Identifying plant water sources is fundamental for elucidating ecohydrological processes and improving water resource management in arid zones under climate change.Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are commonly used...Identifying plant water sources is fundamental for elucidating ecohydrological processes and improving water resource management in arid zones under climate change.Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are commonly used to trace plant water uptake;however,cryogenic vacuum extraction(CVE),the standard method for extracting plant xylem water,may induce deuterium depletion,thereby biasing source attribution.To systematically assess the effects of CVE-induced deuterium depletion across species,size classes,and habitats,we excavated five representative soil profiles along the mainstream of the Tarim River in northwestern China,in mid-July 2022.A total of 29 individuals,comprising both Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima,were sampled.We divided P.euphratica individuals into four groups based on diameter at breast height(<50,50-100,100-250,and>250 cm),while categorized T.ramosissima individuals into four groups according to plant height(<1.0,1.0-2.0,2.0-4.0,and>4.0 m).Plant xylem water was extracted using CVE,and five deuterium depletion scenarios(-5.00‰,-7.00‰,-9.00‰,-11.00‰,and-13.00‰)were simulated.The Bayesian Mixing Model for Stable Isotope Analysis in R(MixSIAR)was applied under six input modes to quantify the proportional contributions of potential water sources and associated prediction errors.Model evaluation revealed that P.euphratica achieved the highest accuracy with a-9.00‰correction of depletion,whereas a-11.00‰ correction was optimal for T.ramosissima,reducing relative prediction errors by 68.65%and 67.73%,respectively,compared with uncorrected scenario.Small-sized P.euphratica individuals exhibited less deuterium depletion,whereas no clear size-dependent pattern was observed for T.ramosissima.Spatially,plant individuals located farther from the river exhibited reduced deuterium depletion in xylem water.Despite differences in species traits and habitat conditions,both species predominantly relied on deep soil water and groundwater,which together contributed,on average,61.45%and 59.95%for P.euphratica and T.ramosissima,respectively.These findings highlight the necessity of accounting for CVE-induced deuterium depletion when identifying plant water-use strategies and provide methodological guidance for isotope-based ecohydrological studies in arid environments.展开更多
There are limited quantitative studies on condensate gas using microfluidics under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.This study employed microfluidics chips based on real porous media structures to conduct...There are limited quantitative studies on condensate gas using microfluidics under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.This study employed microfluidics chips based on real porous media structures to conduct constant volume depletion experiments and investigate the microscopic mechanisms of condensate gas recovery.The aim of the experiments was to reveal the phase-behavior differences between bulk-phase gas and gas contained in porous media.The results revealed that condensate oil recovery in microfluidics experiments was higher than that in PVT cell tests,and nonuniform condensation and evaporation were exclusively observed in the microfluidics experiments.Furthermore,lower pore connectivity resulted in higher depletion recovery,while more developed fractures led to reduced recovery.Specifically,the chip with fewer fractures achieved the highest recovery(71.15%),whereas the highly fractured chip exhibited the lowest recovery(56.11%).These findings demonstrate that oil saturation during the process of constant volume depletion(CVD)of gas condensate within porous media is lower than that observed in the PVT cell,thus providing experimental evidence for optimizing condensate gas development in field applications.展开更多
Hydraulic fracturing then fluid circulation in enhanced geothermal system(EGS)reservoirs have been shown to induce seismicity remote from the stimulation-potentially generated by the distal projection of thermoporoela...Hydraulic fracturing then fluid circulation in enhanced geothermal system(EGS)reservoirs have been shown to induce seismicity remote from the stimulation-potentially generated by the distal projection of thermoporoelastic stresses.We explore this phenomenon by evaluating stress perturbations resulting from stimulation of a single stage of hydraulic fracturing that is followed by thermal depletion of a prismatic zone adjacent to the hydraulic fracture.We use Coulomb failure stress to assess the effect of resulting stress perturbations on instability on adjacent critically-stressed faults.Results show that hydraulic fracturing in a single stage is capable of creating stress perturbations at distances to 1000 m that reach 10^(-5)-10^(-4)MPa.At a closer distance,the magnitude of stress perturbations increases even further.The stress perturbation induced by temperature depletion could also reach 10^(-3)-10^(-2)MPa within 1000 m-much higher than that by hydraulic fracturing.Considering that a critical change in Coulomb failure stress for fault instability is 10^(-2)MPa,a single stage of hydraulic fracturing and thermal drawdown are capable of reactivating critically-stressed faults at distances within 200 m and 1000 m,respectively.These results have important implications for understanding the distribution and magnitudes of stress perturbations driven by thermoporoelastic effects and the associated seismicity during the simulation and early production of EGS reservoirs.展开更多
We propose a novel scheme for the population and depletion of nuclear isomers.This scheme combines the γ photons with energiesà 10 keV emitted during the interaction of a contemporary high-intensity laser pulse ...We propose a novel scheme for the population and depletion of nuclear isomers.This scheme combines the γ photons with energiesà 10 keV emitted during the interaction of a contemporary high-intensity laser pulse with a plasma and one or multiple photon beams supplied by intense lasers.Owing to nonlinear effects,two-or multiphoton absorption dominates over the conventional multistep one-photon process for an optimized γ flash.Moreover,this nonlinear effect can be greatly enhanced with the help of externally supplied low-energy photons coming from another laser.These low-energy photons act such that the effective cross-section experienced by the γ photons becomes tunable,growing with the intensity I_(0) of the beam.Assuming I_(0)~10^(18) W·cm^(-2) for the photon beam,an effective cross-section as large as 10^(-21)-10^(-28) cm^(2) for the γ photons can be achieved.Thus,with state-of-the-art 10 PW laser facilities,the yields from two-photon absorption can reach 10^(6)-10^(9) isomers per shot for selected states that are separated from their ground state by E2 transitions.Similar yields for transitions with higher multipolarities can be accommodated by multiphoton absorption with additional photons provided.展开更多
To the editor:The liver’s immune-privileged status allows for a unique microenvironment that supports tumour growth and metastasis.In hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the balance between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and regu...To the editor:The liver’s immune-privileged status allows for a unique microenvironment that supports tumour growth and metastasis.In hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the balance between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells plays a crucial role in determining patient outcomes.The expression of programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-1)and other immune checkpoint molecules contributes to a pro-tumourigenic microenvironment and is associated with poor prognosis.Additionally,the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment adds complexity to disease progression and treatment response.展开更多
The low-temperature measurement of Hall effect of the two-dimensional electron system in a double-layered gated Si-δ-doped GaAs is presented.A complex peculiar nonlinear dependence of the depletion on gate voltage i...The low-temperature measurement of Hall effect of the two-dimensional electron system in a double-layered gated Si-δ-doped GaAs is presented.A complex peculiar nonlinear dependence of the depletion on gate voltage is observed.The nonlinearity is also explained on the basis of the assumption that the double-capacity model consists of two δ-doped two-dimensional electron layers and a metallic gate,and the experimental result that the electron mobility is linear with the electron density on a log-log scale.展开更多
Depletion-induced stress change causes the redistribution of stress field in reservoirs,which can lead to the reorientation of principal stresses.Stress reorientation has a direct impact on fracture propagation of inf...Depletion-induced stress change causes the redistribution of stress field in reservoirs,which can lead to the reorientation of principal stresses.Stress reorientation has a direct impact on fracture propagation of infill wells.To understand the effect of stress reorientation on the propagation of infill well’s fractures,an integrated simulation workflow that combines the reservoir flow calculation and the infill well hydraulic fracturing modeling is adopted.The reservoir simulation is computed to examine the relationship between the extent of stress reversal region and reservoir properties.Then,the hydraulic fracturing model considering the altered stress field for production is built to characterize the stress evolution of secondary fracturing.Numerical simulations show that stress reorientation may occur due to the decreasing of the horizontal stresses in an elliptical region around the parent well.Also,the initial stress difference is the driving factor for stress reorientation.However,the bottom hole pressure,permeability and other properties connected with fluid flow control timing of the stress reorientation.The decrease of the horizontal stresses around the parent well lead to asymmetrical propagation of a hydraulic fracture of the infill well.The study provides insights on understanding the influence of stress reorientation to the infill well fracturing treatment and interference between parent and infill wells.展开更多
AIM: To compare iron depletion to lifestyle changes alone in patients with severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperferritinemia, a frequent feature associated with more severe liver damage, despite at...AIM: To compare iron depletion to lifestyle changes alone in patients with severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperferritinemia, a frequent feature associated with more severe liver damage, despite at least 6 mo of lifestyle changes.展开更多
Using a detailed, fully coupled chemistry climate model （CCM）, the effect of increasing stratospheric H20 on ozone and temperature is investigated. Different CCM time-slice runs have been performed to investigate th...Using a detailed, fully coupled chemistry climate model （CCM）, the effect of increasing stratospheric H20 on ozone and temperature is investigated. Different CCM time-slice runs have been performed to investigate the chemical and radiative impacts of an assumed 2 ppmv increase in H20. The chemical effects of this H20 increase lead to an overall decrease of the total column ozone （TCO） by ～1% in the tropics and by a maximum of 12% at southern high latitudes. At northern high latitudes, the TCO is increased by only up to 5% due to stronger transport in the Arctic. A 2-ppmv H2O increase in the model＇s radiation scheme causes a cooling of the tropical stratosphere of no more than 2 K, but a cooling of more than 4 K at high latitudes. Consequently, the TCO is increased by about 2%-6%. Increasing stratospheric H2O, therefore, cools the stratosphere both directly and indirectly, except in the polar regions where the temperature responds differently due to feedbacks between ozone and H2O changes. The combined chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O may give rise to more cooling in the tropics and middle latitudes but less cooling in the polar stratosphere. The combined effects of H2O increases on ozone tend to offset each other, except in the Arctic stratosphere where both the radiative and chemical impacts give rise to increased ozone. The chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O cause dynamical responses in the stratosphere with an evident hemispheric asymmetry. In terms of ozone recovery, increasing the stratospheric H2O is likely to accelerate the recovery in the northern high latitudes and delay it in the southern high latitudes. The modeled ozone recovery is more significant between 2000 ～2050 than between 2050～2100, driven mainly by the larger relative change in chlorine in the earlier period.展开更多
This paper details an investigation of the effects of oxide stringers on theβ-phase depletion behaviour in thermally sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings.Vacuum Plasma Sprayed(VPS)Co NiCrAlY coatings,which are free of oxide st...This paper details an investigation of the effects of oxide stringers on theβ-phase depletion behaviour in thermally sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings.Vacuum Plasma Sprayed(VPS)Co NiCrAlY coatings,which are free of oxide stringers,are used as the reference materials in comparison with High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel(HVOF)sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings during isothermal oxidation at 1100℃.An outer layer of spinel oxides and an inner layer of alumina are formed in the as-sprayed coatings,while only a single alumina scale is found in the heat-treated coatings.Lessβ-phase depletion occurred in the HVOF coatings than in the VPS coatings.It was found that theβphases tend to coalesce at the oxide stringers in the HVOF coatings,which is likely due to the internal oxide particles and stringers acting as short diffusion barriers to tie up theβphase and inhibit theβ-phase depletion.展开更多
The species richness and propagule number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)are high in intensively-managed agricultural soils.Past research has shown that AMF improve crop phosphorus(P)uptake under low soil P condi...The species richness and propagule number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)are high in intensively-managed agricultural soils.Past research has shown that AMF improve crop phosphorus(P)uptake under low soil P conditions,however it is unclear if AMF play a role in high Olsen-P soils.In this study,we investigated whether native fungal benefits exist under high P input field conditions in-situ and contribute to P utilization.We installed in-grow tubes which were sealed with different membrane pore sizes(30 or 0.45μm)to allow or prevent AMF hyphae access to the hyphal compartment and prevent cotton roots from penetrating the chamber.We used the depletion of soil available P(Olsen-P)in the hyphae accessed compartment to indicate P uptake by the native AMF community.Our results showed that the native AMF mediated P depletion and microbial biomass P(MBP)turnover and caused the largest Olsen-P depletion ratio and MBP turnover ratio in the high P treatments(Olsen-P:78.29 mg kg^(-1)).The cotton roots in each fertilization regime were colonized by a unique AMF community and Glomus and Paraglomus were the dominant genera,implying the longterm fertilization regimes domesticated the AMF community.We conclude that native AMF caused the P depletion and P turnover even under high soil Olsen-P conditions.展开更多
THe effects of strong convection electric field on the electron density in the auroral ionosphericF-region have been simulated numerically by means of a physical model. It is found that an enhancement of electric fiel...THe effects of strong convection electric field on the electron density in the auroral ionosphericF-region have been simulated numerically by means of a physical model. It is found that an enhancement of electric field directed west-northward in post-noon or west-southward in pre-noon results in an ionization depletion with its maximum at altitudes 40–50 km higher than that of theF 2 peak. When the enhanced electric field lasts for 45 min and has a maximum about 32 mV/m, the resulted ionization depletions reach their maximum at the time just ～10 min behind the time when the convection electric field and ion temperature enhancements reach their maximum. This is consistent well with EISCAT observations. The magnitudes of the percentage ionization depletions and their recovery time are dependent not only on the intensity of the electric field, but also on the diurnal variation phase of the background electron density.展开更多
Background Aging is a multifactorial process associated with an impairment of autonomic nervous system(ANS)function.Progressive ANS remodeling includes upregulation of expression of circulating catecholamines and depl...Background Aging is a multifactorial process associated with an impairment of autonomic nervous system(ANS)function.Progressive ANS remodeling includes upregulation of expression of circulating catecholamines and depletion of cardiac autonomic nerve fibers,and it is responsible,in part,for the increased susceptibility to cardiac diseases observed in elderly subjects.Neurotrophic factors,such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and nerve growth factor(NGF),are involved in synaptogenesis and neurite outgrowth processes,supporting neuronal cell differentiation and maturation.However,whether and how these factors and their downstream signaling are involved in cardiac aging remains unclear.Here,we tested whether,in the aged heart,the overall extent of autonomic fibers is reduced,owing to lower production of trophic factors such as BDNF and NGF.Methods In vivo,we used young(age:3 months;n=10)and old(age:24 months;n=11)male Fisher rats,whereas,we used human neuroblastoma(SH-SY5 Y)cells in vitro.Results Compared to the young rats,old rats displayed a marked reduction in the overall ANS fiber density,affecting both sympathetic and cholinergic compartments,as indicated by dopamineβ-hydroxylase(dβh)and vesicular acetylcholine transporter(Va Ch T)immunohistochemical staining.In addition,a marked downregulation of GAP-43 and BDNF protein was observed in the left ventricular lysates of old rats compared to those of young rats.Interestingly,we did not find any significant difference in cardiac NGF levels between the young and old groups.To further explore the impact of aging on ANS fibers,we treated SH-SY5 Y cells in vitro with serum obtained from young and old rats.Sera from both groups induced a remarkable increase in neuronal sprouting,as evidenced by a crystal violet assay.However,this effect was blunted in cells cultured with old rat serum and was accompanied by a marked reduction in GAP-43 and BDNF protein levels.Conclusions Our data indicate that physiological aging is associated with an impairment of ANS structure and function and that reduced BDNF levels are responsible,at least in part,for these phenomena.展开更多
The depletion interaction between a big sphere and a hard wall and between two big hard spheres in a hard sphere colloidal sytem was studied by the Monte Carlo method. Direct simulation of free energy difference was p...The depletion interaction between a big sphere and a hard wall and between two big hard spheres in a hard sphere colloidal sytem was studied by the Monte Carlo method. Direct simulation of free energy difference was performed by means of the Acceptance Ratio Method (ARM).展开更多
The depletion interactions between two large-spheres immersed in a fluid of small spheres under unsymmetrical geometrical confinement are studied through the acceptance ratio method. The numerical results show that no...The depletion interactions between two large-spheres immersed in a fluid of small spheres under unsymmetrical geometrical confinement are studied through the acceptance ratio method. The numerical results show that no matter whether the volume fraction is large or small, both the depletion potential and depletion force are affected by the presence of the two plates; the closer the two large spheres are to the plate, the larger the effects of the unsymmetrical confinements.展开更多
In response to limited availability of soil resources in basal root zone, plant extends its roots into nearby resource-rich zones to fulfill essential resource demands for survival and reproduction. This root prolifer...In response to limited availability of soil resources in basal root zone, plant extends its roots into nearby resource-rich zones to fulfill essential resource demands for survival and reproduction. This root proliferation into that enriched zones occupied by other plants constitutes interplant overlapping rooting zones and thereby the overlapping depletion zones, causing reduction in resource uptake by neighboring plants. By incorporating this mechanism into the classic resource competition model, we study interplant direct competition through their rooting system in an overlapping depletion zone. The model results indicate an extension of Tilman’s R* rule that has already been proved true when plants compete indirectly through their effect on shared resources. The results reveal that plant’s direct competitive ability (i.e., the ability to occupy an overlapping depletion zone by excluding others) can be characterized by its R*-value, where a best competitor having lowest R*-value excludes others from an overlapping zone and occupies the zone by depleting the resource level to the lowest as in its non-overlapping depletion zone. By analyzing the model, we find a suite of traits that confers R* variation among directly competing plants. This suite of traits would be a useful proxy measure for R* that do not necessarily require to establish equilibrium field monoculture—a requirement for R* measurement in the field.展开更多
Astrocytes and astrocyte-related proteins play important roles in maintaining normal brain function,and also regulate pathological processes in brain diseases and injury.However,the role of astrocytes in the dopamine-...Astrocytes and astrocyte-related proteins play important roles in maintaining normal brain function,and also regulate pathological processes in brain diseases and injury.However,the role of astrocytes in the dopamine-depleted striatum remains unclear.A rat model of Parkinson’s disease was therefore established by injecting 10μL 6-hydroxydopamine(2.5μg/μL)into the right medial forebrain bundle.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),calcium-binding protein B(S100B),and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)in the striatum,and to investigate the co-expression of GFAP with S100B and STAT3.Western blot assay was used to measure the protein expression of GFAP,S100B,and STAT3 in the striatum.Results demonstrated that striatal GFAP-immunoreactive cells had an astrocytic appearance under normal conditions,but that dopamine depletion induced a reactive phenotype with obvious morphological changes.The normal striatum also contained S100B and STAT3 expression.S100B-immunoreactive cells were uniform in the striatum,with round bodies and sparse,thin processes.STAT3-immunoreactive cells presented round cell bodies with sparse processes,or were darkly stained with a large cell body.Dopamine deprivation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine significantly enhanced the immunohistochemical positive reaction of S100B and STAT3.Normal striatal astrocytes expressed both S100B and STAT3.Striatal dopamine deprivation increased the number of GFAP/S100B and GFAP/STAT3 double-labeled cells,and increased the protein levels of GFAP,S100B,and STAT3.The present results suggest that morphological changes in astrocytes and changes in expression levels of astrocyte-related proteins are involved in the pathological process of striatal dopamine depletion.The study was approved by Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University,China(Zhongshan Medical Ethics 2014 No.23)on September 22,2014.展开更多
The accurate modeling of depletion,intricately tied to the solution of the neutron transport equation,is crucial for the design,analysis,and licensing of nuclear reactors and their fuel cycles.This paper introduces a ...The accurate modeling of depletion,intricately tied to the solution of the neutron transport equation,is crucial for the design,analysis,and licensing of nuclear reactors and their fuel cycles.This paper introduces a novel multi-group Monte-Carlo depletion calculation approach.Multi-group cross-sections(MGXS)are derived from both 3D whole-core model and 2D fuel subassembly model using the continuous-energy Monte-Carlo method.Core calculations employ the multi-group Monte-Carlo method,accommodating both homogeneous and specific local heterogeneous geometries.The proposed method has been validated against the MET-1000 metal-fueled fast reactors,using both the OECD/NEA benchmark and a new refueling benchmark introduced in this paper.Our findings suggest that microscopic MGXS,produced via the Monte-Carlo method,are viable for fast reactor depletion analyses.Furthermore,the locally heterogeneous model with angular-dependent MGXS offers robust predictions for core reactivity,control rod value,sodium void value,Doppler constants,power distribution,and concentration levels.展开更多
Ozone (O3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential factor for many global, biological and environmental phenomena. The ultra-violet (UV)...Ozone (O3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential factor for many global, biological and environmental phenomena. The ultra-violet (UV) rays emitted from sun are captured by ozone and thereby provide a stable ontological structure in the biosphere. Various anthropogenic activities such as emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and other organo-halogens lead to the depletion of ozone. The ozone depletion resulted in secondary production of an ozone layer near the ground (terrestrial ozone layer), which is responsible for adverse effects on plants, humans and environment with increased number of bronchial diseases in humans. The mutations caused by UV rays result in variation in morphogenic traits of plants which ultimately decreases crop productivity. However, UV radiation is required in optimum intensity for both plants and animals. This review takes into an account the wide ranging effects of ozone depletion with a majority of them being detrimental to the plant system.展开更多
In the central nervous system,immunologic surveillance and response are carried out,in large part,by microglia.These resident macrophages derive from myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac,migrating to the brain...In the central nervous system,immunologic surveillance and response are carried out,in large part,by microglia.These resident macrophages derive from myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac,migrating to the brain and eventually populating local tissue prior to blood-brain barrier formation.Preserved for the duration of lifespan,microglia serve the host as more than just a central arm of innate immunity,also contributing significantly to the development and maintenance of neurons and neural networks,as well as neuroregeneration.The critical nature of these varied functions makes the characterization of key roles played by microglia in neurodegenerative disorders,especially Alzheimer’s disease,of paramount importance.While genetic models and rudimentary pharmacologic approaches for microglial manipulation have greatly improved our understanding of central nervous system health and disease,significant advances in the selective and near complete in vitro and in vivo depletion of microglia for neuroscience application continue to push the boundaries of research.Here we discuss the research efficacy and utility of various microglial depletion strategies,including the highly effective CSF1R inhibitor models,noteworthy insights into the relationship between microglia and neurodegeneration,and the potential for therapeutic repurposing of microglial depletion and repopulation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3206801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171041).
文摘Identifying plant water sources is fundamental for elucidating ecohydrological processes and improving water resource management in arid zones under climate change.Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are commonly used to trace plant water uptake;however,cryogenic vacuum extraction(CVE),the standard method for extracting plant xylem water,may induce deuterium depletion,thereby biasing source attribution.To systematically assess the effects of CVE-induced deuterium depletion across species,size classes,and habitats,we excavated five representative soil profiles along the mainstream of the Tarim River in northwestern China,in mid-July 2022.A total of 29 individuals,comprising both Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima,were sampled.We divided P.euphratica individuals into four groups based on diameter at breast height(<50,50-100,100-250,and>250 cm),while categorized T.ramosissima individuals into four groups according to plant height(<1.0,1.0-2.0,2.0-4.0,and>4.0 m).Plant xylem water was extracted using CVE,and five deuterium depletion scenarios(-5.00‰,-7.00‰,-9.00‰,-11.00‰,and-13.00‰)were simulated.The Bayesian Mixing Model for Stable Isotope Analysis in R(MixSIAR)was applied under six input modes to quantify the proportional contributions of potential water sources and associated prediction errors.Model evaluation revealed that P.euphratica achieved the highest accuracy with a-9.00‰correction of depletion,whereas a-11.00‰ correction was optimal for T.ramosissima,reducing relative prediction errors by 68.65%and 67.73%,respectively,compared with uncorrected scenario.Small-sized P.euphratica individuals exhibited less deuterium depletion,whereas no clear size-dependent pattern was observed for T.ramosissima.Spatially,plant individuals located farther from the river exhibited reduced deuterium depletion in xylem water.Despite differences in species traits and habitat conditions,both species predominantly relied on deep soil water and groundwater,which together contributed,on average,61.45%and 59.95%for P.euphratica and T.ramosissima,respectively.These findings highlight the necessity of accounting for CVE-induced deuterium depletion when identifying plant water-use strategies and provide methodological guidance for isotope-based ecohydrological studies in arid environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 52404044).
文摘There are limited quantitative studies on condensate gas using microfluidics under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.This study employed microfluidics chips based on real porous media structures to conduct constant volume depletion experiments and investigate the microscopic mechanisms of condensate gas recovery.The aim of the experiments was to reveal the phase-behavior differences between bulk-phase gas and gas contained in porous media.The results revealed that condensate oil recovery in microfluidics experiments was higher than that in PVT cell tests,and nonuniform condensation and evaporation were exclusively observed in the microfluidics experiments.Furthermore,lower pore connectivity resulted in higher depletion recovery,while more developed fractures led to reduced recovery.Specifically,the chip with fewer fractures achieved the highest recovery(71.15%),whereas the highly fractured chip exhibited the lowest recovery(56.11%).These findings demonstrate that oil saturation during the process of constant volume depletion(CVD)of gas condensate within porous media is lower than that observed in the PVT cell,thus providing experimental evidence for optimizing condensate gas development in field applications.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42107163 and 42320104003)support from the G.Albert Shoemaker endowment.
文摘Hydraulic fracturing then fluid circulation in enhanced geothermal system(EGS)reservoirs have been shown to induce seismicity remote from the stimulation-potentially generated by the distal projection of thermoporoelastic stresses.We explore this phenomenon by evaluating stress perturbations resulting from stimulation of a single stage of hydraulic fracturing that is followed by thermal depletion of a prismatic zone adjacent to the hydraulic fracture.We use Coulomb failure stress to assess the effect of resulting stress perturbations on instability on adjacent critically-stressed faults.Results show that hydraulic fracturing in a single stage is capable of creating stress perturbations at distances to 1000 m that reach 10^(-5)-10^(-4)MPa.At a closer distance,the magnitude of stress perturbations increases even further.The stress perturbation induced by temperature depletion could also reach 10^(-3)-10^(-2)MPa within 1000 m-much higher than that by hydraulic fracturing.Considering that a critical change in Coulomb failure stress for fault instability is 10^(-2)MPa,a single stage of hydraulic fracturing and thermal drawdown are capable of reactivating critically-stressed faults at distances within 200 m and 1000 m,respectively.These results have important implications for understanding the distribution and magnitudes of stress perturbations driven by thermoporoelastic effects and the associated seismicity during the simulation and early production of EGS reservoirs.
基金supported by the Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics(ELI-NP)Phase Ⅱ,a project co-financed by the Romanian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund—the Competitiveness Operational Programme(1/07.07.2016,COP,ID 1334)the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation:PN23210105(Phase 2,the Program Nucleu),ELI-RO grants Proiectul ELI-RO/RDI_2024_AMAP,ELI-RO_RDI_2024_LaLuThe,ELIRO_RDI_2024_SPARC+4 种基金ELI10/01.10.2020 of the Romanian Governmentthe European Union,the Romanian Governmentthe Health Program,within the project“Medical Applications of High-Power Lasers—Dr.LASER”SMIS Code:326475the IOSIN funds for research infrastructures of national interest.
文摘We propose a novel scheme for the population and depletion of nuclear isomers.This scheme combines the γ photons with energiesà 10 keV emitted during the interaction of a contemporary high-intensity laser pulse with a plasma and one or multiple photon beams supplied by intense lasers.Owing to nonlinear effects,two-or multiphoton absorption dominates over the conventional multistep one-photon process for an optimized γ flash.Moreover,this nonlinear effect can be greatly enhanced with the help of externally supplied low-energy photons coming from another laser.These low-energy photons act such that the effective cross-section experienced by the γ photons becomes tunable,growing with the intensity I_(0) of the beam.Assuming I_(0)~10^(18) W·cm^(-2) for the photon beam,an effective cross-section as large as 10^(-21)-10^(-28) cm^(2) for the γ photons can be achieved.Thus,with state-of-the-art 10 PW laser facilities,the yields from two-photon absorption can reach 10^(6)-10^(9) isomers per shot for selected states that are separated from their ground state by E2 transitions.Similar yields for transitions with higher multipolarities can be accommodated by multiphoton absorption with additional photons provided.
基金supported by Jiangsu Commission of Health(No.x202308)The Suzhou Gusu Health Talents Scientific Research Project(No.GSWS2021052).
文摘To the editor:The liver’s immune-privileged status allows for a unique microenvironment that supports tumour growth and metastasis.In hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the balance between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells plays a crucial role in determining patient outcomes.The expression of programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-1)and other immune checkpoint molecules contributes to a pro-tumourigenic microenvironment and is associated with poor prognosis.Additionally,the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment adds complexity to disease progression and treatment response.
文摘The low-temperature measurement of Hall effect of the two-dimensional electron system in a double-layered gated Si-δ-doped GaAs is presented.A complex peculiar nonlinear dependence of the depletion on gate voltage is observed.The nonlinearity is also explained on the basis of the assumption that the double-capacity model consists of two δ-doped two-dimensional electron layers and a metallic gate,and the experimental result that the electron mobility is linear with the electron density on a log-log scale.
基金the support provided by the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of CNPC(Grant No.kt2017-19-01-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41772286,No.42077247 and No.42002271)+2 种基金Petro China Innovation Foundation(Grant No.2018D-5007-0202)Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021T140514)Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Z020009)。
文摘Depletion-induced stress change causes the redistribution of stress field in reservoirs,which can lead to the reorientation of principal stresses.Stress reorientation has a direct impact on fracture propagation of infill wells.To understand the effect of stress reorientation on the propagation of infill well’s fractures,an integrated simulation workflow that combines the reservoir flow calculation and the infill well hydraulic fracturing modeling is adopted.The reservoir simulation is computed to examine the relationship between the extent of stress reversal region and reservoir properties.Then,the hydraulic fracturing model considering the altered stress field for production is built to characterize the stress evolution of secondary fracturing.Numerical simulations show that stress reorientation may occur due to the decreasing of the horizontal stresses in an elliptical region around the parent well.Also,the initial stress difference is the driving factor for stress reorientation.However,the bottom hole pressure,permeability and other properties connected with fluid flow control timing of the stress reorientation.The decrease of the horizontal stresses around the parent well lead to asymmetrical propagation of a hydraulic fracture of the infill well.The study provides insights on understanding the influence of stress reorientation to the infill well fracturing treatment and interference between parent and infill wells.
基金Supported by Associazione Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato ONLUS(Non-profit organization for the Study and Care of Metabolic Liver Diseases),Centro Studi Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato,Universitàdegli Studi di Milano
文摘AIM: To compare iron depletion to lifestyle changes alone in patients with severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperferritinemia, a frequent feature associated with more severe liver damage, despite at least 6 mo of lifestyle changes.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40575019, 40730949)the U.K. Natural Environ-ment Research Council (NERC)
文摘Using a detailed, fully coupled chemistry climate model （CCM）, the effect of increasing stratospheric H20 on ozone and temperature is investigated. Different CCM time-slice runs have been performed to investigate the chemical and radiative impacts of an assumed 2 ppmv increase in H20. The chemical effects of this H20 increase lead to an overall decrease of the total column ozone （TCO） by ～1% in the tropics and by a maximum of 12% at southern high latitudes. At northern high latitudes, the TCO is increased by only up to 5% due to stronger transport in the Arctic. A 2-ppmv H2O increase in the model＇s radiation scheme causes a cooling of the tropical stratosphere of no more than 2 K, but a cooling of more than 4 K at high latitudes. Consequently, the TCO is increased by about 2%-6%. Increasing stratospheric H2O, therefore, cools the stratosphere both directly and indirectly, except in the polar regions where the temperature responds differently due to feedbacks between ozone and H2O changes. The combined chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O may give rise to more cooling in the tropics and middle latitudes but less cooling in the polar stratosphere. The combined effects of H2O increases on ozone tend to offset each other, except in the Arctic stratosphere where both the radiative and chemical impacts give rise to increased ozone. The chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O cause dynamical responses in the stratosphere with an evident hemispheric asymmetry. In terms of ozone recovery, increasing the stratospheric H2O is likely to accelerate the recovery in the northern high latitudes and delay it in the southern high latitudes. The modeled ozone recovery is more significant between 2000 ～2050 than between 2050～2100, driven mainly by the larger relative change in chlorine in the earlier period.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.LQ18E010002Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51901107+1 种基金Ningbo Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.2018A610168,2019A610176Zhejiang Qianjiang Talent Scheme under Grant No.QJD1803012。
文摘This paper details an investigation of the effects of oxide stringers on theβ-phase depletion behaviour in thermally sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings.Vacuum Plasma Sprayed(VPS)Co NiCrAlY coatings,which are free of oxide stringers,are used as the reference materials in comparison with High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel(HVOF)sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings during isothermal oxidation at 1100℃.An outer layer of spinel oxides and an inner layer of alumina are formed in the as-sprayed coatings,while only a single alumina scale is found in the heat-treated coatings.Lessβ-phase depletion occurred in the HVOF coatings than in the VPS coatings.It was found that theβphases tend to coalesce at the oxide stringers in the HVOF coatings,which is likely due to the internal oxide particles and stringers acting as short diffusion barriers to tie up theβphase and inhibit theβ-phase depletion.
基金financially supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(6202015)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1703232)the Hatch Project(ALA014-1-16016)funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture,US Department of Agriculture。
文摘The species richness and propagule number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)are high in intensively-managed agricultural soils.Past research has shown that AMF improve crop phosphorus(P)uptake under low soil P conditions,however it is unclear if AMF play a role in high Olsen-P soils.In this study,we investigated whether native fungal benefits exist under high P input field conditions in-situ and contribute to P utilization.We installed in-grow tubes which were sealed with different membrane pore sizes(30 or 0.45μm)to allow or prevent AMF hyphae access to the hyphal compartment and prevent cotton roots from penetrating the chamber.We used the depletion of soil available P(Olsen-P)in the hyphae accessed compartment to indicate P uptake by the native AMF community.Our results showed that the native AMF mediated P depletion and microbial biomass P(MBP)turnover and caused the largest Olsen-P depletion ratio and MBP turnover ratio in the high P treatments(Olsen-P:78.29 mg kg^(-1)).The cotton roots in each fertilization regime were colonized by a unique AMF community and Glomus and Paraglomus were the dominant genera,implying the longterm fertilization regimes domesticated the AMF community.We conclude that native AMF caused the P depletion and P turnover even under high soil Olsen-P conditions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (496742 4140 0 740 3 9) and the Research Fund forthe Doctoral Program of Higher Education in China
文摘THe effects of strong convection electric field on the electron density in the auroral ionosphericF-region have been simulated numerically by means of a physical model. It is found that an enhancement of electric field directed west-northward in post-noon or west-southward in pre-noon results in an ionization depletion with its maximum at altitudes 40–50 km higher than that of theF 2 peak. When the enhanced electric field lasts for 45 min and has a maximum about 32 mV/m, the resulted ionization depletions reach their maximum at the time just ～10 min behind the time when the convection electric field and ion temperature enhancements reach their maximum. This is consistent well with EISCAT observations. The magnitudes of the percentage ionization depletions and their recovery time are dependent not only on the intensity of the electric field, but also on the diurnal variation phase of the background electron density.
基金supported by R01 HL136918(to N.P.)STAR 2016 program(to GR)partly supported by the Italian Ministry of Education,Universities,and Research-Rita Levi Montalcini 2016(to AC)。
文摘Background Aging is a multifactorial process associated with an impairment of autonomic nervous system(ANS)function.Progressive ANS remodeling includes upregulation of expression of circulating catecholamines and depletion of cardiac autonomic nerve fibers,and it is responsible,in part,for the increased susceptibility to cardiac diseases observed in elderly subjects.Neurotrophic factors,such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and nerve growth factor(NGF),are involved in synaptogenesis and neurite outgrowth processes,supporting neuronal cell differentiation and maturation.However,whether and how these factors and their downstream signaling are involved in cardiac aging remains unclear.Here,we tested whether,in the aged heart,the overall extent of autonomic fibers is reduced,owing to lower production of trophic factors such as BDNF and NGF.Methods In vivo,we used young(age:3 months;n=10)and old(age:24 months;n=11)male Fisher rats,whereas,we used human neuroblastoma(SH-SY5 Y)cells in vitro.Results Compared to the young rats,old rats displayed a marked reduction in the overall ANS fiber density,affecting both sympathetic and cholinergic compartments,as indicated by dopamineβ-hydroxylase(dβh)and vesicular acetylcholine transporter(Va Ch T)immunohistochemical staining.In addition,a marked downregulation of GAP-43 and BDNF protein was observed in the left ventricular lysates of old rats compared to those of young rats.Interestingly,we did not find any significant difference in cardiac NGF levels between the young and old groups.To further explore the impact of aging on ANS fibers,we treated SH-SY5 Y cells in vitro with serum obtained from young and old rats.Sera from both groups induced a remarkable increase in neuronal sprouting,as evidenced by a crystal violet assay.However,this effect was blunted in cells cultured with old rat serum and was accompanied by a marked reduction in GAP-43 and BDNF protein levels.Conclusions Our data indicate that physiological aging is associated with an impairment of ANS structure and function and that reduced BDNF levels are responsible,at least in part,for these phenomena.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No.1982 5 113No.198470 0 3) and F und from Shanghai Science and Technology Committee
文摘The depletion interaction between a big sphere and a hard wall and between two big hard spheres in a hard sphere colloidal sytem was studied by the Monte Carlo method. Direct simulation of free energy difference was performed by means of the Acceptance Ratio Method (ARM).
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10375024） and the Science Foundation of Hunan Educational Committee, China
文摘The depletion interactions between two large-spheres immersed in a fluid of small spheres under unsymmetrical geometrical confinement are studied through the acceptance ratio method. The numerical results show that no matter whether the volume fraction is large or small, both the depletion potential and depletion force are affected by the presence of the two plates; the closer the two large spheres are to the plate, the larger the effects of the unsymmetrical confinements.
基金supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation’s Biocomplexity Program (DEB-0421530)LTER Program (DEB0620482)
文摘In response to limited availability of soil resources in basal root zone, plant extends its roots into nearby resource-rich zones to fulfill essential resource demands for survival and reproduction. This root proliferation into that enriched zones occupied by other plants constitutes interplant overlapping rooting zones and thereby the overlapping depletion zones, causing reduction in resource uptake by neighboring plants. By incorporating this mechanism into the classic resource competition model, we study interplant direct competition through their rooting system in an overlapping depletion zone. The model results indicate an extension of Tilman’s R* rule that has already been proved true when plants compete indirectly through their effect on shared resources. The results reveal that plant’s direct competitive ability (i.e., the ability to occupy an overlapping depletion zone by excluding others) can be characterized by its R*-value, where a best competitor having lowest R*-value excludes others from an overlapping zone and occupies the zone by depleting the resource level to the lowest as in its non-overlapping depletion zone. By analyzing the model, we find a suite of traits that confers R* variation among directly competing plants. This suite of traits would be a useful proxy measure for R* that do not necessarily require to establish equilibrium field monoculture—a requirement for R* measurement in the field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81471288(to WLL)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program),No.2017YFA0104704(to WLL)
文摘Astrocytes and astrocyte-related proteins play important roles in maintaining normal brain function,and also regulate pathological processes in brain diseases and injury.However,the role of astrocytes in the dopamine-depleted striatum remains unclear.A rat model of Parkinson’s disease was therefore established by injecting 10μL 6-hydroxydopamine(2.5μg/μL)into the right medial forebrain bundle.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),calcium-binding protein B(S100B),and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)in the striatum,and to investigate the co-expression of GFAP with S100B and STAT3.Western blot assay was used to measure the protein expression of GFAP,S100B,and STAT3 in the striatum.Results demonstrated that striatal GFAP-immunoreactive cells had an astrocytic appearance under normal conditions,but that dopamine depletion induced a reactive phenotype with obvious morphological changes.The normal striatum also contained S100B and STAT3 expression.S100B-immunoreactive cells were uniform in the striatum,with round bodies and sparse,thin processes.STAT3-immunoreactive cells presented round cell bodies with sparse processes,or were darkly stained with a large cell body.Dopamine deprivation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine significantly enhanced the immunohistochemical positive reaction of S100B and STAT3.Normal striatal astrocytes expressed both S100B and STAT3.Striatal dopamine deprivation increased the number of GFAP/S100B and GFAP/STAT3 double-labeled cells,and increased the protein levels of GFAP,S100B,and STAT3.The present results suggest that morphological changes in astrocytes and changes in expression levels of astrocyte-related proteins are involved in the pathological process of striatal dopamine depletion.The study was approved by Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University,China(Zhongshan Medical Ethics 2014 No.23)on September 22,2014.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12105170,12135008)Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory.
文摘The accurate modeling of depletion,intricately tied to the solution of the neutron transport equation,is crucial for the design,analysis,and licensing of nuclear reactors and their fuel cycles.This paper introduces a novel multi-group Monte-Carlo depletion calculation approach.Multi-group cross-sections(MGXS)are derived from both 3D whole-core model and 2D fuel subassembly model using the continuous-energy Monte-Carlo method.Core calculations employ the multi-group Monte-Carlo method,accommodating both homogeneous and specific local heterogeneous geometries.The proposed method has been validated against the MET-1000 metal-fueled fast reactors,using both the OECD/NEA benchmark and a new refueling benchmark introduced in this paper.Our findings suggest that microscopic MGXS,produced via the Monte-Carlo method,are viable for fast reactor depletion analyses.Furthermore,the locally heterogeneous model with angular-dependent MGXS offers robust predictions for core reactivity,control rod value,sodium void value,Doppler constants,power distribution,and concentration levels.
文摘Ozone (O3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential factor for many global, biological and environmental phenomena. The ultra-violet (UV) rays emitted from sun are captured by ozone and thereby provide a stable ontological structure in the biosphere. Various anthropogenic activities such as emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and other organo-halogens lead to the depletion of ozone. The ozone depletion resulted in secondary production of an ozone layer near the ground (terrestrial ozone layer), which is responsible for adverse effects on plants, humans and environment with increased number of bronchial diseases in humans. The mutations caused by UV rays result in variation in morphogenic traits of plants which ultimately decreases crop productivity. However, UV radiation is required in optimum intensity for both plants and animals. This review takes into an account the wide ranging effects of ozone depletion with a majority of them being detrimental to the plant system.
基金This work was supported by DePaul University grant URC450622(to EC).
文摘In the central nervous system,immunologic surveillance and response are carried out,in large part,by microglia.These resident macrophages derive from myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac,migrating to the brain and eventually populating local tissue prior to blood-brain barrier formation.Preserved for the duration of lifespan,microglia serve the host as more than just a central arm of innate immunity,also contributing significantly to the development and maintenance of neurons and neural networks,as well as neuroregeneration.The critical nature of these varied functions makes the characterization of key roles played by microglia in neurodegenerative disorders,especially Alzheimer’s disease,of paramount importance.While genetic models and rudimentary pharmacologic approaches for microglial manipulation have greatly improved our understanding of central nervous system health and disease,significant advances in the selective and near complete in vitro and in vivo depletion of microglia for neuroscience application continue to push the boundaries of research.Here we discuss the research efficacy and utility of various microglial depletion strategies,including the highly effective CSF1R inhibitor models,noteworthy insights into the relationship between microglia and neurodegeneration,and the potential for therapeutic repurposing of microglial depletion and repopulation.
