Repositories for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste rely on multi-barrier systems to isolate waste from the biosphere.A multi-barrier system typically comprises the natural geological barrier provided by th...Repositories for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste rely on multi-barrier systems to isolate waste from the biosphere.A multi-barrier system typically comprises the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock e in our case the Opalinus Clay e and an engineered barrier system(EBS).The Swiss repository concept for spent fuel and vitrified high-level waste(HLW)consists of waste canisters,which are emplaced horizontally in the middle of an emplacement gallery and are separated from the gallery wall by granular backfill material(GBM).We describe here a selection of five in-situ experiments where characteristic hydro-mechanical(HM)and thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes have been observed.The first example is a coupled HM and mine-by test where the evolution of the excavation damaged zone(EDZ)was monitored around a gallery in the Opalinus Clay(ED-B experiment).Measurements of pore-water pressures and convergences due to stress redistribution during excavation highlighted the HM behaviour.The same measurements were subsequently carried out in a heater test(HE-D)where we were able to characterise the Opalinus Clay in terms of its THM behaviour.These yielded detailed data to better understand the THM behaviours of the granular backfill and the natural host rock.For a presentation of the Swiss concept for HLW storage,we designed three demonstration experiments that were subsequently implemented in the Mont Terri rock laboratory:(1)the engineered barrier(EB)experiment,(2)the in-situ heater test on key-THM processes and parameters(HE-E)experiment,and(3)the full-scale emplacement(FE)experiment.The first demonstration experiment has been dismantled,but the last two ones are on-going.展开更多
Shock-timing experiments are indispensable to inertial confinement fusion mainly because the timing of multiple shock waves is crucial to understanding the processes of laser irradiation of targets. Investigations int...Shock-timing experiments are indispensable to inertial confinement fusion mainly because the timing of multiple shock waves is crucial to understanding the processes of laser irradiation of targets. Investigations into shock waves driven by a two-step radiation pulse in polystyrene（CH） capsule targets are experimentally conducted at the Shen Guang Ⅱ laser facility. Differing from the traditional shock-timing implementation in which one shock wave could catch up with another one in solid CH, in this experiment, the second shock front in a rarefaction CH layer is observed through velocity interferometry. This second shock could also be made to converge with rarefaction waves within only a few micrometers of the CH capsule by designing the two-shock coalescence time. A shock-timing diagnostic technique to tune the multi-shock convergence in the CH capsule can thereby be achieved.The experimental results in the CH layer are quasi-quantitatively interpreted using streamlines simulated with the Multi-1 D program. The experimental results are expected to offer important information for target structure and laser pulse design, both of which are important for realizing inertial confinement fusion.展开更多
Aviation contributes about 4%to net anthropogenic climate forcing,with contrails being the largest individual contributor to radiative forcing from aviation.One option to mitigate contrail-related climate impacts is u...Aviation contributes about 4%to net anthropogenic climate forcing,with contrails being the largest individual contributor to radiative forcing from aviation.One option to mitigate contrail-related climate impacts is using kerosene containing fewer or no aromatic components and thus showing a higher hydrogen content compared to conventional kerosene(i.e.,fossil fuel-based).Such“low contrail”kerosene can be provided as a blend of conventional(crude oil-based)and synthetic kerosene or from hydroprocessing conventional kerosene.Low contrail kerosene reduces contrail lifetime and optical thickness and thus the magnitude of contrail climate forcing.However,market shares of such kerosene are presently very low.Simultaneously,a small fraction(<10%)of all flights globally accounts for the majority(>80%)of global warming contrail climate forcing.Hence,the targeted use of low contrail kerosene on those flights appears promising.But,such an approach would require additional operational efforts,such as a duplication of supply lines and storage tanks.This study evaluates the feasibility and operational efforts of a segregated supply of a 35 m-%SAF-blend(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)to 84 winter time demonstration flights to reduce contrail climate forcing.Between 17th January 2023 and 2nd February 2023,low contrail kerosene was supplied to commercial A320 type aircraft flights on the route between Stockholm and Copenhagen in northern Europe.The operational feasibility and related efforts to target flights with the highest contrail energy forcing as well as a large-scale application are described.The evolution of contrails is tracked using data from the Meteosat Second Generation(MSG)satellite.The contrail energy forcing is calculated for the corresponding flight trajectories assuming another,well-validated engine model(CFM56–5B4 for the simulations instead of LEAP1A-26 for the demonstration flights)using the Contrail Cirrus Prediction(CoCiP)model with meteorological input fields from European Reanalysis data(ERA5).For the first time,the experiment demonstrates the operational feasibility for a segregated supply of low contrail kerosene to medium range aircraft at Stockholm airport.The segregated supply of low contrail kerosene can be realized for short to medium range flights,which can be fueled by a refueller truck.Targeting individual flights via single line hydrant fueling systems seems impractical as of now.Operational efforts to target single flights with highest contrail energy forcing are almost identical to the efforts in this demonstration experiment.Simulations estimate that the segregated supply of the medium blend kerosene(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)can reduce contrail energy forcing by about 11%assuming the use of a“Rich-Quench-Lean”(RQL)engine(CFM56–5B4).The contrail climate benefit increases to>20%for a 50%blend ratio(14.7 m-%hydrogen content).Also,the location and evolution of the demonstration flights’28 contrails calculated with CoCiP was tracked with satellite data.The uncertainty of absolute contrail climate forcing estimates is mainly limited due to meteorological data input and also by lacking information on fuel composition in terms of cycloalkane,mono-and polycyclic aromatics content.Contrarily,the uncertainty of relative changes in contrail climate forcing is subject to low uncertainty,since it compares the use of different fuels for an identical fleet and identical weather conditions.展开更多
Corn is a staple food of Anhui Province. For example, the growing area of corn keeps increasing in Suixi County recently. In 2014, Hua＇an No.513 was in- troduced to Chenlou Village, Suntuan Town, totaling 2.67 hm2, a...Corn is a staple food of Anhui Province. For example, the growing area of corn keeps increasing in Suixi County recently. In 2014, Hua＇an No.513 was in- troduced to Chenlou Village, Suntuan Town, totaling 2.67 hm2, and yield reached as high as 9 558 kg/hm2. The research explored simplified cultivation technology in demonstration regions in Suixi County of Hua＇an No.513 in order to investigate the highly-yielding and highly-efficient cultivation technology of Hua＇an No.513 and pro- vide supports for farmers to increase yield and incomes and guarantee crop safety.展开更多
文摘Repositories for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste rely on multi-barrier systems to isolate waste from the biosphere.A multi-barrier system typically comprises the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock e in our case the Opalinus Clay e and an engineered barrier system(EBS).The Swiss repository concept for spent fuel and vitrified high-level waste(HLW)consists of waste canisters,which are emplaced horizontally in the middle of an emplacement gallery and are separated from the gallery wall by granular backfill material(GBM).We describe here a selection of five in-situ experiments where characteristic hydro-mechanical(HM)and thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes have been observed.The first example is a coupled HM and mine-by test where the evolution of the excavation damaged zone(EDZ)was monitored around a gallery in the Opalinus Clay(ED-B experiment).Measurements of pore-water pressures and convergences due to stress redistribution during excavation highlighted the HM behaviour.The same measurements were subsequently carried out in a heater test(HE-D)where we were able to characterise the Opalinus Clay in terms of its THM behaviour.These yielded detailed data to better understand the THM behaviours of the granular backfill and the natural host rock.For a presentation of the Swiss concept for HLW storage,we designed three demonstration experiments that were subsequently implemented in the Mont Terri rock laboratory:(1)the engineered barrier(EB)experiment,(2)the in-situ heater test on key-THM processes and parameters(HE-E)experiment,and(3)the full-scale emplacement(FE)experiment.The first demonstration experiment has been dismantled,but the last two ones are on-going.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory under Grant No 9140C6801021001
文摘Shock-timing experiments are indispensable to inertial confinement fusion mainly because the timing of multiple shock waves is crucial to understanding the processes of laser irradiation of targets. Investigations into shock waves driven by a two-step radiation pulse in polystyrene（CH） capsule targets are experimentally conducted at the Shen Guang Ⅱ laser facility. Differing from the traditional shock-timing implementation in which one shock wave could catch up with another one in solid CH, in this experiment, the second shock front in a rarefaction CH layer is observed through velocity interferometry. This second shock could also be made to converge with rarefaction waves within only a few micrometers of the CH capsule by designing the two-shock coalescence time. A shock-timing diagnostic technique to tune the multi-shock convergence in the CH capsule can thereby be achieved.The experimental results in the CH layer are quasi-quantitatively interpreted using streamlines simulated with the Multi-1 D program. The experimental results are expected to offer important information for target structure and laser pulse design, both of which are important for realizing inertial confinement fusion.
文摘Aviation contributes about 4%to net anthropogenic climate forcing,with contrails being the largest individual contributor to radiative forcing from aviation.One option to mitigate contrail-related climate impacts is using kerosene containing fewer or no aromatic components and thus showing a higher hydrogen content compared to conventional kerosene(i.e.,fossil fuel-based).Such“low contrail”kerosene can be provided as a blend of conventional(crude oil-based)and synthetic kerosene or from hydroprocessing conventional kerosene.Low contrail kerosene reduces contrail lifetime and optical thickness and thus the magnitude of contrail climate forcing.However,market shares of such kerosene are presently very low.Simultaneously,a small fraction(<10%)of all flights globally accounts for the majority(>80%)of global warming contrail climate forcing.Hence,the targeted use of low contrail kerosene on those flights appears promising.But,such an approach would require additional operational efforts,such as a duplication of supply lines and storage tanks.This study evaluates the feasibility and operational efforts of a segregated supply of a 35 m-%SAF-blend(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)to 84 winter time demonstration flights to reduce contrail climate forcing.Between 17th January 2023 and 2nd February 2023,low contrail kerosene was supplied to commercial A320 type aircraft flights on the route between Stockholm and Copenhagen in northern Europe.The operational feasibility and related efforts to target flights with the highest contrail energy forcing as well as a large-scale application are described.The evolution of contrails is tracked using data from the Meteosat Second Generation(MSG)satellite.The contrail energy forcing is calculated for the corresponding flight trajectories assuming another,well-validated engine model(CFM56–5B4 for the simulations instead of LEAP1A-26 for the demonstration flights)using the Contrail Cirrus Prediction(CoCiP)model with meteorological input fields from European Reanalysis data(ERA5).For the first time,the experiment demonstrates the operational feasibility for a segregated supply of low contrail kerosene to medium range aircraft at Stockholm airport.The segregated supply of low contrail kerosene can be realized for short to medium range flights,which can be fueled by a refueller truck.Targeting individual flights via single line hydrant fueling systems seems impractical as of now.Operational efforts to target single flights with highest contrail energy forcing are almost identical to the efforts in this demonstration experiment.Simulations estimate that the segregated supply of the medium blend kerosene(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)can reduce contrail energy forcing by about 11%assuming the use of a“Rich-Quench-Lean”(RQL)engine(CFM56–5B4).The contrail climate benefit increases to>20%for a 50%blend ratio(14.7 m-%hydrogen content).Also,the location and evolution of the demonstration flights’28 contrails calculated with CoCiP was tracked with satellite data.The uncertainty of absolute contrail climate forcing estimates is mainly limited due to meteorological data input and also by lacking information on fuel composition in terms of cycloalkane,mono-and polycyclic aromatics content.Contrarily,the uncertainty of relative changes in contrail climate forcing is subject to low uncertainty,since it compares the use of different fuels for an identical fleet and identical weather conditions.
文摘Corn is a staple food of Anhui Province. For example, the growing area of corn keeps increasing in Suixi County recently. In 2014, Hua＇an No.513 was in- troduced to Chenlou Village, Suntuan Town, totaling 2.67 hm2, and yield reached as high as 9 558 kg/hm2. The research explored simplified cultivation technology in demonstration regions in Suixi County of Hua＇an No.513 in order to investigate the highly-yielding and highly-efficient cultivation technology of Hua＇an No.513 and pro- vide supports for farmers to increase yield and incomes and guarantee crop safety.
