Objective To analyze the characteristics of breakthrough therapy designation(BTD)and its implementation in China,and to provide reference for the optimization of BTD system.Methods A comparative research method was us...Objective To analyze the characteristics of breakthrough therapy designation(BTD)and its implementation in China,and to provide reference for the optimization of BTD system.Methods A comparative research method was used to study the content and implementation effect of BTD system in China and the relevant policies and implementation of the same procedures of drug regulatory authorities in the United States,Japan and the European Union.Then,the differences in policies and implementation results among these countries were analyzed to provide suggestions for the implementation and optimization of this system in China.Results and Conclusion China’s BTD system is implemented late and a small number of drugs has been approved.At the same time,there are problems such as insufficient guidance and communication from the agency to applicants,a broad application condition,single review mode,and lack of full-time personnel.Both the agencies and the applicants have limited experience due to the short implementation time of BTD system in China.There are still some problems despite we have learned a lot from the experience of other drug regulatory agencies.Therefore,based on our national conditions,we should strengthen the guidance of evaluation agency to applicants,optimize the eligibility criteria of BTD system,introduce the rolling review,and increase the number of professional liaisons,which can accelerate the development and marketing process of drugs with obvious clinical value,and finally to address unmet medical need.展开更多
The assessment of in situ permeability of rock mass is challenging for large-scale projects such as reservoirs created by dams,where water tightness issues are of prime importance.The in situ permeability is strongly ...The assessment of in situ permeability of rock mass is challenging for large-scale projects such as reservoirs created by dams,where water tightness issues are of prime importance.The in situ permeability is strongly related to the frequency and distribution of discontinuities in the rock mass and quantified by rock quality designation(RQD).This paper analyzes the data of hydraulic conductivity and discontinuities sampled at different depths during the borehole investigations in the limestone and sandstone formations for the construction of hydraulic structures in Oman.Cores recovered from boreholes provide RQD data,and in situ Lugeon tests elucidate the permeability.A modern technique of multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)assisted in correlating permeability and RQD along with the depth.In situ permeability shows a declining trend with increasing RQD,and the depth of investigation is within 50 m.This type of relationship can be developed based on detailed initial investigations at the site where the hydraulic conductivity of discontinuous rocks is required to be delineated.The relationship can approximate the permeability by only measuring the RQD in later investigations on the same site,thus saving the time and cost of the site investigations.The applicability of the relationship developed in this study to another location requires a lithological similarity of the rock mass that can be verified through preliminary investigation at the site.展开更多
Rock quality designation(RQD)has been considered as a one-dimensional jointing degree property since it should be determined by measuring the core lengths obtained from drilling.Anisotropy index of jointing degree(AI_...Rock quality designation(RQD)has been considered as a one-dimensional jointing degree property since it should be determined by measuring the core lengths obtained from drilling.Anisotropy index of jointing degree(AI_(jd))was formulated by Zheng et al.(2018)by considering maximum and minimum values of RQD for a jointed rock medium in three-dimensional space.In accordance with spacing terminology by ISRM(1981),defining the jointing degree for the rock masses composed of extremely closely spaced joints as well as for the rock masses including widely to extremely widely spaced joints is practically impossible because of the use of 10 cm as a threshold value in the conventional form of RQD.To overcome this limitation,theoretical RQD(TRQD_(t))introduced by Priest and Hudson(1976)can be taken into consideration only when the statistical distribution of discontinuity spacing has a negative exponential distribution.Anisotropy index of the jointing degree was improved using TRQD_(t) which was adjusted to wider joint spacing by considering Priest(1993)’s recommendation on the use of variable threshold value(t)in TRQD_(t) formulation.After applications of the improved anisotropy index of a jointing degree(AI'_(jd))to hypothetical jointed rock mass cases,the effect of persistency of joints on structural anisotropy of rock mass was introduced to the improved AI'_(jd) formulation by considering the ratings of persistency of joints as proposed by Bieniawski(1989)’s rock mass rating(RMR)classification.Two real cases were assessed in the stratified marl and the columnar basalt using the weighted anisotropy index of jointing degree(W_AI'_(jd)).A structural anisotropy classification was developed using the RQD classification proposed by Deere(1963).The proposed methodology is capable of defining the structural anisotropy of a rock mass including joint pattern from extremely closely to extremely widely spaced joints.展开更多
The study aimed at assessment of level of task performance of Primary Health Care Worker （PHCWs） according to their professional designations in selected Local Government Areas （LGA） in Enugu State. Descriptive su...The study aimed at assessment of level of task performance of Primary Health Care Worker （PHCWs） according to their professional designations in selected Local Government Areas （LGA） in Enugu State. Descriptive survey research was used. 291 PHCWs were randomly selected from 9 LGA using a multistage method. Questionnaire was used to collect data and the instrument was validated using test-retest method with correlation coefficient of 0.79. The findings show that Community Health Extension Workers （CHEWs） performed higher than Environmental Health Officer （EVO） and Community Health Officers （CHOs） in the area of health education concerning prevailing health problems and method of control. They scored 66.09% as against 52.8% and 60.61% for EVO and CHEW respectively. The result showed that the professional designation has no significant effect （P 〈 0.05） on the level of task performed by PHCW and their levels of task performance were low. It was recommended that public Health physicians and Nurses should be involved in the PHC in Enugu State to provide the fight supervision to the PHCW.展开更多
Creation of the new international designation of“Global Heritage Stone Resource”is here advocated as a means of recognising those building stone resources that are widely represented in human culture.With introducti...Creation of the new international designation of“Global Heritage Stone Resource”is here advocated as a means of recognising those building stone resources that are widely represented in human culture.With introduction of the new designation,the profile of many natural stone materials will be raised to prominence through the researching of citations that will be necessary to create this new international standard.展开更多
With the development of camera technology,high-speed cameras have greatly contributed to capturing the movement and posture of animals,which has dramatically promoted experimental biology research.At the same time,wit...With the development of camera technology,high-speed cameras have greatly contributed to capturing the movement and posture of animals,which has dramatically promoted experimental biology research.At the same time,with the concept of bionics gradually gaining popularity among researchers,the design of robots is absorbing more and more biological features,where the interest in the bio-inspired robot is hewed out.Compared with the traditional robot,the bio-inspired robot imitates the motion pattern to achieve similar propulsion features,which may be more effective and reasonable.In this paper,the motion patterns of aquatic animals are divided into four categories according to their propulsion mechanisms:drag-based,lift-based,jet-based,and interface-based.And bio-inspired robots imitating aquatic prototypes are introduced and reviewed.Finally,the prospect of aquatic bio-inspired robots is discussed.展开更多
Understanding the mechanical properties of the lithologies is crucial to accurately determine the horizontal stress magnitude.To investigate the correlation between the rock mass properties and maximum horizontal stre...Understanding the mechanical properties of the lithologies is crucial to accurately determine the horizontal stress magnitude.To investigate the correlation between the rock mass properties and maximum horizontal stress,the three-dimensional(3D)stress tensors at 89 measuring points determined using an improved overcoring technique in nine mines in China were adopted,a newly defined characteristic parameter C_(ERP)was proposed as an indicator for evaluating the structural properties of rock masses,and a fuzzy relation matrix was established using the information distribution method.The results indicate that both the vertical stress and horizontal stress exhibit a good linear growth relationship with depth.There is no remarkable correlation between the elastic modulus,Poisson's ratio and depth,and the distribution of data points is scattered and messy.Moreover,there is no obvious relationship between the rock quality designation(RQD)and depth.The maximum horizontal stress σ_(H) is a function of rock properties,showing a certain linear relationship with the C_(ERP)at the same depth.In addition,the overall change trend of σ_(H) determined by the established fuzzy identification method is to increase with the increase of C_(ERP).The fuzzy identification method also demonstrates a relatively detailed local relationship betweenσ_H and C_(ERP),and the predicted curve rises in a fluctuating way,which is in accord well with the measured stress data.展开更多
The prediction of slope stability is a complex nonlinear problem.This paper proposes a new method based on the random forest(RF)algorithm to study the rocky slopes stability.Taking the Bukit Merah,Perak and Twin Peak(...The prediction of slope stability is a complex nonlinear problem.This paper proposes a new method based on the random forest(RF)algorithm to study the rocky slopes stability.Taking the Bukit Merah,Perak and Twin Peak(Kuala Lumpur)as the study area,the slope characteristics of geometrical parameters are obtained from a multidisciplinary approach(consisting of geological,geotechnical,and remote sensing analyses).18 factors,including rock strength,rock quality designation(RQD),joint spacing,continuity,openness,roughness,filling,weathering,water seepage,temperature,vegetation index,water index,and orientation,are selected to construct model input variables while the factor of safety(FOS)functions as an output.The area under the curve(AUC)value of the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve is obtained with precision and accuracy and used to analyse the predictive model ability.With a large training set and predicted parameters,an area under the ROC curve(the AUC)of 0.95 is achieved.A precision score of 0.88 is obtained,indicating that the model has a low false positive rate and correctly identifies a substantial number of true positives.The findings emphasise the importance of using a variety of terrain characteristics and different approaches to characterise the rock slope.展开更多
Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler ...Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler metals is ever-increasing.It is of great significance to investigate the optimized composition design methods and to establish systematic design guidelines for brazing filler metals.This study elucidated the fundamental rules for the composition design of brazing filler metals from a three-dimensional perspective encompassing the basic properties of applied brazing filler metals,formability and processability,and overall cost.The basic properties of brazing filler metals refer to their mechanical properties,physicochemical properties,electromagnetic properties,corrosion resistance,and the wettability and fluidity during brazing.The formability and processability of brazing filler metals include the processes of smelting and casting,extrusion,rolling,drawing and ring-making,as well as the processes of granulation,powder production,and the molding of amorphous and microcrystalline structures.The cost of brazing filler metals corresponds to the sum of materials value and manufacturing cost.Improving the comprehensive properties of brazing filler metals requires a comprehensive and systematic consideration of design indicators.Highlighting the unique characteristics of brazing filler metals should focus on relevant technical indicators.Binary or ternary eutectic structures can effectively enhance the flow spreading ability of brazing filler metals,and solid solution structures contribute to the formability.By employing the proposed design guidelines,typical Ag based,Cu based,Zn based brazing filler metals,and Sn based solders were designed and successfully applied in major scientific and engineering projects.展开更多
A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about com...A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about commercializing HESS and improving it further.However,the design and sizing process can be overwhelming to comprehend with various sources to examine,and understanding optimal design methodologies is crucial to optimize a HESS design.With that,this review aims to collect and analyse a wide range of HESS studies to summarise recent studies.Two different collections of studies are studied,one was sourced by the main author for preliminary readings,and another was obtained via VOSViewer.The findings from the Web of Science platform were also examined for amore comprehensive understanding.Major findings include the People’sRepublic of China has been active in HESS research,as most works and active organizations originate from this country.HESS has been mainly researched to support power generation and balance load demands,with financial analysis being the common scope of analysis.MATLAB is a common tool used for HESS design,modelling,and optimization as it can handle complex calculations.Artificial neural network(ANN)has the potential to be used to model the HESS,but additional review is required as a formof future work.From a commercialization perspective,pressurized hydrogen tanks are ideal for hydrogen storage in a HESS,but other methods can be considered after additional research and development.From this review,it can be implied that modelling works will be the way forward for HESS research,but extensive collaborations and additional review are needed.Overall,this review summarized various takeaways that future research works on HESS can use.展开更多
The pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has caused immense global disruption.With the rapid accumulation of SARS-...The pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has caused immense global disruption.With the rapid accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences,however,thousands of genomic variants of SARSCoV-2 are now publicly available.To improve the tracing of the viral genomes’evolution during the development of the pandemic,we analyzed single nucleotide variants(SNVs)in 121,618 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes.We divided these viral genomes into two major lineages(L and S)based on variants at sites 8782 and 28144,and further divided the L lineage into two major sublineages(L1 and L2)using SNVs at sites 3037,14408,and 23403.Subsequently,we categorized them into 130 sublineages(37 in S,35 in L1,and 58 in L2)based on marker SNVs at 201 additional genomic sites.This lineage/sublineage designation system has a hierarchical structure and reflects the relatedness among the subclades of the major lineages.We also provide a companion website(www.covid19evolution.net)that allows users to visualize sublineage information and upload their own SARS-CoV-2 genomes for sublineage classification.Finally,we discussed the possible roles of compensatory mutations and natural selection during SARS-CoV-2’s evolution.These efforts will improve our understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of SARS-CoV-2’s genome evolution.展开更多
基金Special Fund for Academy of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Sciences of Research Base for Drug Regulatory Science of National Medical Products Administration-Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(2021jgkx004).
文摘Objective To analyze the characteristics of breakthrough therapy designation(BTD)and its implementation in China,and to provide reference for the optimization of BTD system.Methods A comparative research method was used to study the content and implementation effect of BTD system in China and the relevant policies and implementation of the same procedures of drug regulatory authorities in the United States,Japan and the European Union.Then,the differences in policies and implementation results among these countries were analyzed to provide suggestions for the implementation and optimization of this system in China.Results and Conclusion China’s BTD system is implemented late and a small number of drugs has been approved.At the same time,there are problems such as insufficient guidance and communication from the agency to applicants,a broad application condition,single review mode,and lack of full-time personnel.Both the agencies and the applicants have limited experience due to the short implementation time of BTD system in China.There are still some problems despite we have learned a lot from the experience of other drug regulatory agencies.Therefore,based on our national conditions,we should strengthen the guidance of evaluation agency to applicants,optimize the eligibility criteria of BTD system,introduce the rolling review,and increase the number of professional liaisons,which can accelerate the development and marketing process of drugs with obvious clinical value,and finally to address unmet medical need.
基金indebted to the Sohar University and the University of Buraimi, Oman, to support this study
文摘The assessment of in situ permeability of rock mass is challenging for large-scale projects such as reservoirs created by dams,where water tightness issues are of prime importance.The in situ permeability is strongly related to the frequency and distribution of discontinuities in the rock mass and quantified by rock quality designation(RQD).This paper analyzes the data of hydraulic conductivity and discontinuities sampled at different depths during the borehole investigations in the limestone and sandstone formations for the construction of hydraulic structures in Oman.Cores recovered from boreholes provide RQD data,and in situ Lugeon tests elucidate the permeability.A modern technique of multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)assisted in correlating permeability and RQD along with the depth.In situ permeability shows a declining trend with increasing RQD,and the depth of investigation is within 50 m.This type of relationship can be developed based on detailed initial investigations at the site where the hydraulic conductivity of discontinuous rocks is required to be delineated.The relationship can approximate the permeability by only measuring the RQD in later investigations on the same site,thus saving the time and cost of the site investigations.The applicability of the relationship developed in this study to another location requires a lithological similarity of the rock mass that can be verified through preliminary investigation at the site.
基金supports from the General Directorate of ETIMADEN enterprises during the field studies at Simav open pit mine。
文摘Rock quality designation(RQD)has been considered as a one-dimensional jointing degree property since it should be determined by measuring the core lengths obtained from drilling.Anisotropy index of jointing degree(AI_(jd))was formulated by Zheng et al.(2018)by considering maximum and minimum values of RQD for a jointed rock medium in three-dimensional space.In accordance with spacing terminology by ISRM(1981),defining the jointing degree for the rock masses composed of extremely closely spaced joints as well as for the rock masses including widely to extremely widely spaced joints is practically impossible because of the use of 10 cm as a threshold value in the conventional form of RQD.To overcome this limitation,theoretical RQD(TRQD_(t))introduced by Priest and Hudson(1976)can be taken into consideration only when the statistical distribution of discontinuity spacing has a negative exponential distribution.Anisotropy index of the jointing degree was improved using TRQD_(t) which was adjusted to wider joint spacing by considering Priest(1993)’s recommendation on the use of variable threshold value(t)in TRQD_(t) formulation.After applications of the improved anisotropy index of a jointing degree(AI'_(jd))to hypothetical jointed rock mass cases,the effect of persistency of joints on structural anisotropy of rock mass was introduced to the improved AI'_(jd) formulation by considering the ratings of persistency of joints as proposed by Bieniawski(1989)’s rock mass rating(RMR)classification.Two real cases were assessed in the stratified marl and the columnar basalt using the weighted anisotropy index of jointing degree(W_AI'_(jd)).A structural anisotropy classification was developed using the RQD classification proposed by Deere(1963).The proposed methodology is capable of defining the structural anisotropy of a rock mass including joint pattern from extremely closely to extremely widely spaced joints.
文摘The study aimed at assessment of level of task performance of Primary Health Care Worker （PHCWs） according to their professional designations in selected Local Government Areas （LGA） in Enugu State. Descriptive survey research was used. 291 PHCWs were randomly selected from 9 LGA using a multistage method. Questionnaire was used to collect data and the instrument was validated using test-retest method with correlation coefficient of 0.79. The findings show that Community Health Extension Workers （CHEWs） performed higher than Environmental Health Officer （EVO） and Community Health Officers （CHOs） in the area of health education concerning prevailing health problems and method of control. They scored 66.09% as against 52.8% and 60.61% for EVO and CHEW respectively. The result showed that the professional designation has no significant effect （P 〈 0.05） on the level of task performed by PHCW and their levels of task performance were low. It was recommended that public Health physicians and Nurses should be involved in the PHC in Enugu State to provide the fight supervision to the PHCW.
文摘Creation of the new international designation of“Global Heritage Stone Resource”is here advocated as a means of recognising those building stone resources that are widely represented in human culture.With introduction of the new designation,the profile of many natural stone materials will be raised to prominence through the researching of citations that will be necessary to create this new international standard.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62273042,61773064,61503028).
文摘With the development of camera technology,high-speed cameras have greatly contributed to capturing the movement and posture of animals,which has dramatically promoted experimental biology research.At the same time,with the concept of bionics gradually gaining popularity among researchers,the design of robots is absorbing more and more biological features,where the interest in the bio-inspired robot is hewed out.Compared with the traditional robot,the bio-inspired robot imitates the motion pattern to achieve similar propulsion features,which may be more effective and reasonable.In this paper,the motion patterns of aquatic animals are divided into four categories according to their propulsion mechanisms:drag-based,lift-based,jet-based,and interface-based.And bio-inspired robots imitating aquatic prototypes are introduced and reviewed.Finally,the prospect of aquatic bio-inspired robots is discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52204084)the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and safe Mining,CUMT,China(No.SKLCRSM 23KF004)+3 种基金the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB(Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities),China(No.FRF-IDRY-GD22-002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the Youth Teacher International Exchange and Growth Program,China(No.QNXM20220009)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFC2905600 and 2022 YFC3004601)the Science,Technology&Innovation Project of Xiongan New Area,China(No.2023XAGG0061)。
文摘Understanding the mechanical properties of the lithologies is crucial to accurately determine the horizontal stress magnitude.To investigate the correlation between the rock mass properties and maximum horizontal stress,the three-dimensional(3D)stress tensors at 89 measuring points determined using an improved overcoring technique in nine mines in China were adopted,a newly defined characteristic parameter C_(ERP)was proposed as an indicator for evaluating the structural properties of rock masses,and a fuzzy relation matrix was established using the information distribution method.The results indicate that both the vertical stress and horizontal stress exhibit a good linear growth relationship with depth.There is no remarkable correlation between the elastic modulus,Poisson's ratio and depth,and the distribution of data points is scattered and messy.Moreover,there is no obvious relationship between the rock quality designation(RQD)and depth.The maximum horizontal stress σ_(H) is a function of rock properties,showing a certain linear relationship with the C_(ERP)at the same depth.In addition,the overall change trend of σ_(H) determined by the established fuzzy identification method is to increase with the increase of C_(ERP).The fuzzy identification method also demonstrates a relatively detailed local relationship betweenσ_H and C_(ERP),and the predicted curve rises in a fluctuating way,which is in accord well with the measured stress data.
基金support in providing the data and the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia supported this work under UTM Flagship CoE/RG-Coe/RG 5.2:Evaluating Surface PGA with Global Ground Motion Site Response Analyses for the highest seismic activity location in Peninsular Malaysia(Q.J130000.5022.10G47)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia-Earthquake Hazard Assessment in Peninsular Malaysia Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis(PSHA)Method(Q.J130000.21A2.06E9).
文摘The prediction of slope stability is a complex nonlinear problem.This paper proposes a new method based on the random forest(RF)algorithm to study the rocky slopes stability.Taking the Bukit Merah,Perak and Twin Peak(Kuala Lumpur)as the study area,the slope characteristics of geometrical parameters are obtained from a multidisciplinary approach(consisting of geological,geotechnical,and remote sensing analyses).18 factors,including rock strength,rock quality designation(RQD),joint spacing,continuity,openness,roughness,filling,weathering,water seepage,temperature,vegetation index,water index,and orientation,are selected to construct model input variables while the factor of safety(FOS)functions as an output.The area under the curve(AUC)value of the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve is obtained with precision and accuracy and used to analyse the predictive model ability.With a large training set and predicted parameters,an area under the ROC curve(the AUC)of 0.95 is achieved.A precision score of 0.88 is obtained,indicating that the model has a low false positive rate and correctly identifies a substantial number of true positives.The findings emphasise the importance of using a variety of terrain characteristics and different approaches to characterise the rock slope.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20191)。
文摘Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler metals is ever-increasing.It is of great significance to investigate the optimized composition design methods and to establish systematic design guidelines for brazing filler metals.This study elucidated the fundamental rules for the composition design of brazing filler metals from a three-dimensional perspective encompassing the basic properties of applied brazing filler metals,formability and processability,and overall cost.The basic properties of brazing filler metals refer to their mechanical properties,physicochemical properties,electromagnetic properties,corrosion resistance,and the wettability and fluidity during brazing.The formability and processability of brazing filler metals include the processes of smelting and casting,extrusion,rolling,drawing and ring-making,as well as the processes of granulation,powder production,and the molding of amorphous and microcrystalline structures.The cost of brazing filler metals corresponds to the sum of materials value and manufacturing cost.Improving the comprehensive properties of brazing filler metals requires a comprehensive and systematic consideration of design indicators.Highlighting the unique characteristics of brazing filler metals should focus on relevant technical indicators.Binary or ternary eutectic structures can effectively enhance the flow spreading ability of brazing filler metals,and solid solution structures contribute to the formability.By employing the proposed design guidelines,typical Ag based,Cu based,Zn based brazing filler metals,and Sn based solders were designed and successfully applied in major scientific and engineering projects.
文摘A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about commercializing HESS and improving it further.However,the design and sizing process can be overwhelming to comprehend with various sources to examine,and understanding optimal design methodologies is crucial to optimize a HESS design.With that,this review aims to collect and analyse a wide range of HESS studies to summarise recent studies.Two different collections of studies are studied,one was sourced by the main author for preliminary readings,and another was obtained via VOSViewer.The findings from the Web of Science platform were also examined for amore comprehensive understanding.Major findings include the People’sRepublic of China has been active in HESS research,as most works and active organizations originate from this country.HESS has been mainly researched to support power generation and balance load demands,with financial analysis being the common scope of analysis.MATLAB is a common tool used for HESS design,modelling,and optimization as it can handle complex calculations.Artificial neural network(ANN)has the potential to be used to model the HESS,but additional review is required as a formof future work.From a commercialization perspective,pressurized hydrogen tanks are ideal for hydrogen storage in a HESS,but other methods can be considered after additional research and development.From this review,it can be implied that modelling works will be the way forward for HESS research,but extensive collaborations and additional review are needed.Overall,this review summarized various takeaways that future research works on HESS can use.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91731301 and U1902201)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2020YFC0847000)the Light of West China Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘The pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has caused immense global disruption.With the rapid accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences,however,thousands of genomic variants of SARSCoV-2 are now publicly available.To improve the tracing of the viral genomes’evolution during the development of the pandemic,we analyzed single nucleotide variants(SNVs)in 121,618 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes.We divided these viral genomes into two major lineages(L and S)based on variants at sites 8782 and 28144,and further divided the L lineage into two major sublineages(L1 and L2)using SNVs at sites 3037,14408,and 23403.Subsequently,we categorized them into 130 sublineages(37 in S,35 in L1,and 58 in L2)based on marker SNVs at 201 additional genomic sites.This lineage/sublineage designation system has a hierarchical structure and reflects the relatedness among the subclades of the major lineages.We also provide a companion website(www.covid19evolution.net)that allows users to visualize sublineage information and upload their own SARS-CoV-2 genomes for sublineage classification.Finally,we discussed the possible roles of compensatory mutations and natural selection during SARS-CoV-2’s evolution.These efforts will improve our understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of SARS-CoV-2’s genome evolution.
