This research takes China-aided construction projects in Asia since the Belt and Road Initiative as examples to explore the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards in other Asian countries.So far,the s...This research takes China-aided construction projects in Asia since the Belt and Road Initiative as examples to explore the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards in other Asian countries.So far,the standards demonstrated the highest applicability in South Asia is the best followed by Southeast Asia.Chinese architectural design standards for educational buildings showed the highest applicability,followed by office,medical,and sports buildings.This study puts forward some strategies to improve the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards.These strategies include integrating regionalism and local cultural traditions,optimizing energy efficiency,and aligning designs with local usage habits.This study serves as a reference for similar projects in the future.展开更多
Screw conveyors,widely used devices for transporting bulk materials,play an irreplaceable role in the modern industrial system.Despite of their traditional advantages,designers of screw conveyors still heavily rely on...Screw conveyors,widely used devices for transporting bulk materials,play an irreplaceable role in the modern industrial system.Despite of their traditional advantages,designers of screw conveyors still heavily rely on their own country's experiments and standards,which are closely related to empirical data.Therefore,the same conveying task often results in different designs.This work aims to compare the design standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany and the USA.Based on related standards acquired from renowned associations in the three countries,the similarities and particularities of these design guidances are compared.With preforming the geometrical and operational designs for horizon-tal,slightly inclined and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,sand),the advantages and disadvantages of these semi-empirical designs are comprehensively presented.Fur-thermore,the potential influence of empirical coefficients,which are not explicitly documented,are extensively discussed.By analysing all outcomes,the compatibility and applicability of each standard are qualitatively assessed.展开更多
Both practice and research of accessible design in China are still in the initial stage,while the regulations and standardization of accessibility is taking shape.Under the framework of engineering standards based on ...Both practice and research of accessible design in China are still in the initial stage,while the regulations and standardization of accessibility is taking shape.Under the framework of engineering standards based on instrumental rationality,to present the core value of humanism and to define the limitations of universal design in the standards are the key issues worth discussing continuously.By comparing the standards of China and abroad,this paper attempts to clarify the approaches for compiling the Accessibility Design Standards for Shenzhen.At the same time,it provides materials for discussion by showing the difficulties and assumptions during the compilation.展开更多
This part of the study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of technical standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany,and the USA for industrial applications.The source or determination method of empiric...This part of the study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of technical standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany,and the USA for industrial applications.The source or determination method of empirical coefficients as well as the theoretical foundation of dimensioning-relevant diagrams in these standards is not explicitly documented in the literature.Therefore,instead of less efficient on-site tests,the numerical simulation by discrete element method is conducted.Based on the geometrical and operational designs determined in three standards for horizontal,slightly inclined,and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,and sand),the potential influencing factors are discussed.With constant particle and contact parameters,the potential deviations caused by particle models are eliminated.Furthermore,the accuracy of power consumption calculation of each standard and the divergence between accessible and required mass flows is comprehensively assessed based on the analysis of simulated outcomes.Two main conclusions are drawn:(1)Particle fall back is barely considered by all three standards and leads to overestimated mass throughput;(2)The decrease in mass throughput caused by an increasing degree of filling can be compensated by slowing down the rotational speed.展开更多
Liquid-solid tubular triboelectric nanogenerators(LST-TENGs)hold significant promise for environmental mechanical energy harvesting due to advantages such as low wear,long service life and simple fabrication.However,t...Liquid-solid tubular triboelectric nanogenerators(LST-TENGs)hold significant promise for environmental mechanical energy harvesting due to advantages such as low wear,long service life and simple fabrication.However,the lack of unified standards and norms of design leads the output performance still being lower than that of traditional solid-solid TENGs.In this study,we first report a comprehensive set of standards for designing high-performance LST-TENGs based on several of the most critical factors,including the selection of triboelectric materials,the choice of motion modes,and the determination of structural parameters.Guided by the designing standards,the charge generation capability of LST-TENGs is optimized and enhanced by over 100-fold.The transferred charge can reach up to 3.4μC,which is a new record for all kinds of LST-TENGs.Notably,the practical application potential of design standards has been demonstrated in the actual harvesting of wave energy.This study establishes a fundamental design standard for designing highperformance LST-TENGs and holds excellent potential to accelerate the industrialization of TENGs.展开更多
To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hy...To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hypersonic transition research vehicle(HyTRV).The configuration of HyTRV is fully analytical,and details of the design process are discussed in this study.The transition characteristics for HyTRV are investigated using three combined methods,i.e.,theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.Results show that the fully analytic parameterization design of HyTRV can satisfy the model simplification requirements from both numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments.Meanwhile,the flow field of HyTRV reveals typical transition mechanisms in six relatively separated regions,including the streamwise vortex instability,crossflow instability,secondary instability,and attachment-line instability.Therefore,the proposed HyTRV model is valuable for fundamental researches in hypersonic boundary layer transition.展开更多
The matters of equipment optimization development are usually discrete,fuzzy and non-quantitative.It is difficult directly to optimize the equipment development with a mathematical model.A set of methods for designing...The matters of equipment optimization development are usually discrete,fuzzy and non-quantitative.It is difficult directly to optimize the equipment development with a mathematical model.A set of methods for designing the equipment optimization development with six dimensions and eight main elements is established based on the theory and method of standardization.The top-tier design space of systematic development of equipment is built up by the relations of basic models,series and model spectrums.The relations of time and space for equipment optimization development are established.The design processes of a six dimension systematic space are expounded.The connotation of each plan in the main system space is analyzed.A design method for an entire equipment is established with standardization theory.The coordinating design methods of equipment technical system and the optimization design methods of equipment integration are discussed.The design methods for universalization and serialization of components and parts are established.The design methods of equipment optimization development highlight the relations of the basic model of platform,the serialization of platform basic models,the modularization of equipment functions,the model spectrum of variant equipment,and the universalization and serialization of components and parts.展开更多
This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and ana...This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.展开更多
Due to the special physical properties of shale gas reservoirs,it is necessary to adopt unconventional and standardized technologies for its surface engineering construction.In addition,the surface engineering design ...Due to the special physical properties of shale gas reservoirs,it is necessary to adopt unconventional and standardized technologies for its surface engineering construction.In addition,the surface engineering design of shale gas reservoirs in China faces many difficulties,such as high uncertainty of the gathering and transportation scale,poor adaptability of pipe network and station layout,difficult matching of the process equipments,and boosting production at the late stage.In view of these problems,the surface engineering construction of shale gas reservoirs should follow the principles of“standardized design,modularized construction and skid mounted equipment”.In this paper,standardized surface engineering design technologies for shale gas reservoirs were developed with the“standardized well station layout,universal process,modular function zoning,skid mounted equipment selection,intensive site design,digitized production management”as the core,after literature analysis and technology exploration were carried out.Then its application background and surface technology route were discussed with a typical shale gas field in SichuaneChongqing area as an example.Its surface gathering system was designed in a standardized way,including standardized process,the modularized gathering and transportation station,serialized dehydration unit and intensive layout,and remarkable effects were achieved.A flexible,practical and reliable ground production system was built,and a series of standardized technology and modularized design were completed,including cluster well platform,set station,supporting projects.In this way,a system applicable to domestic shale gas surface engineering construction is developed.展开更多
With the progress of science and technology and the acceleration of industrialization,the modern industrial park is an important carrier of industrial development.The importance of its standard plant design has become...With the progress of science and technology and the acceleration of industrialization,the modern industrial park is an important carrier of industrial development.The importance of its standard plant design has become increasingly prominent.With the development of new quality productive forces as the background,this research deeply discusses the key points of standard plant design in modern industrial parks.This paper uses literature review and case analysis to systematically analyze the important role of standard plant design in developing new quality productive forces in modern industrial parks and puts forward suggestions for optimizing design.It is found that the rationality,intelligence,and environmental protection of plant design are the key factors affecting the development of new quality productive forces.The paper summarizes the core points of modern industrial park standard plant design to provide a reference for the future development of related industries.展开更多
This article discusses some views on the relationship between carrying out and applying standards and precision design and the teaching of a course on interchangeability and measurement techniques. It points out that ...This article discusses some views on the relationship between carrying out and applying standards and precision design and the teaching of a course on interchangeability and measurement techniques. It points out that while emphasizing precision design, we should not underrate the significance of interchangeability and standardization. Although there are presently many teaching models available for such courses, each course should be designed separately to preserve its systematic character and integrality. As well, the development of students' abilities in precision design and the application of standards should be strengthened in experimental lessons within each course.展开更多
Today, the time-to-market for plastic products ar e getting shorter, thus the lead-time for making the injection mould is decreasin g. There is potential in timesavings in the mould design stage because the design pro...Today, the time-to-market for plastic products ar e getting shorter, thus the lead-time for making the injection mould is decreasin g. There is potential in timesavings in the mould design stage because the design process that is repeatable for every mould design can be standardized. T he preliminary work of any final plastic injection mould design is to always pro vide an initial design of the mould assembly for product designers (customers) p rior to receiving the final product CAD data. Traditionally and even up till no w, this initial design is always created using 2D CAD packages. The information used for the initial design is based on the technical discussion checklist, in which most mould makers have their own standards. This checklist is also being used as a quotation since the most basic information of the mould in the particu lar project is being recorded in it. The basic information in this checklist in cludes the number of cavities, the type of mould base to be used, the moulding m achine to be used for the moulding, the type of gating system, the type of resin material used and its shrinkage value etc. Information on special requirements such as the number of sliders or lifters to be used is also listed in the check list. At this stage, there is still no information on the cooling and ejection design since they are greatly dependent on the final product CAD data. This res earch focuses on the methodology of providing the initial design in 3D solid bas ed on the technical discussion checklist, which takes the role of the overall st andard template since every sub-design has its own standard template. An examp le of a sub-design that has its own standard template is the cavity layout desi gn. The cavity layout for plastic injection moulds can be designed by controlli ng the geometrical parameters using a standardization template. The standardiza tion template for the cavity layout design consists of configurations for the po ssible layouts. Each configuration of the layout design has its own layout desi gn table of all the geometrical parameters. This standardization template is pr e-defined in the layout design level of the mould assembly design. This ensure s that the required configuration can be loaded into the mould assembly design v ery quickly without having the need to redesign the layout. This makes it usefu l for technical discussions between the product designers and mould designers pr ior to the manufacture of the mould. Changes can be made to the 3D cavity layou t design immediately during the discussions thus the savings in time and avo idance of miscommunications.展开更多
基金Humanities and Social Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province(BJS2022039)2022 Annual Project of Education Science Research 14th“Five-Year”Plan in Hebei Province(2203094)+1 种基金2017 New Engineering Research and Practice Project of Hebei Colleges and Universities(2017GJXGK041)Doctoral Fund of Tangshan Normal University(2022A04)。
文摘This research takes China-aided construction projects in Asia since the Belt and Road Initiative as examples to explore the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards in other Asian countries.So far,the standards demonstrated the highest applicability in South Asia is the best followed by Southeast Asia.Chinese architectural design standards for educational buildings showed the highest applicability,followed by office,medical,and sports buildings.This study puts forward some strategies to improve the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards.These strategies include integrating regionalism and local cultural traditions,optimizing energy efficiency,and aligning designs with local usage habits.This study serves as a reference for similar projects in the future.
基金This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Program(H2020/2014-2020),under grant agreement no.654446.
文摘Screw conveyors,widely used devices for transporting bulk materials,play an irreplaceable role in the modern industrial system.Despite of their traditional advantages,designers of screw conveyors still heavily rely on their own country's experiments and standards,which are closely related to empirical data.Therefore,the same conveying task often results in different designs.This work aims to compare the design standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany and the USA.Based on related standards acquired from renowned associations in the three countries,the similarities and particularities of these design guidances are compared.With preforming the geometrical and operational designs for horizon-tal,slightly inclined and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,sand),the advantages and disadvantages of these semi-empirical designs are comprehensively presented.Fur-thermore,the potential influence of empirical coefficients,which are not explicitly documented,are extensively discussed.By analysing all outcomes,the compatibility and applicability of each standard are qualitatively assessed.
基金supported by the General Program of Shenzhen Academic Institutions Development Supporting Project(No.20200810191652001)。
文摘Both practice and research of accessible design in China are still in the initial stage,while the regulations and standardization of accessibility is taking shape.Under the framework of engineering standards based on instrumental rationality,to present the core value of humanism and to define the limitations of universal design in the standards are the key issues worth discussing continuously.By comparing the standards of China and abroad,this paper attempts to clarify the approaches for compiling the Accessibility Design Standards for Shenzhen.At the same time,it provides materials for discussion by showing the difficulties and assumptions during the compilation.
基金the European Union's Horizon 2020 Program(H2020/2014–2020)under grant agreement No.654446.
文摘This part of the study aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of technical standards of screw conveyors in China,Germany,and the USA for industrial applications.The source or determination method of empirical coefficients as well as the theoretical foundation of dimensioning-relevant diagrams in these standards is not explicitly documented in the literature.Therefore,instead of less efficient on-site tests,the numerical simulation by discrete element method is conducted.Based on the geometrical and operational designs determined in three standards for horizontal,slightly inclined,and vertical conveyance of three representative bulk solids(barley,lignite,and sand),the potential influencing factors are discussed.With constant particle and contact parameters,the potential deviations caused by particle models are eliminated.Furthermore,the accuracy of power consumption calculation of each standard and the divergence between accessible and required mass flows is comprehensively assessed based on the analysis of simulated outcomes.Two main conclusions are drawn:(1)Particle fall back is barely considered by all three standards and leads to overestimated mass throughput;(2)The decrease in mass throughput caused by an increasing degree of filling can be compensated by slowing down the rotational speed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Project from Minister of Science and Technology(No.2021YFA1201601)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(No.ZDBS-LY-DQC025).
文摘Liquid-solid tubular triboelectric nanogenerators(LST-TENGs)hold significant promise for environmental mechanical energy harvesting due to advantages such as low wear,long service life and simple fabrication.However,the lack of unified standards and norms of design leads the output performance still being lower than that of traditional solid-solid TENGs.In this study,we first report a comprehensive set of standards for designing high-performance LST-TENGs based on several of the most critical factors,including the selection of triboelectric materials,the choice of motion modes,and the determination of structural parameters.Guided by the designing standards,the charge generation capability of LST-TENGs is optimized and enhanced by over 100-fold.The transferred charge can reach up to 3.4μC,which is a new record for all kinds of LST-TENGs.Notably,the practical application potential of design standards has been demonstrated in the actual harvesting of wave energy.This study establishes a fundamental design standard for designing highperformance LST-TENGs and holds excellent potential to accelerate the industrialization of TENGs.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11702315,92052301)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant 2016YFA0401200).
文摘To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hypersonic transition research vehicle(HyTRV).The configuration of HyTRV is fully analytical,and details of the design process are discussed in this study.The transition characteristics for HyTRV are investigated using three combined methods,i.e.,theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.Results show that the fully analytic parameterization design of HyTRV can satisfy the model simplification requirements from both numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments.Meanwhile,the flow field of HyTRV reveals typical transition mechanisms in six relatively separated regions,including the streamwise vortex instability,crossflow instability,secondary instability,and attachment-line instability.Therefore,the proposed HyTRV model is valuable for fundamental researches in hypersonic boundary layer transition.
文摘The matters of equipment optimization development are usually discrete,fuzzy and non-quantitative.It is difficult directly to optimize the equipment development with a mathematical model.A set of methods for designing the equipment optimization development with six dimensions and eight main elements is established based on the theory and method of standardization.The top-tier design space of systematic development of equipment is built up by the relations of basic models,series and model spectrums.The relations of time and space for equipment optimization development are established.The design processes of a six dimension systematic space are expounded.The connotation of each plan in the main system space is analyzed.A design method for an entire equipment is established with standardization theory.The coordinating design methods of equipment technical system and the optimization design methods of equipment integration are discussed.The design methods for universalization and serialization of components and parts are established.The design methods of equipment optimization development highlight the relations of the basic model of platform,the serialization of platform basic models,the modularization of equipment functions,the model spectrum of variant equipment,and the universalization and serialization of components and parts.
文摘This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.
文摘Due to the special physical properties of shale gas reservoirs,it is necessary to adopt unconventional and standardized technologies for its surface engineering construction.In addition,the surface engineering design of shale gas reservoirs in China faces many difficulties,such as high uncertainty of the gathering and transportation scale,poor adaptability of pipe network and station layout,difficult matching of the process equipments,and boosting production at the late stage.In view of these problems,the surface engineering construction of shale gas reservoirs should follow the principles of“standardized design,modularized construction and skid mounted equipment”.In this paper,standardized surface engineering design technologies for shale gas reservoirs were developed with the“standardized well station layout,universal process,modular function zoning,skid mounted equipment selection,intensive site design,digitized production management”as the core,after literature analysis and technology exploration were carried out.Then its application background and surface technology route were discussed with a typical shale gas field in SichuaneChongqing area as an example.Its surface gathering system was designed in a standardized way,including standardized process,the modularized gathering and transportation station,serialized dehydration unit and intensive layout,and remarkable effects were achieved.A flexible,practical and reliable ground production system was built,and a series of standardized technology and modularized design were completed,including cluster well platform,set station,supporting projects.In this way,a system applicable to domestic shale gas surface engineering construction is developed.
文摘With the progress of science and technology and the acceleration of industrialization,the modern industrial park is an important carrier of industrial development.The importance of its standard plant design has become increasingly prominent.With the development of new quality productive forces as the background,this research deeply discusses the key points of standard plant design in modern industrial parks.This paper uses literature review and case analysis to systematically analyze the important role of standard plant design in developing new quality productive forces in modern industrial parks and puts forward suggestions for optimizing design.It is found that the rationality,intelligence,and environmental protection of plant design are the key factors affecting the development of new quality productive forces.The paper summarizes the core points of modern industrial park standard plant design to provide a reference for the future development of related industries.
文摘This article discusses some views on the relationship between carrying out and applying standards and precision design and the teaching of a course on interchangeability and measurement techniques. It points out that while emphasizing precision design, we should not underrate the significance of interchangeability and standardization. Although there are presently many teaching models available for such courses, each course should be designed separately to preserve its systematic character and integrality. As well, the development of students' abilities in precision design and the application of standards should be strengthened in experimental lessons within each course.
文摘Today, the time-to-market for plastic products ar e getting shorter, thus the lead-time for making the injection mould is decreasin g. There is potential in timesavings in the mould design stage because the design process that is repeatable for every mould design can be standardized. T he preliminary work of any final plastic injection mould design is to always pro vide an initial design of the mould assembly for product designers (customers) p rior to receiving the final product CAD data. Traditionally and even up till no w, this initial design is always created using 2D CAD packages. The information used for the initial design is based on the technical discussion checklist, in which most mould makers have their own standards. This checklist is also being used as a quotation since the most basic information of the mould in the particu lar project is being recorded in it. The basic information in this checklist in cludes the number of cavities, the type of mould base to be used, the moulding m achine to be used for the moulding, the type of gating system, the type of resin material used and its shrinkage value etc. Information on special requirements such as the number of sliders or lifters to be used is also listed in the check list. At this stage, there is still no information on the cooling and ejection design since they are greatly dependent on the final product CAD data. This res earch focuses on the methodology of providing the initial design in 3D solid bas ed on the technical discussion checklist, which takes the role of the overall st andard template since every sub-design has its own standard template. An examp le of a sub-design that has its own standard template is the cavity layout desi gn. The cavity layout for plastic injection moulds can be designed by controlli ng the geometrical parameters using a standardization template. The standardiza tion template for the cavity layout design consists of configurations for the po ssible layouts. Each configuration of the layout design has its own layout desi gn table of all the geometrical parameters. This standardization template is pr e-defined in the layout design level of the mould assembly design. This ensure s that the required configuration can be loaded into the mould assembly design v ery quickly without having the need to redesign the layout. This makes it usefu l for technical discussions between the product designers and mould designers pr ior to the manufacture of the mould. Changes can be made to the 3D cavity layou t design immediately during the discussions thus the savings in time and avo idance of miscommunications.
