity to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality.Digital new quality productivity,characterized by the integration of advanced technologies,innovative business models,a new economic framework,and ongoing innovation,stands as a superior production factor.It plays a crucial role in fostering high-quality economic growth and leading efforts to meet the“dual carbon”objectives.Using panel data from Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2022,this study employs various econometric models to empirically examine the impact and underlying mechanisms of digital new quality productivity on carbon emission reduction.The findings reveal that:(1)There exists a significant U-shaped nonlinear relationship between digital new quality productivity and carbon emission performance,with an inflection point at 0.2750.(2)Dual objective constraints significantly moderate the relationship between digital new productivity and carbon emission performance.Setting moderate economic growth targets positively influences the effect of digital new quality productivity on carbon emission performance.(3)The impact of digital new quality productivity on carbon emission performance varies considerably based on factors such as urban location,city size,resource endowment,and specific city characteristics.It is essential to focus on nurturing digital new quality productivity,exploring the integration of balanced economic growth objectives with environmental goals,and effectively leveraging the environmental benefits derived from the advancement of digital new quality productivity tailored to local contexts.展开更多
Network economy had changed manufacturing environme nt at all. Open global market offer more choice to customer, and it become changea ble and unpredictable as consumers’ needs become more and more characteristic an ...Network economy had changed manufacturing environme nt at all. Open global market offer more choice to customer, and it become changea ble and unpredictable as consumers’ needs become more and more characteristic an d diversified. Various new technology coming forth and application accelerate th e rapid change of the market. The manufacturing enterprises were compelled t o change their strategy by the variability of the market, and time has been put to the all-important place. There is a need driven by the market to set up a ne twork design and manufacturing mode which have rapid market responsiveness. In order to meet the need for network manufacturing, the organization and manage ment of manufacturing enterprise need a completely innovation, next generation o f manufacturing system must have the character such as digitization, flexibility , agility, customization and globalization and so on. As for an enterprise in au to industry, how to gather together the orders through the distribution, and rap id produce the product which can meet the customer’s need, it is the key that th e contemporary enterprises succeed in the competitive market. The competitive market requires rapid product development. Close cooperation amo ng the designers will accelerate the product development by shortening the devel opment cycle, improving the product quality and reducing the investment. It has been emphasized in the methodology of concurrent engineering (CE). But sometimes those partners are distributed in the world, so there is a need for an importan t technology contribution to collaborative engineering, and supporting distribut ed designers for rapid product development. This paper focuses on a collaborative design system: Product Digit Collaborative Design System (PDCDS). The solution of PDCDS can make it more efficient and rel iable to visit teledata as well as we can get it from local database. It will be ease to get the newest design process information aided by PDCDS, and it will h ave higher efficiency by collaborative work. Comparing with other traditional Pr oduct Data Management (PDM) software system, PDCDS have some new characters such as group, dynamicness, synchronization or asynchronism working mode, and the hi story recorder is needed, and it also surport Webservice.展开更多
With the globalization and diversification of the market and the rapid development of Information Technology(IT)and Artificial Intelligence(AI),the digital revolution of manufacturing is coming.One of the key technolo...With the globalization and diversification of the market and the rapid development of Information Technology(IT)and Artificial Intelligence(AI),the digital revolution of manufacturing is coming.One of the key technologies in digital manufacturing is product digital modeling.This paper firstly analyzes the information and features of the product digital model during each stage in the product whole lifecycle,then researches on the three critical technologies of digital modeling in digital man-ufacturing-product modeling,standard for the exchange of product model data and digital product data management.And the potential signification of the product digital model during the process of digital manufacturing is concluded-product digital model integrates primary features of each stage during the product whole lifecycle based on graphic features,applies STEP as data ex-change mechanism,and establishes PDM system to manage the large amount,complicated and dynamic product data to implement the product digital model data exchange,sharing and integration.展开更多
CAD/CAM integrate technology has been drawn to much a ttention and becomes one of the focus of the international academic and commerci al research, Through efforts nearly 10 years, remarkable progress has been made in...CAD/CAM integrate technology has been drawn to much a ttention and becomes one of the focus of the international academic and commerci al research, Through efforts nearly 10 years, remarkable progress has been made in the 3-dimension feature parametric modeling. UG, SOLIDWORK and MDT apply the se technology with respective features. However, no distinct development has bee n made in the digital models from geometric feature to manufacture feature. Prod uct information expression and the basic model frame of data exchange have been proposed based on STEP standards, but it is quite difficult to some extent ensur e the operability, due to the complexity in application. The models addressed in this paper divide the shared digital models (not data models) for product desig n and manufacture into five parts: ①Digital product 3D molding design; ②Digit al product technology process design; ③Digital product assembly design; ④Digit al product manufacture process design; ⑤Digital product management design. The resource model should not be included. And It should be a peripheral model i n product design; which is the innovative viewpoint of this paper. The core of above-mentioned five models is to access the digital model from the solid unit feature. Product definition should be determined on the basis of solid unit, and solid unit should follow the rules of "generation of machining processing", Therefore, the author also proposed the Constructing Cutting Geomet ry Method (CCG) in IMCC’2000. In this way, the integration of "forming - processing - assembling - machining - management" can be obtained. This is th e core originality of the paper.展开更多
The social transformation brought aboutby digital technology is deeply impacting various industries.Digital education products, with core technologiessuch as 5G, AI, IoT (Internet of Things),etc., are continuously pen...The social transformation brought aboutby digital technology is deeply impacting various industries.Digital education products, with core technologiessuch as 5G, AI, IoT (Internet of Things),etc., are continuously penetrating areas such as teaching,management, and evaluation. Apps, miniprograms,and emerging large-scale models are providingexcellent knowledge performance and flexiblecross-media output. However, they also exposerisks such as content discrimination and algorithmcommercialization. This paper conducts anevidence-based analysis of digital education productrisks from four dimensions: “digital resourcesinformationdissemination-algorithm design-cognitiveassessment”. It breaks through corresponding identificationtechnologies and, relying on the diverse characteristicsof governance systems, explores governancestrategies for digital education products from the threedomains of “regulators-developers-users”.展开更多
Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates a...Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates at various spatial scales from global to local.Therefore,there is an urgent need to provide easy-to-understand tools to communicate map uncertainty and help end-users assess the reliability of DSM products for use at local scales.In this study,we used a large amount of hand-feel soil texture(HFST)data to assess the performance of various published DSM products on the prediction of soil particle size distribution in Central France.We tested four DSM products for soil texture prediction developed at various scales(global,continental,national,and regional)by comparing their predictions with approximately 3200 HFST observations realized on a 1:50000 soil survey conducted after release of these DSM products.We used both visual comparisons and quantitative indicators to match the DSM predictions and HFST observations.The comparison between the low-cost HFST observations and DSM predictions clearly showed the applicability of various DSM products,with the prediction accuracy increasing from global to regional predictions.This simple evaluation can determine which products can be used at the local scale and if more accurate DSM products are required.展开更多
ZTE Corporation has launched its world-leadingGoTa Digital Trunking Communication System inBeijing—a CDMA-based new generation digitaltrunking technology for Chinese and internationalmarkets.It is the first digital t...ZTE Corporation has launched its world-leadingGoTa Digital Trunking Communication System inBeijing—a CDMA-based new generation digitaltrunking technology for Chinese and internationalmarkets.It is the first digital trunking productdeveloped by a Chinese enterprise with anindependent intellectual property right.“This is a product that the global public展开更多
In the wave of intelligent transformation in the textile printing and dyeing industry,Changzhou Hongda Intelligence Technology Co.,Ltd.stands as a leading enterprise specializing in online inspection equipment and int...In the wave of intelligent transformation in the textile printing and dyeing industry,Changzhou Hongda Intelligence Technology Co.,Ltd.stands as a leading enterprise specializing in online inspection equipment and intelligent digital production lines.The company boasts strong independent innovation capabilities and internationally advanced technologies.With core strengths rooted in a deep understanding and research of smart manufacturing for the industry,Hongda possesses cutting-edge expertise in machine vision,artificial intelligence,digital twin,and automation technologies.It leads the development of intelligent manufacturing in textile printing and dyeing and has become an industry benchmark.展开更多
This paper examines how digital technologies shape the systemic transformation of global green trade.It develops a three-dimensional framework—production,distribution,and mar-ket/governance—to show how digitalizatio...This paper examines how digital technologies shape the systemic transformation of global green trade.It develops a three-dimensional framework—production,distribution,and mar-ket/governance—to show how digitalization acts not only as a tool but as a catalyst for structural change.At the production end,AI and big data foster green innovation;in distribution,blockchain and IoT build technical trust to reduce information asymmetry;at the governance level,digital platforms create feedback loops between market demand and regulatory pressure.Yet this transfor-mation entails a“double-edged sword”:rising energy use,e-waste,and competition for critical minerals reveal the environmental footprint of digitalization,while the digital divide combined with green trade measures produces new“stacked barriers”for developing economies.Comparing the strategic paths of the EU,China,and the US,the study argues for coordinated,multi-level gover-nance built on interoperable standards such as carbon accounting and the Digital Product Passport to promote inclusive and sustainable trade.展开更多
This paper examines how digital technologies reshape export industry chains under a low-carbon orientation amid the twin transitions of digitalization and decarbonization.Integrating Ecological Modernization Theory,Tr...This paper examines how digital technologies reshape export industry chains under a low-carbon orientation amid the twin transitions of digitalization and decarbonization.Integrating Ecological Modernization Theory,Transaction Cost Economics,the Resource-Based View and Institutional Theory,it builds an analytical framework linking regulatory shocks such as the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and Digital Product Passport to firm-level digital green transformation.The study identifies three mechanisms—innovation,structural optimization and resource allocation—through which AI,blockchain and product passports lower carbon intensity while reconfiguring value creation.Sectoral sketches of steel and aluminium,textiles and fashion,and electronics and batteries illustrate heterogeneous pathways and compliance pressures along global value chains.The paper also highlights rebound effects,material footprints of digital infrastructures,the digital divide and data-sovereignty concerns as risks that may erode environmental gains.It concludes with policy and managerial implications for helping export-oriented firms turn low-carbon digitalization from a cost of compliance into a source of competitiveness.展开更多
Powerful expressive ability of semantic information, to be easily computed and flexibility are basic features of digital product model (DPM). Using ontology and object-oriented principle (OOP) together to cope with pr...Powerful expressive ability of semantic information, to be easily computed and flexibility are basic features of digital product model (DPM). Using ontology and object-oriented principle (OOP) together to cope with problems in modeling is brought forward in this paper. The two are widely used and do well in modeling, but they each alone cannot cope with all issues and new challenges. Three basic requests are pointed out in DPM modeling. Status, problems, and root of current non-semantic and semantic models are introduced. Ontology, OOP, and their difference are introduced. It is found that the two are entirely complementary with each other. How to assign the roles and to cooperate for the two in coping with the three basic issues in DPM modeling are explained in detail.展开更多
Background In July 2024,the European Union's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation,or ESPR,officially came into effect.This regulation mandates that products entering the EU market must use a Digital Produ...Background In July 2024,the European Union's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation,or ESPR,officially came into effect.This regulation mandates that products entering the EU market must use a Digital Product Passport,known as DPP,to disclose their compliance certifications,environmental impact,and supply chain information.Failure to comply may result in exclusion from the EU market.展开更多
With the booming development of the digital economy,integrated media marketing has become an important means for enterprises to promote products and services.This study aims to explore the role and optimization strate...With the booming development of the digital economy,integrated media marketing has become an important means for enterprises to promote products and services.This study aims to explore the role and optimization strategies of integrated media marketing in the transformation of digital financial products,with a particular focus on how new media audiovisual works can empower digital financial products and promote their development towards more efficient and personalized directions.展开更多
With the deepening of the EU Green Deal,global cross-border e-commerce is rapidly moving from a“cost-driven”to a“compliance-driven”model.Drawing on institutional theory and ecological modernization theory,this pap...With the deepening of the EU Green Deal,global cross-border e-commerce is rapidly moving from a“cost-driven”to a“compliance-driven”model.Drawing on institutional theory and ecological modernization theory,this paper builds a four-dimensional framework of“institutional pressure platform governance technological empowerment standards game”to examine how CBAM,Digital Product Passports(DPP)and the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation(PPWR)reshape China’s cross-border e-commerce ecosystem.The analysis shows that EU green rules are creating a full-chain compliance system from upstream carbon pricing to downstream digital traceability and packaging norms,fundamentally altering cost structures and business models.Platform firms are reconfigured from neutral intermediaries into“green compliance gatekeepers,”using algorithms,certifications and logistics rules to internalize external regulation.At a deeper level,methodological gaps between ISO-based carbon accounting and the EU’s PEF system,coupled with asymmetric LCA databases,generate hidden green technical barriers.The paper proposes countermeasures in database co-construction,platform-based compliance tools and enterprise-level eco-design.展开更多
文摘The continuous innovation and widespread application of digital technology have expedited the transformation of productivity and presented an opportunity to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality.Digital new quality productivity,characterized by the integration of advanced technologies,innovative business models,a new economic framework,and ongoing innovation,stands as a superior production factor.It plays a crucial role in fostering high-quality economic growth and leading efforts to meet the“dual carbon”objectives.Using panel data from Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2022,this study employs various econometric models to empirically examine the impact and underlying mechanisms of digital new quality productivity on carbon emission reduction.The findings reveal that:(1)There exists a significant U-shaped nonlinear relationship between digital new quality productivity and carbon emission performance,with an inflection point at 0.2750.(2)Dual objective constraints significantly moderate the relationship between digital new productivity and carbon emission performance.Setting moderate economic growth targets positively influences the effect of digital new quality productivity on carbon emission performance.(3)The impact of digital new quality productivity on carbon emission performance varies considerably based on factors such as urban location,city size,resource endowment,and specific city characteristics.It is essential to focus on nurturing digital new quality productivity,exploring the integration of balanced economic growth objectives with environmental goals,and effectively leveraging the environmental benefits derived from the advancement of digital new quality productivity tailored to local contexts.
文摘Network economy had changed manufacturing environme nt at all. Open global market offer more choice to customer, and it become changea ble and unpredictable as consumers’ needs become more and more characteristic an d diversified. Various new technology coming forth and application accelerate th e rapid change of the market. The manufacturing enterprises were compelled t o change their strategy by the variability of the market, and time has been put to the all-important place. There is a need driven by the market to set up a ne twork design and manufacturing mode which have rapid market responsiveness. In order to meet the need for network manufacturing, the organization and manage ment of manufacturing enterprise need a completely innovation, next generation o f manufacturing system must have the character such as digitization, flexibility , agility, customization and globalization and so on. As for an enterprise in au to industry, how to gather together the orders through the distribution, and rap id produce the product which can meet the customer’s need, it is the key that th e contemporary enterprises succeed in the competitive market. The competitive market requires rapid product development. Close cooperation amo ng the designers will accelerate the product development by shortening the devel opment cycle, improving the product quality and reducing the investment. It has been emphasized in the methodology of concurrent engineering (CE). But sometimes those partners are distributed in the world, so there is a need for an importan t technology contribution to collaborative engineering, and supporting distribut ed designers for rapid product development. This paper focuses on a collaborative design system: Product Digit Collaborative Design System (PDCDS). The solution of PDCDS can make it more efficient and rel iable to visit teledata as well as we can get it from local database. It will be ease to get the newest design process information aided by PDCDS, and it will h ave higher efficiency by collaborative work. Comparing with other traditional Pr oduct Data Management (PDM) software system, PDCDS have some new characters such as group, dynamicness, synchronization or asynchronism working mode, and the hi story recorder is needed, and it also surport Webservice.
文摘With the globalization and diversification of the market and the rapid development of Information Technology(IT)and Artificial Intelligence(AI),the digital revolution of manufacturing is coming.One of the key technologies in digital manufacturing is product digital modeling.This paper firstly analyzes the information and features of the product digital model during each stage in the product whole lifecycle,then researches on the three critical technologies of digital modeling in digital man-ufacturing-product modeling,standard for the exchange of product model data and digital product data management.And the potential signification of the product digital model during the process of digital manufacturing is concluded-product digital model integrates primary features of each stage during the product whole lifecycle based on graphic features,applies STEP as data ex-change mechanism,and establishes PDM system to manage the large amount,complicated and dynamic product data to implement the product digital model data exchange,sharing and integration.
文摘CAD/CAM integrate technology has been drawn to much a ttention and becomes one of the focus of the international academic and commerci al research, Through efforts nearly 10 years, remarkable progress has been made in the 3-dimension feature parametric modeling. UG, SOLIDWORK and MDT apply the se technology with respective features. However, no distinct development has bee n made in the digital models from geometric feature to manufacture feature. Prod uct information expression and the basic model frame of data exchange have been proposed based on STEP standards, but it is quite difficult to some extent ensur e the operability, due to the complexity in application. The models addressed in this paper divide the shared digital models (not data models) for product desig n and manufacture into five parts: ①Digital product 3D molding design; ②Digit al product technology process design; ③Digital product assembly design; ④Digit al product manufacture process design; ⑤Digital product management design. The resource model should not be included. And It should be a peripheral model i n product design; which is the innovative viewpoint of this paper. The core of above-mentioned five models is to access the digital model from the solid unit feature. Product definition should be determined on the basis of solid unit, and solid unit should follow the rules of "generation of machining processing", Therefore, the author also proposed the Constructing Cutting Geomet ry Method (CCG) in IMCC’2000. In this way, the integration of "forming - processing - assembling - machining - management" can be obtained. This is th e core originality of the paper.
基金supported by the 2022 National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62277002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3303500).
文摘The social transformation brought aboutby digital technology is deeply impacting various industries.Digital education products, with core technologiessuch as 5G, AI, IoT (Internet of Things),etc., are continuously penetrating areas such as teaching,management, and evaluation. Apps, miniprograms,and emerging large-scale models are providingexcellent knowledge performance and flexiblecross-media output. However, they also exposerisks such as content discrimination and algorithmcommercialization. This paper conducts anevidence-based analysis of digital education productrisks from four dimensions: “digital resourcesinformationdissemination-algorithm design-cognitiveassessment”. It breaks through corresponding identificationtechnologies and, relying on the diverse characteristicsof governance systems, explores governancestrategies for digital education products from the threedomains of “regulators-developers-users”.
文摘Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates at various spatial scales from global to local.Therefore,there is an urgent need to provide easy-to-understand tools to communicate map uncertainty and help end-users assess the reliability of DSM products for use at local scales.In this study,we used a large amount of hand-feel soil texture(HFST)data to assess the performance of various published DSM products on the prediction of soil particle size distribution in Central France.We tested four DSM products for soil texture prediction developed at various scales(global,continental,national,and regional)by comparing their predictions with approximately 3200 HFST observations realized on a 1:50000 soil survey conducted after release of these DSM products.We used both visual comparisons and quantitative indicators to match the DSM predictions and HFST observations.The comparison between the low-cost HFST observations and DSM predictions clearly showed the applicability of various DSM products,with the prediction accuracy increasing from global to regional predictions.This simple evaluation can determine which products can be used at the local scale and if more accurate DSM products are required.
文摘ZTE Corporation has launched its world-leadingGoTa Digital Trunking Communication System inBeijing—a CDMA-based new generation digitaltrunking technology for Chinese and internationalmarkets.It is the first digital trunking productdeveloped by a Chinese enterprise with anindependent intellectual property right.“This is a product that the global public
文摘In the wave of intelligent transformation in the textile printing and dyeing industry,Changzhou Hongda Intelligence Technology Co.,Ltd.stands as a leading enterprise specializing in online inspection equipment and intelligent digital production lines.The company boasts strong independent innovation capabilities and internationally advanced technologies.With core strengths rooted in a deep understanding and research of smart manufacturing for the industry,Hongda possesses cutting-edge expertise in machine vision,artificial intelligence,digital twin,and automation technologies.It leads the development of intelligent manufacturing in textile printing and dyeing and has become an industry benchmark.
文摘This paper examines how digital technologies shape the systemic transformation of global green trade.It develops a three-dimensional framework—production,distribution,and mar-ket/governance—to show how digitalization acts not only as a tool but as a catalyst for structural change.At the production end,AI and big data foster green innovation;in distribution,blockchain and IoT build technical trust to reduce information asymmetry;at the governance level,digital platforms create feedback loops between market demand and regulatory pressure.Yet this transfor-mation entails a“double-edged sword”:rising energy use,e-waste,and competition for critical minerals reveal the environmental footprint of digitalization,while the digital divide combined with green trade measures produces new“stacked barriers”for developing economies.Comparing the strategic paths of the EU,China,and the US,the study argues for coordinated,multi-level gover-nance built on interoperable standards such as carbon accounting and the Digital Product Passport to promote inclusive and sustainable trade.
文摘This paper examines how digital technologies reshape export industry chains under a low-carbon orientation amid the twin transitions of digitalization and decarbonization.Integrating Ecological Modernization Theory,Transaction Cost Economics,the Resource-Based View and Institutional Theory,it builds an analytical framework linking regulatory shocks such as the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and Digital Product Passport to firm-level digital green transformation.The study identifies three mechanisms—innovation,structural optimization and resource allocation—through which AI,blockchain and product passports lower carbon intensity while reconfiguring value creation.Sectoral sketches of steel and aluminium,textiles and fashion,and electronics and batteries illustrate heterogeneous pathways and compliance pressures along global value chains.The paper also highlights rebound effects,material footprints of digital infrastructures,the digital divide and data-sovereignty concerns as risks that may erode environmental gains.It concludes with policy and managerial implications for helping export-oriented firms turn low-carbon digitalization from a cost of compliance into a source of competitiveness.
基金Supported by the Ministries’ Basic Research Foundation, China Knowledge Engineering Platform for Enterprise Innovative Design(No. B0920060901)
文摘Powerful expressive ability of semantic information, to be easily computed and flexibility are basic features of digital product model (DPM). Using ontology and object-oriented principle (OOP) together to cope with problems in modeling is brought forward in this paper. The two are widely used and do well in modeling, but they each alone cannot cope with all issues and new challenges. Three basic requests are pointed out in DPM modeling. Status, problems, and root of current non-semantic and semantic models are introduced. Ontology, OOP, and their difference are introduced. It is found that the two are entirely complementary with each other. How to assign the roles and to cooperate for the two in coping with the three basic issues in DPM modeling are explained in detail.
文摘Background In July 2024,the European Union's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation,or ESPR,officially came into effect.This regulation mandates that products entering the EU market must use a Digital Product Passport,known as DPP,to disclose their compliance certifications,environmental impact,and supply chain information.Failure to comply may result in exclusion from the EU market.
文摘With the booming development of the digital economy,integrated media marketing has become an important means for enterprises to promote products and services.This study aims to explore the role and optimization strategies of integrated media marketing in the transformation of digital financial products,with a particular focus on how new media audiovisual works can empower digital financial products and promote their development towards more efficient and personalized directions.
文摘With the deepening of the EU Green Deal,global cross-border e-commerce is rapidly moving from a“cost-driven”to a“compliance-driven”model.Drawing on institutional theory and ecological modernization theory,this paper builds a four-dimensional framework of“institutional pressure platform governance technological empowerment standards game”to examine how CBAM,Digital Product Passports(DPP)and the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation(PPWR)reshape China’s cross-border e-commerce ecosystem.The analysis shows that EU green rules are creating a full-chain compliance system from upstream carbon pricing to downstream digital traceability and packaging norms,fundamentally altering cost structures and business models.Platform firms are reconfigured from neutral intermediaries into“green compliance gatekeepers,”using algorithms,certifications and logistics rules to internalize external regulation.At a deeper level,methodological gaps between ISO-based carbon accounting and the EU’s PEF system,coupled with asymmetric LCA databases,generate hidden green technical barriers.The paper proposes countermeasures in database co-construction,platform-based compliance tools and enterprise-level eco-design.
