This study investigates the 19th-century Russian restoration of the Church of St.Nicholas in Demre,Turkey,within the framework of evolving international conservation practices and Ottoman heritage policies.Through arc...This study investigates the 19th-century Russian restoration of the Church of St.Nicholas in Demre,Turkey,within the framework of evolving international conservation practices and Ottoman heritage policies.Through archival analysis,travelers'accounts,and comparative architectural evaluation,the research reveals how geopolitical rivalries and ideological agendas shaped the church's transformation.While European nations like Italy,France,and England institutionalized conservation ethics in the 19th century,the Ottoman Empire's delayed adoption of systematic policies until the 1869 Antiquities Regulation allowed foreign interventions to proceed unchecked.Russian efforts,initiated in 1850s preserved the church structurally but imposed radical alterations which compromised historical authenticity.The Ottomans countered through militarized control of strategic sites like Andriake Port,while the Ecumenical Patriarchate resisted Russian hegemony to safeguard religious identity.Archival documents underscore the church's role as a contested space,reflecting Trigger's paradigm of archaeology as a tool of nationalism and imperialism.This case study illuminates the duality of conservation as both a technical and political practice,where preservation and power intersect.By exposing the tensions between authenticity,ideology,and legacy,the study contributes to broader discourses on heritage management,urging a re-evaluation of conservation as a dynamic socio-political process rather than a mere technical endeavor.展开更多
Active DNA demethylation effectively modulates gene expression during plant development and in response to stress.However,little is known about the upstream regulatory factors that regulate DNA demethylation.We determ...Active DNA demethylation effectively modulates gene expression during plant development and in response to stress.However,little is known about the upstream regulatory factors that regulate DNA demethylation.We determined that the demethylation regulator 1(demr1)mutant exhibits a distinct DNA methylation profile at selected loci queried by methylation-sensitive polymerase chain reaction and globally based on whole-genome bisulfite sequencing.Notably,the transcript levels of the DNA demethylase gene REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1(ROS1)were lower in the demr1 mutant.We established that DEMR1 directly binds to the ROS1 promoter in vivo and in vitro,and the methylation level in the DNA methylation monitoring sequence of ROS1 promoter decreased by 60%in the demr1 mutant.About 40%of the hyper-differentially methylated regions(DMRs)in the demr1 mutant were shared with the ros1-4 mutant.Genetic analysis indicated that DEMR1 acts upstream of ROS1 to positively regulate abscisic acid(ABA)signaling during seed germination and seedling establishment stages.Surprisingly,the loss of DEMR1 function also caused a rise in methylation levels of the mitochondrial genome,impaired mitochondrial structure and an early flowering phenotype.Together,our results show that DEMR1 is a novel regulator of DNA demethylation of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in response to ABA and plant development in Arabidopsis.展开更多
基金supported during process of publication by Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University。
文摘This study investigates the 19th-century Russian restoration of the Church of St.Nicholas in Demre,Turkey,within the framework of evolving international conservation practices and Ottoman heritage policies.Through archival analysis,travelers'accounts,and comparative architectural evaluation,the research reveals how geopolitical rivalries and ideological agendas shaped the church's transformation.While European nations like Italy,France,and England institutionalized conservation ethics in the 19th century,the Ottoman Empire's delayed adoption of systematic policies until the 1869 Antiquities Regulation allowed foreign interventions to proceed unchecked.Russian efforts,initiated in 1850s preserved the church structurally but imposed radical alterations which compromised historical authenticity.The Ottomans countered through militarized control of strategic sites like Andriake Port,while the Ecumenical Patriarchate resisted Russian hegemony to safeguard religious identity.Archival documents underscore the church's role as a contested space,reflecting Trigger's paradigm of archaeology as a tool of nationalism and imperialism.This case study illuminates the duality of conservation as both a technical and political practice,where preservation and power intersect.By exposing the tensions between authenticity,ideology,and legacy,the study contributes to broader discourses on heritage management,urging a re-evaluation of conservation as a dynamic socio-political process rather than a mere technical endeavor.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970292 and 32170306)。
文摘Active DNA demethylation effectively modulates gene expression during plant development and in response to stress.However,little is known about the upstream regulatory factors that regulate DNA demethylation.We determined that the demethylation regulator 1(demr1)mutant exhibits a distinct DNA methylation profile at selected loci queried by methylation-sensitive polymerase chain reaction and globally based on whole-genome bisulfite sequencing.Notably,the transcript levels of the DNA demethylase gene REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1(ROS1)were lower in the demr1 mutant.We established that DEMR1 directly binds to the ROS1 promoter in vivo and in vitro,and the methylation level in the DNA methylation monitoring sequence of ROS1 promoter decreased by 60%in the demr1 mutant.About 40%of the hyper-differentially methylated regions(DMRs)in the demr1 mutant were shared with the ros1-4 mutant.Genetic analysis indicated that DEMR1 acts upstream of ROS1 to positively regulate abscisic acid(ABA)signaling during seed germination and seedling establishment stages.Surprisingly,the loss of DEMR1 function also caused a rise in methylation levels of the mitochondrial genome,impaired mitochondrial structure and an early flowering phenotype.Together,our results show that DEMR1 is a novel regulator of DNA demethylation of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in response to ABA and plant development in Arabidopsis.
