“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and de...“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods for the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries of tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur compounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are proposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient iron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay, volcanic ash, agar, N<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon black, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and iron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a surface depth of 100<span style="font-family:""> <span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete composite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron fertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its efficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and humpback whale stay together (~100<span style="font-family:""> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">m). Humpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron fertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn feed on cockpods and diatoms. The successful large-scale iron fertilization may be indicated by the return of the humpback whales if they could not be found for a long period before the iron fertilization. On-line monitoring for the successful iron fertilization focuses on the simultaneous changes of the following two groups;the increase concentration group (chlorophyll, O<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Di Methyl Sulfide (DMS)) and the decrease concentration group (nitrate, phosphate, silicate, CO<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">, Dissolved CO<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"> (DCO<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">)). The monitoring of chlorophyll-<span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">a<span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">, nitrate phosphate, and silicate concentrations after deploying the Fe-replete complex is carried out throughout the day and night for the accurate measurement of algal blooms.展开更多
With the consideration of volume constraint of launch vehicle and trafficability of rover vehicle on lunar regolith terrain, a new design of radially deployable wheel is presented. For the purpose of achieving the mes...With the consideration of volume constraint of launch vehicle and trafficability of rover vehicle on lunar regolith terrain, a new design of radially deployable wheel is presented. For the purpose of achieving the meso-mechanics and dynamical behavior of lunar soil particles as well as macro-parameters of tractive performance for radially deployable wheel, the interaction between two types of wheel configurations and lunar soil particles is analyzed by means of discrete element method. The network of contact forces, the displacement vector chart, and the deformation of lunar soil beneath wheels are plotted. The equations of soil thrust, motion resistance, drawbar pull and driven torque are derived in granular scale based on the coordinates transformation and algebraic summation. The calculated results show that there is sufficient traction for both 6-split and 12-split radially deployable wheels with 304 mm outspread diameter to negotiate lunar regolith terrain specified here; the value of drawbar pull enhances with the increase of split number of radially deployable wheel, however, the required driven torque increases simultaneously, therefore, the tractive efficiency decreases.展开更多
Small-section hydraulic tunnels are characterized by small spaces and various section forms,under complex environments,which makes it difficult to carry out an inspection by the mobile acquisition equipment.To resolve...Small-section hydraulic tunnels are characterized by small spaces and various section forms,under complex environments,which makes it difficult to carry out an inspection by the mobile acquisition equipment.To resolve these problems,an arbitrarily adjustable camera module deployment method and the corresponding automatic image acquisition equipment with multi-area array cameras are proposed and developed.Such method enables the acquisition of full-length surface images of the hydraulic tunnels with different cross-section forms and diameters by a one-way travel,and the overlap rate and accuracy of the acquired image sets meet the requirements of three-dimensional reconstruction and panoramic image generation.In addition,to improve the speed and accuracy of traditional algorithms for tunnel surface defects detection,this paper proposes an improved YOLOv5s-DECA model.The algorithm introduces DenseNet to optimize the backbone feature extraction network and incorporates an efficient channel attention ECA module to make a better extraction of features of defects.The experimental results show that mAP,and F1-score of YOLOv5-DECA are 73.4%and 74.6%,respectively,which are better than the common model in terms of accuracy and robustness.The proposed YOLOv5-DECA has great detection performance for targets with variable shapes and can solve the problem of classification imbalance in surface defects.Then,by combining YOLOv5-DECA with the direction search algorithm,a“point-ring-section”method is established to allow rapid identification of common surface defects by detecting them layer by layer with the bottom image of the stitched panorama as the seed.The presented method in this paper effectively solves the problem that a single image fails to show the overall distribution of the defects and their accurate positioning in a whole large tunnel section and the effective features of defects in an excessively large panoramic image size are difficult to be captured by the neural network.Field applications demonstrated that the presented method is adequate for high-precision and intelligent surface defect detection and positioning for different small-section hydraulic tunnels such as circular,arch-wall,and box-shaped hydraulic tunnels.展开更多
文摘“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods for the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries of tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur compounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are proposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient iron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay, volcanic ash, agar, N<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon black, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and iron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a surface depth of 100<span style="font-family:""> <span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete composite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron fertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its efficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and humpback whale stay together (~100<span style="font-family:""> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">m). Humpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron fertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn feed on cockpods and diatoms. The successful large-scale iron fertilization may be indicated by the return of the humpback whales if they could not be found for a long period before the iron fertilization. On-line monitoring for the successful iron fertilization focuses on the simultaneous changes of the following two groups;the increase concentration group (chlorophyll, O<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Di Methyl Sulfide (DMS)) and the decrease concentration group (nitrate, phosphate, silicate, CO<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">, Dissolved CO<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"> (DCO<sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">)). The monitoring of chlorophyll-<span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">a<span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">, nitrate phosphate, and silicate concentrations after deploying the Fe-replete complex is carried out throughout the day and night for the accurate measurement of algal blooms.
基金the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20070006012)and Pre-research Project of China Academy of Space Technology.
文摘With the consideration of volume constraint of launch vehicle and trafficability of rover vehicle on lunar regolith terrain, a new design of radially deployable wheel is presented. For the purpose of achieving the meso-mechanics and dynamical behavior of lunar soil particles as well as macro-parameters of tractive performance for radially deployable wheel, the interaction between two types of wheel configurations and lunar soil particles is analyzed by means of discrete element method. The network of contact forces, the displacement vector chart, and the deformation of lunar soil beneath wheels are plotted. The equations of soil thrust, motion resistance, drawbar pull and driven torque are derived in granular scale based on the coordinates transformation and algebraic summation. The calculated results show that there is sufficient traction for both 6-split and 12-split radially deployable wheels with 304 mm outspread diameter to negotiate lunar regolith terrain specified here; the value of drawbar pull enhances with the increase of split number of radially deployable wheel, however, the required driven torque increases simultaneously, therefore, the tractive efficiency decreases.
基金funded by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project(Grant No.2023JJ30672)the Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China Railway Group Limited(Grant No.2021-Special-08(A))+1 种基金the Science and Technology Research and Development Plan Project of China National Railway Group Co.Ltd.(Grant No.L2022G003)the Open Foundation of National Engineering Laboratory for High-speed Railway Construction(No.HSR202005).
文摘Small-section hydraulic tunnels are characterized by small spaces and various section forms,under complex environments,which makes it difficult to carry out an inspection by the mobile acquisition equipment.To resolve these problems,an arbitrarily adjustable camera module deployment method and the corresponding automatic image acquisition equipment with multi-area array cameras are proposed and developed.Such method enables the acquisition of full-length surface images of the hydraulic tunnels with different cross-section forms and diameters by a one-way travel,and the overlap rate and accuracy of the acquired image sets meet the requirements of three-dimensional reconstruction and panoramic image generation.In addition,to improve the speed and accuracy of traditional algorithms for tunnel surface defects detection,this paper proposes an improved YOLOv5s-DECA model.The algorithm introduces DenseNet to optimize the backbone feature extraction network and incorporates an efficient channel attention ECA module to make a better extraction of features of defects.The experimental results show that mAP,and F1-score of YOLOv5-DECA are 73.4%and 74.6%,respectively,which are better than the common model in terms of accuracy and robustness.The proposed YOLOv5-DECA has great detection performance for targets with variable shapes and can solve the problem of classification imbalance in surface defects.Then,by combining YOLOv5-DECA with the direction search algorithm,a“point-ring-section”method is established to allow rapid identification of common surface defects by detecting them layer by layer with the bottom image of the stitched panorama as the seed.The presented method in this paper effectively solves the problem that a single image fails to show the overall distribution of the defects and their accurate positioning in a whole large tunnel section and the effective features of defects in an excessively large panoramic image size are difficult to be captured by the neural network.Field applications demonstrated that the presented method is adequate for high-precision and intelligent surface defect detection and positioning for different small-section hydraulic tunnels such as circular,arch-wall,and box-shaped hydraulic tunnels.
