This paper addresses the issue of designing the detailed architectures of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), which has a great impact on the overall performances of an FPGA in practice. Firstly, a novel FPGA archi...This paper addresses the issue of designing the detailed architectures of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), which has a great impact on the overall performances of an FPGA in practice. Firstly, a novel FPGA architecture description model is proposed based on an easy-to-use file format known as YAML. This format permits the description of any detailed architecture of hard blocks and channels. Then a general algorithm of building FPGA resource graph is presented. The proposed model is scalable and capable of dealing with detailed architecture design and can be used in FPGA architecture evaluation system which is developed to enable detailed architecture design. Experimental results show that a maximum of 16.36% reduction in total wirelength and a maximum of 9.34% reduction in router effort can be obtained by making very little changes to detailed architectures, which verifies the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed model.展开更多
To address the current problems of poor generality,low real-time,and imperfect information transmission of the battlefield target intelligence system,this paper studies the battlefield target intelligence system from ...To address the current problems of poor generality,low real-time,and imperfect information transmission of the battlefield target intelligence system,this paper studies the battlefield target intelligence system from the top-level perspective of multi-service joint warfare.First,an overall planning and analysis method of architecture modeling is proposed with the idea of a bionic analogy for battlefield target intelligence system architecture modeling,which reduces the difficulty of the planning and design process.The method introduces the Department of Defense architecture framework(DoDAF)modeling method,the multi-living agent(MLA)theory modeling method,and other combinations for planning and modeling.A set of rapid planning methods that can be applied to model the architecture of various types of complex systems is formed.Further,the liveness analysis of the battlefield target intelligence system is carried out,and the problems of the existing system are presented from several aspects.And the technical prediction of the development and construction is given,which provides directional ideas for the subsequent research and development of the battlefield target intelligence system.In the end,the proposed architecture model of the battlefield target intelligence system is simulated and verified by applying the colored Petri nets(CPN)simulation software.The analysis demonstrates the reasonable integrity of its logic.展开更多
The integral practical and aesthetic design teaching of architecture and site environment is expected to deal with the junior-grade design teaching in architecture major with a current situation that the insufficient ...The integral practical and aesthetic design teaching of architecture and site environment is expected to deal with the junior-grade design teaching in architecture major with a current situation that the insufficient consideration of the site environment and the chaotic city image, which caused by long-term emphasis on single function and personality performance of architecture. The key to the integral practicability and aesthetics is the emphasis on the integrality of spatial logical order of those two factors, which contains the integral harmony of function attributes, scale, logics, and modal relationships and so on. Combine with the teaching of kindergarten architecture design, using architecture and site logic model teaching methodology, through the extraction cognitive teaching approach of the site environment order logics, the cognitive teaching approach of kindergarten architecture spatial logics, the strategic teaching approach of the congruent design of the integral order of architecture and site environment logics, module and model congruent counterpoint design teaching approach of architecture and large site environment order logics, organization and construction integrated design teaching approach of architecture and small site environment spatial logics, and result design teaching approach of architectures integrated into the landscape of large site environment and their surrounding small site environment and other teaching procedures to complete die teaching tasks of the integral practical and aesthetic design of kindergarten architecture and site environment.展开更多
Convolutional neural networks(CNNs)exhibit superior performance in image feature extraction,making them extensively used in the area of traffic sign recognition.However,the design of existing traffic sign recognition ...Convolutional neural networks(CNNs)exhibit superior performance in image feature extraction,making them extensively used in the area of traffic sign recognition.However,the design of existing traffic sign recognition algorithms often relies on expert knowledge to enhance the image feature extraction networks,necessitating image preprocessing and model parameter tuning.This increases the complexity of the model design process.This study introduces an evolutionary neural architecture search(ENAS)algorithm for the automatic design of neural network models tailored for traffic sign recognition.By integrating the construction parameters of residual network(ResNet)into evolutionary algorithms(EAs),we automatically generate lightweight networks for traffic sign recognition,utilizing blocks as the fundamental building units.Experimental evaluations on the German traffic sign recognition benchmark(GTSRB)dataset reveal that the algorithm attains a recognition accuracy of 99.32%,with a mere 2.8×10^(6)parameters.Experimental results comparing the proposed method with other traffic sign recognition algorithms demonstrate that the method can more efficiently discover neural network architectures,significantly reducing the number of network parameters while maintaining recognition accuracy.展开更多
Given a set of requirements structured as design problems, we can apply design patterns to solve each problem individually. Much of the published literature on design patterns addresses this problem—pattern associati...Given a set of requirements structured as design problems, we can apply design patterns to solve each problem individually. Much of the published literature on design patterns addresses this problem—pattern association;however, there is no systematic and practical way that shows how to integrate those individual solutions together. We propose a compositional model based on design patterns by abstracting their behavioral model using role modeling constructs. This approach describes how to transform a design pattern into a role model that can be used to assemble a software application. The role model captures the behavioral relationship between participant components in the design pattern. Our approach offers a complete practical design and implementation strategies, adapted from DCI (Data, Context, and Interaction) architecture. We demonstrate our technique by presenting a simple case study complete with design and implementation code. We also present a simple to follow process that provides guidelines of what to do and how to do it.展开更多
Design pattern suggests that developers must be able to reuse proven solutions emerging from the best design practices to solve common design problems while composing patterns to create reusable designs that can be ma...Design pattern suggests that developers must be able to reuse proven solutions emerging from the best design practices to solve common design problems while composing patterns to create reusable designs that can be mapped to different types of enterprise frameworks and architectures such as The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF). Without this, business analysts, designers and developers are not properly applying design solutions or take full benefit of the power of patterns as reuse blocks, resulting in poor performance, poor scalability, and poor usability. Furthermore, these professionals may “reinvent the wheel” when attempting to implement the same design for different types of architectures of TOGAF framework. In this paper, we introduce different categories of design patterns as a vehicle for capturing and reusing good analyses, designs and implementation applied to TOGAF framework while detailing a motivating exemplar on how design patterns can be composed to create generic types of architectures of TOGAF framework. Then, we discuss why patterns are a suitable for developing and documenting various architectures including enterprise architectures as TOGAF.展开更多
This article reports the discussion about the multiple relations between architectural design and ＂place＂ using two different approaches in order to characterize the interfaces of design challenges. The first is qua...This article reports the discussion about the multiple relations between architectural design and ＂place＂ using two different approaches in order to characterize the interfaces of design challenges. The first is qualitative, highlighting the lack of dialogue between the standard-project architecture, the guidelines recommended by the COEDI （Coordenagao Geral de Educao Infantil （General Coordination of Early Childhood Education）） of the Ministry of Education, socio-technical and cultural-environmental context and pedagogy. The second, more quantitative, addresses the problems generated by dissociation between the constructive solutions and the bioclimatic demands of different insertion contexts of architectural design in the Brazilian Bioclimatic Zone 2. Initially planned to use a conventional building system, it was transposed to the Wall System, developed by MVC Componentes Pl^tsticos Ltda. The simulation evaluates and compares the level of thermal comfort of the building with two envelope systems. The study reports the analysis of the thermal comfort of a Type C unit, based on thermodynamic simulation, through the software Design Builder （version 4.2.0.054）. The analysis of the building simulation results was based on the adaptive comfort model ASHRAE 55/2010. Later, three optimization measures of the thermal comfort level of the building were tested, based on thermal insulation and absorptance coverage, in addition to sun protection system design for the window frames. Preliminary results for the level of comfort of long permanence environments indicate a tow level of thermal comfort, the 50% in MVC system and around 60% in the conventional system, and also that the greater discomfort comes from the heat. Based on performance optimization measures of building, the MVC system reached 66.4% of thermal comfort compared to 62% in the conventional system. The results show the importance of adapting the standard project to the local climatic context.展开更多
Through discussing effective utilization of regional natural resources under the background of globalization,combining with Richard Rogers' typical architectural and urban design works,this study analyzes his desi...Through discussing effective utilization of regional natural resources under the background of globalization,combining with Richard Rogers' typical architectural and urban design works,this study analyzes his design concepts of using regional natural resources from the perspectives of overall balance between architecture and natural environment,architectural function and detail control,application of proper technologies and new materials,then proposes a modern design pattern to create a better urban living environment by integrating regional natural resources and modern architectural technology.展开更多
Another component in Pattern-Oriented and Model-Driven Architecture (POMA) is the concept of model generation. The generation code of models is the process of creating a source code from a model using generation rules...Another component in Pattern-Oriented and Model-Driven Architecture (POMA) is the concept of model generation. The generation code of models is the process of creating a source code from a model using generation rules. In this paper, we present the generation rules that are used to support the automated code generator of POMA architecture to generate the source code of the entire interactive system. These Platform-Specific Model (PSM) models are based on patterns which illustrate how several individual models of patterns can be generated at different levels of abstraction such as PSM models to source code in the development of interactive systems.展开更多
Software systems can be among the most complex constructions in engineering disciplines and can span into years of development. Most software systems though implement in part what has already been built and tend to fo...Software systems can be among the most complex constructions in engineering disciplines and can span into years of development. Most software systems though implement in part what has already been built and tend to follow known or nearly known architectures. Although most software systems are not of the size of say Microsoft Windows 8, complexity of software development can be quick to increase. Thus among these methods that are the most important is the use of architectural and design patterns and software frameworks. Patterns provide known solutions to re-occurring problems that developers are facing. By using well-known patterns reusable components can be built in frameworks.Software frameworks provide developers with powerful tools to develop more flexible and less error-prone applications in a more effective way. Software frameworks often help expedite the development process by providing necessary functionality “out of the box”.?Providing frameworks for reusability and separation of concerns is key to software development today. In this study I take a look at the state of art and the impact of frameworks and patterns in software development.展开更多
This paper explores the networks of thoughts behind words by reading architectural texts in the context of linguistics.Using a corpus-based model,our main interest is what the collocational data contribute at an archi...This paper explores the networks of thoughts behind words by reading architectural texts in the context of linguistics.Using a corpus-based model,our main interest is what the collocational data contribute at an architectural level.The notion of“collocation identification in architecture”was drawn from an analysis of the use of the data for Rem Koolhaas.The data for this study were collected from Rem Koolhaas’s articles from 1977 to 2014.An analysis of Koolhaas’s ideas about architecture and urban planning was conducted using the AntConc 3.4.4.0 corpus analysis toolkit.The corpus-based model reduced selected articles to words and lexical bundles using the corpus analysis toolkit.This paper explores Koolhaas’s thoughts on understanding architecture and the metaphors he uses by analyzing articles using the corpus-based analysis model.The discourse codes in the texts of Koolhaas are examined.A corpus-based model proposal tested on architectural texts has the potential to create new areas of knowledge for architectural discourse.Deciphering the texts and analyzing the codes contribute to the development of new models.展开更多
Certain confusion may be observed in the field of biomimetic architecture,as it emerges at the crossroad of two disciplinary domains:architectural design and biological sciences.If biomimetics is defined as a science,...Certain confusion may be observed in the field of biomimetic architecture,as it emerges at the crossroad of two disciplinary domains:architectural design and biological sciences.If biomimetics is defined as a science,once it is applied to architecture,biomimetic architecture should logically be defined as a science too.This assertion collides with the nature of architectural design,which may rather be defined as a technology:its aim is to transform the world,not to explain it.On the one hand,there is no obvious relationship between architecture and life sciences.On the other hand,the biomimetic approach tends to redefine the concept of science itself by seeking to avoid the excesses of scientism.Moreover,existing applications of biomimetic design show that it is difficult to observe a genuine biomimetic architecture;most cases are closer to engineering component or urban planning and sometimes they involve little or no life sciences.The aim of this paper is to describe this conceptual confusion through two movements called“forcings”,occurring between design and science.These forcings are conceptualised as shifts between constructed scientific objects and given empirical objects.Models,used in biology as in architecture,allow these shifts by virtue of their double function.They are both tools for knowledge and for design,thus they may be conceptually forced into what they are not supposed to be,particularly in the field of biomimetic architecture where design process and scientific knowledge are said to meet.展开更多
Cyber-physical systems(CPSs)are becoming increasingly important in safety-critical systems.Particular risk analysis(PRA)is an essential step in the safety assessment process to guarantee the quality of a system in the...Cyber-physical systems(CPSs)are becoming increasingly important in safety-critical systems.Particular risk analysis(PRA)is an essential step in the safety assessment process to guarantee the quality of a system in the early phase of system development.Human factors like the physical environment are the most important part of particular risk assessment.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the safety of the system considering human factor and physical factor.In this paper,we propose a new particular risk model(PRM)to improve the modeling ability of the Architecture Analysis and Design Language(AADL).An architecture-based PRA method is presented to support safety assessment for the AADL model of a cyber-physical system.To simulate the PRM with the proposed PRA method,model transformation from PRM to a deterministic and stochastic Petri net model is implemented.Finally,a case study on the power grid system of CPS is modeled and analyzed using the proposed method.展开更多
Despite the educational importance of visual communication skills in spatial design education,the patterns and characteristics of students'image recognition,as well as the underlying mechanisms and influencing fac...Despite the educational importance of visual communication skills in spatial design education,the patterns and characteristics of students'image recognition,as well as the underlying mechanisms and influencing factors,remain unknown.This study employs objective measurement through eye-tracking to investigate students'image recognition patterns in response to a range of spatial problems,including those speciflc to landscape architecture based on designers'plans and perspectives,as well as their overall learning capacity.The research compares eye movements as Landscape Architecture students explore different learning materials,considering spatial scale,dimensions,and degree of detail.Additionally,influential factors such as problem difflculty and students'ability levels are examined.Results reveal that students experience signiflcantly less visual attention pressure in Landscape Architecture-speciflc Spatial Ability tests,suggesting that those at a rudimentary level easily access and accept spatial learning materials in this domain due to visual coherency and real-world spatial familiarity.Furthermore,spatial scale emerges as a signiflcant factor affecting recognition patterns,indicating higher levels of visual attention required for largescale spatial design drawings.The flndings suggest that neurophysiological data,such as eye-tracking,is effective in understanding students'challenges and mental pressures in learning visual communication skills in Landscape Architecture education.This study's insights may assist Landscape Architecture educators in developing design studio projects and assignments that align with students'cognitive characteristics in image recognition.展开更多
基金Supported by National High Technology Research and Develop Program of China(No.2012AA012301)National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2013ZX03006004)
文摘This paper addresses the issue of designing the detailed architectures of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), which has a great impact on the overall performances of an FPGA in practice. Firstly, a novel FPGA architecture description model is proposed based on an easy-to-use file format known as YAML. This format permits the description of any detailed architecture of hard blocks and channels. Then a general algorithm of building FPGA resource graph is presented. The proposed model is scalable and capable of dealing with detailed architecture design and can be used in FPGA architecture evaluation system which is developed to enable detailed architecture design. Experimental results show that a maximum of 16.36% reduction in total wirelength and a maximum of 9.34% reduction in router effort can be obtained by making very little changes to detailed architectures, which verifies the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41927801).
文摘To address the current problems of poor generality,low real-time,and imperfect information transmission of the battlefield target intelligence system,this paper studies the battlefield target intelligence system from the top-level perspective of multi-service joint warfare.First,an overall planning and analysis method of architecture modeling is proposed with the idea of a bionic analogy for battlefield target intelligence system architecture modeling,which reduces the difficulty of the planning and design process.The method introduces the Department of Defense architecture framework(DoDAF)modeling method,the multi-living agent(MLA)theory modeling method,and other combinations for planning and modeling.A set of rapid planning methods that can be applied to model the architecture of various types of complex systems is formed.Further,the liveness analysis of the battlefield target intelligence system is carried out,and the problems of the existing system are presented from several aspects.And the technical prediction of the development and construction is given,which provides directional ideas for the subsequent research and development of the battlefield target intelligence system.In the end,the proposed architecture model of the battlefield target intelligence system is simulated and verified by applying the colored Petri nets(CPN)simulation software.The analysis demonstrates the reasonable integrity of its logic.
文摘The integral practical and aesthetic design teaching of architecture and site environment is expected to deal with the junior-grade design teaching in architecture major with a current situation that the insufficient consideration of the site environment and the chaotic city image, which caused by long-term emphasis on single function and personality performance of architecture. The key to the integral practicability and aesthetics is the emphasis on the integrality of spatial logical order of those two factors, which contains the integral harmony of function attributes, scale, logics, and modal relationships and so on. Combine with the teaching of kindergarten architecture design, using architecture and site logic model teaching methodology, through the extraction cognitive teaching approach of the site environment order logics, the cognitive teaching approach of kindergarten architecture spatial logics, the strategic teaching approach of the congruent design of the integral order of architecture and site environment logics, module and model congruent counterpoint design teaching approach of architecture and large site environment order logics, organization and construction integrated design teaching approach of architecture and small site environment spatial logics, and result design teaching approach of architectures integrated into the landscape of large site environment and their surrounding small site environment and other teaching procedures to complete die teaching tasks of the integral practical and aesthetic design of kindergarten architecture and site environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62066041).
文摘Convolutional neural networks(CNNs)exhibit superior performance in image feature extraction,making them extensively used in the area of traffic sign recognition.However,the design of existing traffic sign recognition algorithms often relies on expert knowledge to enhance the image feature extraction networks,necessitating image preprocessing and model parameter tuning.This increases the complexity of the model design process.This study introduces an evolutionary neural architecture search(ENAS)algorithm for the automatic design of neural network models tailored for traffic sign recognition.By integrating the construction parameters of residual network(ResNet)into evolutionary algorithms(EAs),we automatically generate lightweight networks for traffic sign recognition,utilizing blocks as the fundamental building units.Experimental evaluations on the German traffic sign recognition benchmark(GTSRB)dataset reveal that the algorithm attains a recognition accuracy of 99.32%,with a mere 2.8×10^(6)parameters.Experimental results comparing the proposed method with other traffic sign recognition algorithms demonstrate that the method can more efficiently discover neural network architectures,significantly reducing the number of network parameters while maintaining recognition accuracy.
文摘Given a set of requirements structured as design problems, we can apply design patterns to solve each problem individually. Much of the published literature on design patterns addresses this problem—pattern association;however, there is no systematic and practical way that shows how to integrate those individual solutions together. We propose a compositional model based on design patterns by abstracting their behavioral model using role modeling constructs. This approach describes how to transform a design pattern into a role model that can be used to assemble a software application. The role model captures the behavioral relationship between participant components in the design pattern. Our approach offers a complete practical design and implementation strategies, adapted from DCI (Data, Context, and Interaction) architecture. We demonstrate our technique by presenting a simple case study complete with design and implementation code. We also present a simple to follow process that provides guidelines of what to do and how to do it.
文摘Design pattern suggests that developers must be able to reuse proven solutions emerging from the best design practices to solve common design problems while composing patterns to create reusable designs that can be mapped to different types of enterprise frameworks and architectures such as The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF). Without this, business analysts, designers and developers are not properly applying design solutions or take full benefit of the power of patterns as reuse blocks, resulting in poor performance, poor scalability, and poor usability. Furthermore, these professionals may “reinvent the wheel” when attempting to implement the same design for different types of architectures of TOGAF framework. In this paper, we introduce different categories of design patterns as a vehicle for capturing and reusing good analyses, designs and implementation applied to TOGAF framework while detailing a motivating exemplar on how design patterns can be composed to create generic types of architectures of TOGAF framework. Then, we discuss why patterns are a suitable for developing and documenting various architectures including enterprise architectures as TOGAF.
文摘This article reports the discussion about the multiple relations between architectural design and ＂place＂ using two different approaches in order to characterize the interfaces of design challenges. The first is qualitative, highlighting the lack of dialogue between the standard-project architecture, the guidelines recommended by the COEDI （Coordenagao Geral de Educao Infantil （General Coordination of Early Childhood Education）） of the Ministry of Education, socio-technical and cultural-environmental context and pedagogy. The second, more quantitative, addresses the problems generated by dissociation between the constructive solutions and the bioclimatic demands of different insertion contexts of architectural design in the Brazilian Bioclimatic Zone 2. Initially planned to use a conventional building system, it was transposed to the Wall System, developed by MVC Componentes Pl^tsticos Ltda. The simulation evaluates and compares the level of thermal comfort of the building with two envelope systems. The study reports the analysis of the thermal comfort of a Type C unit, based on thermodynamic simulation, through the software Design Builder （version 4.2.0.054）. The analysis of the building simulation results was based on the adaptive comfort model ASHRAE 55/2010. Later, three optimization measures of the thermal comfort level of the building were tested, based on thermal insulation and absorptance coverage, in addition to sun protection system design for the window frames. Preliminary results for the level of comfort of long permanence environments indicate a tow level of thermal comfort, the 50% in MVC system and around 60% in the conventional system, and also that the greater discomfort comes from the heat. Based on performance optimization measures of building, the MVC system reached 66.4% of thermal comfort compared to 62% in the conventional system. The results show the importance of adapting the standard project to the local climatic context.
基金Supported by Programs of Humanities and Social Sciences,the Ministry of Education (10YJCZH132)Henan Provincial Program for Tackling Key Scientific and Technological Problems (102102310414)Decision Research Program of Henan Provincial Government (2011B795)~~
文摘Through discussing effective utilization of regional natural resources under the background of globalization,combining with Richard Rogers' typical architectural and urban design works,this study analyzes his design concepts of using regional natural resources from the perspectives of overall balance between architecture and natural environment,architectural function and detail control,application of proper technologies and new materials,then proposes a modern design pattern to create a better urban living environment by integrating regional natural resources and modern architectural technology.
文摘Another component in Pattern-Oriented and Model-Driven Architecture (POMA) is the concept of model generation. The generation code of models is the process of creating a source code from a model using generation rules. In this paper, we present the generation rules that are used to support the automated code generator of POMA architecture to generate the source code of the entire interactive system. These Platform-Specific Model (PSM) models are based on patterns which illustrate how several individual models of patterns can be generated at different levels of abstraction such as PSM models to source code in the development of interactive systems.
文摘Software systems can be among the most complex constructions in engineering disciplines and can span into years of development. Most software systems though implement in part what has already been built and tend to follow known or nearly known architectures. Although most software systems are not of the size of say Microsoft Windows 8, complexity of software development can be quick to increase. Thus among these methods that are the most important is the use of architectural and design patterns and software frameworks. Patterns provide known solutions to re-occurring problems that developers are facing. By using well-known patterns reusable components can be built in frameworks.Software frameworks provide developers with powerful tools to develop more flexible and less error-prone applications in a more effective way. Software frameworks often help expedite the development process by providing necessary functionality “out of the box”.?Providing frameworks for reusability and separation of concerns is key to software development today. In this study I take a look at the state of art and the impact of frameworks and patterns in software development.
文摘This paper explores the networks of thoughts behind words by reading architectural texts in the context of linguistics.Using a corpus-based model,our main interest is what the collocational data contribute at an architectural level.The notion of“collocation identification in architecture”was drawn from an analysis of the use of the data for Rem Koolhaas.The data for this study were collected from Rem Koolhaas’s articles from 1977 to 2014.An analysis of Koolhaas’s ideas about architecture and urban planning was conducted using the AntConc 3.4.4.0 corpus analysis toolkit.The corpus-based model reduced selected articles to words and lexical bundles using the corpus analysis toolkit.This paper explores Koolhaas’s thoughts on understanding architecture and the metaphors he uses by analyzing articles using the corpus-based analysis model.The discourse codes in the texts of Koolhaas are examined.A corpus-based model proposal tested on architectural texts has the potential to create new areas of knowledge for architectural discourse.Deciphering the texts and analyzing the codes contribute to the development of new models.
文摘Certain confusion may be observed in the field of biomimetic architecture,as it emerges at the crossroad of two disciplinary domains:architectural design and biological sciences.If biomimetics is defined as a science,once it is applied to architecture,biomimetic architecture should logically be defined as a science too.This assertion collides with the nature of architectural design,which may rather be defined as a technology:its aim is to transform the world,not to explain it.On the one hand,there is no obvious relationship between architecture and life sciences.On the other hand,the biomimetic approach tends to redefine the concept of science itself by seeking to avoid the excesses of scientism.Moreover,existing applications of biomimetic design show that it is difficult to observe a genuine biomimetic architecture;most cases are closer to engineering component or urban planning and sometimes they involve little or no life sciences.The aim of this paper is to describe this conceptual confusion through two movements called“forcings”,occurring between design and science.These forcings are conceptualised as shifts between constructed scientific objects and given empirical objects.Models,used in biology as in architecture,allow these shifts by virtue of their double function.They are both tools for knowledge and for design,thus they may be conceptually forced into what they are not supposed to be,particularly in the field of biomimetic architecture where design process and scientific knowledge are said to meet.
基金the State Power Grid Company Science and Technical Plan Project,China(No.5100-201940008A-0-0-00)。
文摘Cyber-physical systems(CPSs)are becoming increasingly important in safety-critical systems.Particular risk analysis(PRA)is an essential step in the safety assessment process to guarantee the quality of a system in the early phase of system development.Human factors like the physical environment are the most important part of particular risk assessment.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the safety of the system considering human factor and physical factor.In this paper,we propose a new particular risk model(PRM)to improve the modeling ability of the Architecture Analysis and Design Language(AADL).An architecture-based PRA method is presented to support safety assessment for the AADL model of a cyber-physical system.To simulate the PRM with the proposed PRA method,model transformation from PRM to a deterministic and stochastic Petri net model is implemented.Finally,a case study on the power grid system of CPS is modeled and analyzed using the proposed method.
文摘Despite the educational importance of visual communication skills in spatial design education,the patterns and characteristics of students'image recognition,as well as the underlying mechanisms and influencing factors,remain unknown.This study employs objective measurement through eye-tracking to investigate students'image recognition patterns in response to a range of spatial problems,including those speciflc to landscape architecture based on designers'plans and perspectives,as well as their overall learning capacity.The research compares eye movements as Landscape Architecture students explore different learning materials,considering spatial scale,dimensions,and degree of detail.Additionally,influential factors such as problem difflculty and students'ability levels are examined.Results reveal that students experience signiflcantly less visual attention pressure in Landscape Architecture-speciflc Spatial Ability tests,suggesting that those at a rudimentary level easily access and accept spatial learning materials in this domain due to visual coherency and real-world spatial familiarity.Furthermore,spatial scale emerges as a signiflcant factor affecting recognition patterns,indicating higher levels of visual attention required for largescale spatial design drawings.The flndings suggest that neurophysiological data,such as eye-tracking,is effective in understanding students'challenges and mental pressures in learning visual communication skills in Landscape Architecture education.This study's insights may assist Landscape Architecture educators in developing design studio projects and assignments that align with students'cognitive characteristics in image recognition.
