Defining science and demarcating it from pseudoscience are longstanding core issues in the philosophy of science.Hilbert’s traditional axiomatic standards(consistency,completeness,independence)struggle with modern co...Defining science and demarcating it from pseudoscience are longstanding core issues in the philosophy of science.Hilbert’s traditional axiomatic standards(consistency,completeness,independence)struggle with modern complex systems,while existing demarcation criteria like replicability and Popper’s falsificationism have practical limitations.Analyzing incompatibilities in complex systems,this paper proposes a revised framework:modified Hilbert axiomatic standards(clearly defined concepts,logical consistency,unrefuted axioms)and dynamic demarcation criteria.Abandoning unattainable traditional requirements of completeness and independence,it emphasizes conceptual clarity,openness,and progressiveness,offering an operational,self-consistent basis for judging scientificity.展开更多
Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effect...Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effective treatment planning and improved patient outcomes.Conventional imaging techniques,such as endoscopy and histopathology,provide valuable diagnostic information but cannot offer real-time assessment.We aim to explore the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT),combined with statistical and machine learning methods,for rapid tumor margin demarcation in gastrointestinal(GI)cancer tissues in exvivo.GI tumor specimens from 17 patients were imaged intraoperatively with OCT.Quantitative features were extracted from the images,and statistical and machine learning analyses were applied to distinguish tissue types.Subsequent histopathological evaluation was used as the reference standard for validation.The combination of OCT imaging and data-driven analysis enables clear differentiation between healthy,marginal and tumor tissues in near real-time.The KNN model achieved the highest classification accuracy(0.921±0.040),with SVM(0.906±0.038)and Extra Trees(0.901±0.034)also demonstrating robust performance in discriminating tissue margins.OCT findings demonstrate strong agreement with histopathology.Integrated with statistical and machine learning techniques,OCT enables rapid assessment of GI tumor margins.This approach provides quantitative objectivity and real-time feedback,closely approximating histopathological analysis and supporting improved surgical decision-making.展开更多
The coastline demarcation and announcement models in China are outlined in this paper. The issues related to the coastline revision system, coastline zoning, coastline usage and the coastline information management ar...The coastline demarcation and announcement models in China are outlined in this paper. The issues related to the coastline revision system, coastline zoning, coastline usage and the coastline information management are put forward. The concreted research and discussion on these issues are made which are valuable for the coastline management in our country.展开更多
AIM:To compare corneal demarcation line(DL)depth in both accelerated epithelium-off and trans-epithelium cross linking(CXL)using anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)and its relation to maximum keratom...AIM:To compare corneal demarcation line(DL)depth in both accelerated epithelium-off and trans-epithelium cross linking(CXL)using anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)and its relation to maximum keratometry(Kmax)progression in both techniques.METHODS:A prospective comparative interventional study where patients with mild to moderate keratoconus(KC)were classified into two groups:accelerated epitheliumoff and trans-epithelium CXL based on corneal pachymetry.Assessment of corneal DL depth was carried out after 3mo by AS-OCT.Kmax readings were evaluated after one year follow up using the Scheimpflug imaging system.RESULTS:Study included 74 eyes of 44 patients.Group A underwent epithelium-off CXL(41 eyes),while Group B underwent trans-epithelium CXL(33 eyes).At 3mo follow up,mean corneal DL depth in Group A was 219.9±58.4μm while in Group B was 127.2±7.8μm(P<0.05).The mean Kmaxchangedfrom51.9±3.9to51.3±4.2dioptersin Group A and from 53.1±4.1 to 53.6±5 diopters in Group B with insignificant difference in Kmax changes in either group(P>0.05).In addition,no significant change in corneal pachymetry was found in both groups(meanchange at 1y:6.4±4.7 and-10.1±2.3μm in Groups A and B respectively).CONCLUSION:Despite a significantly deeper corneal DL depth created by accelerated epithelium-off CXL technique compared to accelerated trans-epithelium CXL,there is no significant impact on keratoconus progression.展开更多
Seabuckthorn （Hippophae rhamnoides） planting areas in the three northern areas （north, northeast and northwest） of China are divided into five planting zones： the semi-humid forest prairie climate zone for ecolog...Seabuckthorn （Hippophae rhamnoides） planting areas in the three northern areas （north, northeast and northwest） of China are divided into five planting zones： the semi-humid forest prairie climate zone for ecological and economic types of seabuckthorn plantations in the southern part of the Loess Plateau; the semi-arid steppe climate zone for similar types of plantations in the central part of the Loess Plateau; the arid desert steppe climate zone for ecological type of seabuckthorn plantations in the northern part of the Loess Plateau; the semi-arid and semi-humid steppe climate zone again for ecological and economic types of plantations in northern Hebei and western Liaoning and the cold humid steppe climate zone for economic types of plantations in the northern part of northeast China. The aim of this demarcation is to avoid a random introduction of seabuckthorn. In each of the five zones, objectives should be set and suitable seabuckthorn species, subspecies and varieties should be planted according to site conditions, seed sources and methods of tree breeding. The cultivation centers, bases, stations, or units should be established and successful models of seedling and planting methods should be encouraged. The principle of matching trees with suitable site conditions and adjusting measures to local conditions should be practiced. From a strategic viewpoint of solving ecological and economic problems of seabuckthorn development in the three northern areas, every seabuckthorn center must have its own germplasm nursery, standard plantation for popularizing, excellent seed and seedling nurseries and sufficient afforestation areas for demonstration and propaganda purposes. These measures would improve the ecological environment and promote economic and social development in the three northern areas of China.展开更多
In a scale-free network, only a minority of nodes are connected very often, while the majority of nodes are connected rarely. However, what is the ratio of minority nodes to majority nodes resulting from the Matthew e...In a scale-free network, only a minority of nodes are connected very often, while the majority of nodes are connected rarely. However, what is the ratio of minority nodes to majority nodes resulting from the Matthew effect？ In this paper, based on a simple preferential random model, the poor-rich demarcation points are found to vary in a limited range, and form a poor-rich demarcation interval that approximates to k/m E [3,4]. As a result, the （cumulative） degree distribution of a scale-free network can be divided into three intervals： the poor interval, the demarcation interval and the rich interval. The inequality of the degree distribution in each interval is measured. Finally, the Matthew effect is applied to the ABC analysis of project management.展开更多
Demarcating distribution area of goods is often guided by the rule of thumb by business proprietors. However, this method seems to be unsuitable when the demand points increase to a certain large extent. The present w...Demarcating distribution area of goods is often guided by the rule of thumb by business proprietors. However, this method seems to be unsuitable when the demand points increase to a certain large extent. The present work attempted to convert the problem of distribution area demarcation into a localized problem of warehouseing and networking, and tried to establish district-based planning mode based on location based heuristic (LBH). Two methods were used in this study: 1) the manual method to construct the mathematical model and conduct simulation; 2) the automatic method using TransCAD software of geographical information system (GIS) for simulation. By comparing the effects of the two methods, the research provides theoretical support for business proprietors to demarcate the distribution area rationally with the application of GIS system. The results show that GIS has very good graphics construction function to replace complex text, and the automatic demarcating mode with human-machine interaction provides a good business decision-making support.展开更多
From logicism to historicism,philosophers of science have put forward different standards of scientific demarcation according to their own scientific views.However,these standards encounter problems either in theory o...From logicism to historicism,philosophers of science have put forward different standards of scientific demarcation according to their own scientific views.However,these standards encounter problems either in theory or in practice,and then fall into difficulties,thus moving towards relativism.Philosophy of scientific practice has reversed the previous image of science with scientific practice and pointed out the temporality,dynamics and locality of science.Therefore,the scientific boundary under this approach also has the above characteristics.Besides,the scientific boundary constructed by the scientific image is developmental and features temporary stability and effectiveness.Scientific demarcation is not a purely epistemological problem,but also a practical one.展开更多
饮用水安全关系到公共健康与社会稳定,科学划定水源保护区是保障饮用水安全的关键。尽管我国已建立县级及以上饮用水水源保护区矢量边界数据库,但由于早期勘界定标工作不足以及传统测绘技术的局限,现有边界数据仍存在精度偏低和空间偏...饮用水安全关系到公共健康与社会稳定,科学划定水源保护区是保障饮用水安全的关键。尽管我国已建立县级及以上饮用水水源保护区矢量边界数据库,但由于早期勘界定标工作不足以及传统测绘技术的局限,现有边界数据仍存在精度偏低和空间偏移等问题,制约了水源地数字化管理水平的提升。针对此问题,本研究以庐山芦林水库水源保护区为例,利用无人机激光雷达(LIDAR)技术获取高精度三维地形数据,结合点云处理与边界校核算法,实现保护区空间特征的自动解译与边界矢量的精确修正。进一步通过数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)裁剪、流向分析、填洼修正、汇流累积计算及河网拓扑优化等方法,构建水系网络并基于GIS(geographic information system)实现流域边界的精准划分与空间标注,以提升界桩与标识点位布设的科学性。结果表明,该技术体系可显著提高边界与坐标数据的精度和一致性,有效降低外业核查的时间与成本,形成多学科协同的水源地勘界技术框架,为饮用水水源保护区的规范化管理与定标工作提供了可靠的理论依据与技术支撑。展开更多
基金supported by the start-up funding from Westlake University under Grant Number 041030150118 and the scientific research project of Westlake University“Theoretical Research and Demonstration Application of Complex Systems and Deep-Sea Technology(Phase I)”under Grant Number WU2025A006.
文摘Defining science and demarcating it from pseudoscience are longstanding core issues in the philosophy of science.Hilbert’s traditional axiomatic standards(consistency,completeness,independence)struggle with modern complex systems,while existing demarcation criteria like replicability and Popper’s falsificationism have practical limitations.Analyzing incompatibilities in complex systems,this paper proposes a revised framework:modified Hilbert axiomatic standards(clearly defined concepts,logical consistency,unrefuted axioms)and dynamic demarcation criteria.Abandoning unattainable traditional requirements of completeness and independence,it emphasizes conceptual clarity,openness,and progressiveness,offering an operational,self-consistent basis for judging scientificity.
基金supported by the financial support received from the Indian Council of Medical Research-Department of Health Research(ICMRDHR-CoE-5/3/8/5/2019/I-MDMS)Medical Device and Diagnostics Mission Secretariat(MDMS)and Foundation for Centre for Healthcare Entrepreneurship(CfHE).
文摘Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effective treatment planning and improved patient outcomes.Conventional imaging techniques,such as endoscopy and histopathology,provide valuable diagnostic information but cannot offer real-time assessment.We aim to explore the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT),combined with statistical and machine learning methods,for rapid tumor margin demarcation in gastrointestinal(GI)cancer tissues in exvivo.GI tumor specimens from 17 patients were imaged intraoperatively with OCT.Quantitative features were extracted from the images,and statistical and machine learning analyses were applied to distinguish tissue types.Subsequent histopathological evaluation was used as the reference standard for validation.The combination of OCT imaging and data-driven analysis enables clear differentiation between healthy,marginal and tumor tissues in near real-time.The KNN model achieved the highest classification accuracy(0.921±0.040),with SVM(0.906±0.038)and Extra Trees(0.901±0.034)also demonstrating robust performance in discriminating tissue margins.OCT findings demonstrate strong agreement with histopathology.Integrated with statistical and machine learning techniques,OCT enables rapid assessment of GI tumor margins.This approach provides quantitative objectivity and real-time feedback,closely approximating histopathological analysis and supporting improved surgical decision-making.
文摘The coastline demarcation and announcement models in China are outlined in this paper. The issues related to the coastline revision system, coastline zoning, coastline usage and the coastline information management are put forward. The concreted research and discussion on these issues are made which are valuable for the coastline management in our country.
文摘AIM:To compare corneal demarcation line(DL)depth in both accelerated epithelium-off and trans-epithelium cross linking(CXL)using anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)and its relation to maximum keratometry(Kmax)progression in both techniques.METHODS:A prospective comparative interventional study where patients with mild to moderate keratoconus(KC)were classified into two groups:accelerated epitheliumoff and trans-epithelium CXL based on corneal pachymetry.Assessment of corneal DL depth was carried out after 3mo by AS-OCT.Kmax readings were evaluated after one year follow up using the Scheimpflug imaging system.RESULTS:Study included 74 eyes of 44 patients.Group A underwent epithelium-off CXL(41 eyes),while Group B underwent trans-epithelium CXL(33 eyes).At 3mo follow up,mean corneal DL depth in Group A was 219.9±58.4μm while in Group B was 127.2±7.8μm(P<0.05).The mean Kmaxchangedfrom51.9±3.9to51.3±4.2dioptersin Group A and from 53.1±4.1 to 53.6±5 diopters in Group B with insignificant difference in Kmax changes in either group(P>0.05).In addition,no significant change in corneal pachymetry was found in both groups(meanchange at 1y:6.4±4.7 and-10.1±2.3μm in Groups A and B respectively).CONCLUSION:Despite a significantly deeper corneal DL depth created by accelerated epithelium-off CXL technique compared to accelerated trans-epithelium CXL,there is no significant impact on keratoconus progression.
文摘Seabuckthorn （Hippophae rhamnoides） planting areas in the three northern areas （north, northeast and northwest） of China are divided into five planting zones： the semi-humid forest prairie climate zone for ecological and economic types of seabuckthorn plantations in the southern part of the Loess Plateau; the semi-arid steppe climate zone for similar types of plantations in the central part of the Loess Plateau; the arid desert steppe climate zone for ecological type of seabuckthorn plantations in the northern part of the Loess Plateau; the semi-arid and semi-humid steppe climate zone again for ecological and economic types of plantations in northern Hebei and western Liaoning and the cold humid steppe climate zone for economic types of plantations in the northern part of northeast China. The aim of this demarcation is to avoid a random introduction of seabuckthorn. In each of the five zones, objectives should be set and suitable seabuckthorn species, subspecies and varieties should be planted according to site conditions, seed sources and methods of tree breeding. The cultivation centers, bases, stations, or units should be established and successful models of seedling and planting methods should be encouraged. The principle of matching trees with suitable site conditions and adjusting measures to local conditions should be practiced. From a strategic viewpoint of solving ecological and economic problems of seabuckthorn development in the three northern areas, every seabuckthorn center must have its own germplasm nursery, standard plantation for popularizing, excellent seed and seedling nurseries and sufficient afforestation areas for demonstration and propaganda purposes. These measures would improve the ecological environment and promote economic and social development in the three northern areas of China.
基金supported by the "Shu Guang" Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,China (Grant No. 09SG17)EU ELINK-East-West Link for Innovation,Networking and Knowledge Exchange (Grant No. 149674-EM-1-2008-1-UK-ERAMUNDUS)
文摘In a scale-free network, only a minority of nodes are connected very often, while the majority of nodes are connected rarely. However, what is the ratio of minority nodes to majority nodes resulting from the Matthew effect？ In this paper, based on a simple preferential random model, the poor-rich demarcation points are found to vary in a limited range, and form a poor-rich demarcation interval that approximates to k/m E [3,4]. As a result, the （cumulative） degree distribution of a scale-free network can be divided into three intervals： the poor interval, the demarcation interval and the rich interval. The inequality of the degree distribution in each interval is measured. Finally, the Matthew effect is applied to the ABC analysis of project management.
基金Funded by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China (No. Y6090417)Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 09YJA630143)
文摘Demarcating distribution area of goods is often guided by the rule of thumb by business proprietors. However, this method seems to be unsuitable when the demand points increase to a certain large extent. The present work attempted to convert the problem of distribution area demarcation into a localized problem of warehouseing and networking, and tried to establish district-based planning mode based on location based heuristic (LBH). Two methods were used in this study: 1) the manual method to construct the mathematical model and conduct simulation; 2) the automatic method using TransCAD software of geographical information system (GIS) for simulation. By comparing the effects of the two methods, the research provides theoretical support for business proprietors to demarcate the distribution area rationally with the application of GIS system. The results show that GIS has very good graphics construction function to replace complex text, and the automatic demarcating mode with human-machine interaction provides a good business decision-making support.
文摘From logicism to historicism,philosophers of science have put forward different standards of scientific demarcation according to their own scientific views.However,these standards encounter problems either in theory or in practice,and then fall into difficulties,thus moving towards relativism.Philosophy of scientific practice has reversed the previous image of science with scientific practice and pointed out the temporality,dynamics and locality of science.Therefore,the scientific boundary under this approach also has the above characteristics.Besides,the scientific boundary constructed by the scientific image is developmental and features temporary stability and effectiveness.Scientific demarcation is not a purely epistemological problem,but also a practical one.
文摘饮用水安全关系到公共健康与社会稳定,科学划定水源保护区是保障饮用水安全的关键。尽管我国已建立县级及以上饮用水水源保护区矢量边界数据库,但由于早期勘界定标工作不足以及传统测绘技术的局限,现有边界数据仍存在精度偏低和空间偏移等问题,制约了水源地数字化管理水平的提升。针对此问题,本研究以庐山芦林水库水源保护区为例,利用无人机激光雷达(LIDAR)技术获取高精度三维地形数据,结合点云处理与边界校核算法,实现保护区空间特征的自动解译与边界矢量的精确修正。进一步通过数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)裁剪、流向分析、填洼修正、汇流累积计算及河网拓扑优化等方法,构建水系网络并基于GIS(geographic information system)实现流域边界的精准划分与空间标注,以提升界桩与标识点位布设的科学性。结果表明,该技术体系可显著提高边界与坐标数据的精度和一致性,有效降低外业核查的时间与成本,形成多学科协同的水源地勘界技术框架,为饮用水水源保护区的规范化管理与定标工作提供了可靠的理论依据与技术支撑。
