The widespread use of distributed energy sources provides exciting potential for demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption schemes.Demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption systems ar...The widespread use of distributed energy sources provides exciting potential for demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption schemes.Demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption systems are committed to coordinating the operation of distributed generation,energy storage,and load demand.Recently,with the development of Internet technology,sharing economy is rapidly penetrating various fields.The application of sharing economy in the energy sector enables more and more end-users to participate in energy transactions.However,the deployment of energy sharing technologies poses many challenges.This paper comprehensively reviews recent developments in demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption schemes.The definition and classification of sharing economy are presented,with a focus on the applications in the energy sector:virtual power plants,peer-to-peer energy trading,shared energy storage,and microgrid energy sharing cloud.Challenges and future research directions are thoroughly discussed.展开更多
In this paper, an autonomous and distributive demand-side management based on Bayesian game theory is developed and applied among users in a grid connected micro-grid with storage. To derive that strategy, an energy c...In this paper, an autonomous and distributive demand-side management based on Bayesian game theory is developed and applied among users in a grid connected micro-grid with storage. To derive that strategy, an energy consumption of shiftable loads belonging to a given user is modelled as a noncooperative three-player game of incomplete information, in which each user plays against the storage unit and an opponent gathering all the other users in the micro-grid. Each player is assumed to be endowed with statistical information about its behavior and that of its opponents so that he can take actions maximizing his expected utility. Results of the proposed strategy evaluated by simulating, under MATLAB environment, a connected micro-grid with storage device evidence its efficacy when employed to manage the charging of electric vehicles.展开更多
Modern power grids face profound challenges in scheduling massive,heterogeneous demand-side resources(DSRs),whose collective behaviors often lead to systemic unpredictability and scheduling inaccuracies.Traditional me...Modern power grids face profound challenges in scheduling massive,heterogeneous demand-side resources(DSRs),whose collective behaviors often lead to systemic unpredictability and scheduling inaccuracies.Traditional methods,often based on simplified models,struggle to manage this emergent complexity.To address this gap,this paper introduces MetaGrid,a novel digital-twin-enhanced World Model framework designed for proactive and prescient DSR scheduling.The MetaGrid architecture is composed of four integral,closed-loop building blocks:a General Simulator for multi-path deduction,a Situational Perceiver for holistic cognition,an Intelligent Decision-Maker for autonomous optimization,and a Unified Verifier for ensuring trustworthy iteration.By integrating principles from complexity science with data-intensive machine learning,MetaGrid creates a high-fidelity metaverse to model and manage DSR ecosystems.The framework’s core capabilities are demonstrated through an energy storage system scheduling case,where an intelligent agent,guided by the World Model,learns to autonomously balance real-time electricity costs against physical battery degradation constraints.This preliminary validation showcases MetaGrid’s potential as a powerful tool for navigating the complexities of future energy systems,transforming scheduling from a reactive control problem into a process of continuous,adaptive learning.展开更多
An effective modeling and optimization method,which takes into account source-load-storage coordination,and full-time collaborative optimization within and outside micro-grids,is introduced.Considering the operational...An effective modeling and optimization method,which takes into account source-load-storage coordination,and full-time collaborative optimization within and outside micro-grids,is introduced.Considering the operational conditions of various resources and their interactions,an energy management model for microgrids is proposed aiming at maximization of renewable energy utilization and minimization of overall system costs.The model is suitable for both real-time pricing and time-of-use mechanisms.In microgrids,demand response and economic energy storage dispatch are introduced to enhance selfcoordination and self-balancing ability among different resources.Depending on whether there is still an imbalance between supply and demand after coordination within a niicrogrid,trade between it and external microgrids are optimized in a orderly manner by considering different transaction prices and usage rights.Finally,three different schemes are designed,where the Lagrangian multiplier method as well as a co-evolution algorithm are used to solve and analyze different examples,verifying the reliability and validity of the method proposed in this paper.展开更多
The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate the long-term effects of the proposed demandside program,and its impact on annual peak load forecasting important for strategic network planning.The program co...The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate the long-term effects of the proposed demandside program,and its impact on annual peak load forecasting important for strategic network planning.The program comprises a particular set of demand-side measures aimed at reducing the annual peak load.The paper also presents the program simulations for the case study of the Electricity Distribution Company of Belgrade(EDB).According to the methodology used,the first step is to determine the available controllable load of the distribution utility/area under consideration.The controllable load is presumed constant over the analyzed time horizon,and the smart grid(SG)infrastructure available.The saturation of positive effects during intense program application is also taken into account.Technical and economic input data are taken from the real projects.The conducted calculations indicate that demand-side programs can bring about the same results as the energy storage in the grids with a strong impact of distributed generation from variable renewable sources(V-RES).In conclusion,the proposed demand-side program is a good alternative to building new power facilities,which can postpone investment costs for a considerable period of time.展开更多
With the rapid increase of distributed photovoltaic(PV) power integrating into the distribution network(DN), the critical issues such as PV power curtailment and low equipment utilization rate have been caused by PV p...With the rapid increase of distributed photovoltaic(PV) power integrating into the distribution network(DN), the critical issues such as PV power curtailment and low equipment utilization rate have been caused by PV power fluctuations. DN has less controllable equipment to manage the PV power fluctuation. To smooth the power fluctuations and further improve the utilization of PV, the regulation ability from the demandside needs to be excavated. This study presents a continuous control method of the feeder load power in a DN based on the voltage regulation to respond to the rapid fluctuation of the PV power output. PV power fluctuations will be directly reflected in the point of common coupling(PCC), and the power fluctuation rate of PCCs is an important standard of PV curtailment.Thus, a demand-side management strategy based on model predictive control(MPC) to mitigate the PCC power fluctuation is proposed. In pre-scheduling, the intraday optimization model is established to solve the reference power of PCC. In real-time control, the pre-scheduling results and MPC are used for the rolling optimization to control the feeder load demand. Finally,the data from the field measurements in Guangzhou, China are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in smoothing fluctuations of the distributed PV power.展开更多
The concept of demand-side management(DSM)was invented in the late 1970s along with the development of many of the frameworks in use to plan and implement it in the years immediately following. It was originally refer...The concept of demand-side management(DSM)was invented in the late 1970s along with the development of many of the frameworks in use to plan and implement it in the years immediately following. It was originally referred to as demand-side load management. It is generally defined as the planning and implementation of those activities designed to influence consumer use of electricity in ways that will result in changes in the utility’s load shape—i.e., changes in the time pattern and magnitude of a utility’s load. This paper describes the evolution it has undergone since its invention and some likely changes ahead. DSM largely originated in the U.S., but is practiced in various forms through the world today. This paper uses U.S. data as examples.展开更多
As the global energy transforms to renewablebased power system, the wind power generation has experienced a rapid increase. Due to the loss of synchronous machines and its frequency control mechanisms, the gradual evo...As the global energy transforms to renewablebased power system, the wind power generation has experienced a rapid increase. Due to the loss of synchronous machines and its frequency control mechanisms, the gradual evolution leads to critical challenges in maintaining the frequency stability. Under post-fault condition, the wind power generation has a slow recovery due to the fault ride-through(FRT) control strategy and may cause a larger frequency deviation due to the power imbalance between the supply and demand. Then, the impacts of the frequency deviations would further cause inaccuracy and instability in the control system for wind power generation. Considering the long parking time of electric vehicles(EVs), the demand-side response is provided to support the power grid via load-to-grid technology. Thus, a power-balancing coordinated control strategy of the wind power and the demand-side response is developed. It can significantly mitigate the power imbalance, thereby resulting in the enhanced frequency stability. Finally, the simulation results are provided to validate the power-balancing coordinated control strategy.展开更多
This paper proposes an optimal dynamic reserve activation plan after the occurrence of an emergency situation （generator/transmission line outage, load increase or both）. An optimal plan is developed to handle the e...This paper proposes an optimal dynamic reserve activation plan after the occurrence of an emergency situation （generator/transmission line outage, load increase or both）. An optimal plan is developed to handle the emergency, using the coordinated action of fast and slow reserves, for secure operation with minimum overall cost. It considers the reserves supplied by the conventional thermal generators （spinning reserves）, hydro power units and load demands （demand-side reserves）. The optimal backing down of costly/fast reserves and bringing up of slow reserves in each sub-interval in an integrated manner is proposed. The proposed reserve activation approaches are solved using the genetic algorithm, and some of the simulation results are also compared using the Matlab optimization toolbox and the general algebraic modeling system （GAMS） software. The simulation studies are performed on the IEEE 30, 57 and 300 bus test systems. These results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed integrated/dynamic reserve activation plan over the conventional/sequential approach.展开更多
More demand-side flexible resources(DFRs)are participating in the frequency regulation of renewable power systems,whose heterogeneous characteristics have a significant impact on the system frequency response.Conseque...More demand-side flexible resources(DFRs)are participating in the frequency regulation of renewable power systems,whose heterogeneous characteristics have a significant impact on the system frequency response.Consequently,selecting suitable DFRs poses a formidable challenge for independent system operators(ISO).In this paper,a reserve allocation methodology for heterogeneous DFRs is proposed to manage the risk of power system frequency.Firstly,a performance curve is developed to describe the cost,capacity,and response speed of DFRs.Moreover,a clustering method for multiple distributed DFRs is conducted to calculate the aggregated performance curves and uncertainty coefficients.Then,the frequency security criterion considering DFRs’performance is constructed,whose linearity makes it can be easily coupled into the system scheduling model and solved.Furthermore,a risk management model for DFRs considering frequency-chance-constraint is proposed to make a trade-off between cost and frequency security.Finally,the model is transformed into mixed integer second-order cone programming(MISOCP)and solved by the commercial solver.The proposed model is validated by the IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 bus systems.展开更多
Demand-side management(DSM)schemes play a crucial role in managing renewable energy generation and load fluctuations by uti-lizing demand-response programmes(DRPs).This paper aims to provide a detailed overview of DRP...Demand-side management(DSM)schemes play a crucial role in managing renewable energy generation and load fluctuations by uti-lizing demand-response programmes(DRPs).This paper aims to provide a detailed overview of DRPs that help microgrid operators to keep costs and reliability within acceptable ranges.Additionally,this review paper provides a detailed economic load model for DRPs based on initial load,demand-response(DR)incentive,DR penalty and elasticity coefficients.This article also aims to guide researchers in identifying research gaps in DSM applications in microgrids by comparing various DSM schemes from different countries and regions in terms of DSM strategies,objective functions and optimization techniques.Furthermore,this study analyses the impact of DRPs on microgrid configuration from the perspective of utilities and customers,considering technical and economic performance metrics.As a result,it can be concluded that none of the studied cases provides models or guidelines for choosing appropriate DSM schemes that consider different consumer interests or load-type features.Furthermore,a few researchers have addressed the features of a modern price-based DR strategy,renewable generation-based dynamic pricing DR,which offers higher customer satisfaction than traditional DRPs.展开更多
In essence,understanding the relationship between supply-side structural reform and demand-side management requires grasping the interplay between supply and demand.Supply and demand are interdependent and interactive...In essence,understanding the relationship between supply-side structural reform and demand-side management requires grasping the interplay between supply and demand.Supply and demand are interdependent and interactive,and their equilibrium determines the equilibrium valuesof microand macroeconomic variables.Focusing solely on either supply or demand,regardless of the time length,is one-sided.To promote supply-side structural reform,China should depend on demand and take a measured approach to its expansion.In the absence of demand,the supply-side structural reform would lose its direction and purpose.Enhancing demand-side management involves delving deeper into supply-side structural reform because the scale and growth of demand,alongside changes in demand structure,are fundamentally influenced by institutional factors.Hence,further reforming the systems and mechanisms that hinder the optimization of demand structure and the growth of demand is precisely what supplyside structural reform should entail.展开更多
In recent years,the changes in the external environment and domestic development conditions have promoted the transformation of China's economy to one dominated by domestic circulation.In December 2020,the Communi...In recent years,the changes in the external environment and domestic development conditions have promoted the transformation of China's economy to one dominated by domestic circulation.In December 2020,the Communist Party of China Central Committee put forward the demand-side reform for the first time in order to prepare China for the new development stage of the 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and to promote the new strategic deployment of China's high-quality development.Based on the paths and direction of the current 14thFive-YearPlan(2021-2015)tobuild a new development pattern,this paper elaborates on the theoretical connotations of the demand-side reform,points out the bottlenecks such as the unreasonable demand structure in China,the mismatch between the industrial system and the high-level demand,the resulting demand spillovers,the poor demand channels,and puts forward the current approaches to thedemand-sideereform in China.展开更多
Beginning with increasing effective demand,thedemand-sidereformadvocates for the strategy to expand domestic demand,rectifies distortions in the demand structure,and further aligns demand and supply by reforming the m...Beginning with increasing effective demand,thedemand-sidereformadvocates for the strategy to expand domestic demand,rectifies distortions in the demand structure,and further aligns demand and supply by reforming the mechanisms for demand formation and regulation,matching supply and demand structures,and easing restrictions on demand.This will enhance economic growth potential and operational efficiency.The demandside reform contributes to developing a super-large-scale market and optimize market functions to form a unified national market.It also helps address significant structural distortions within domestic circulation and move faster to form a new development pattern of dual circulation.As demand-side reform inevitably deals with the vested interests of stakeholders,it presents challenges on par with supplyside structural reform.Therefore,due attention must be given in terms of priority and weight by increasing operational and property household income,transforming governmentt functions,rectifying any excessive market-orientedreforms in certain public service sectors,among others.展开更多
This paper develops an innovative computational model for assessing the Carbon Emission Factor(CEF)of provincial power systems that incorporates inter-provincial electricity transfers and hybrid generation portfolios ...This paper develops an innovative computational model for assessing the Carbon Emission Factor(CEF)of provincial power systems that incorporates inter-provincial electricity transfers and hybrid generation portfolios combining conventional and renewable sources.A key contribution lies in evaluating how deep regulation of thermal power plants influence the carbon intensity of coal-fired generation and coal-fired generation together with high penetration renewables.Furthermore,the study quantitatively analyzes the role of renewable energy consumption and the prospective application of Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS)in reducing system-wide CEF.Based on this framework,the paper proposes phased carbon emission targets for Guangdong’s power system for key milestone years(2030,2045,2060),along with targeted implementation strategies.Results demonstrate that in renewable-dominant systems,deep regulation of thermal units,load peak-shaving,and deployment of flexible resources such as energy storage are effective in cutting carbon intensity.To achieve the defined targets—0.367 kg/kWh by 2030,0.231 kg/kWh by 2045,and 0.032 kg/kWh by 2060—the following innovation-focused policy is recommended:in early stage,mainly on expansion of renewable capacity and inter-provincial transmission infrastructure along with energy storage deployment;in mid-term,mainly on enhancement of electricity market mechanisms to promote green power trading and demand-side flexibility;and in late-stage,mainly on systematic retirement of conventional coal assets coupled with large-scale CCS adoption and carbon sink mechanisms.展开更多
构建绿色低碳和灵活高效的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)是推动“双碳”目标的主要途径之一。为此,提出了考虑供需双侧响应和绿证-碳融合交易机制的IES多时间尺度优化调度方法。首先,分析了供需双侧灵活响应机理,在源侧...构建绿色低碳和灵活高效的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)是推动“双碳”目标的主要途径之一。为此,提出了考虑供需双侧响应和绿证-碳融合交易机制的IES多时间尺度优化调度方法。首先,分析了供需双侧灵活响应机理,在源侧引入卡琳娜循环和电锅炉对热电联产机组进行改进,建立热电灵活响应模型,并在荷侧辅之电、热多类型需求响应,构建了供需双侧灵活响应模型。其次,分析了绿证交易和碳交易之间的协调机理,考虑绿证背后的碳减排原理,提出绿证-碳融合交易机制。最后,建立了考虑供需双侧灵活响应和绿证-碳融合的IES多时间尺度调度模型,并考虑到需求响应在不同时间尺度的响应差异,研究了不同时间尺度下供需双侧响应的调节能力。算例仿真设置不同方案,分别探讨了日前、日内和实时三个阶段的优化结果,验证了所提模型在经济性、低碳性和灵活性方面的有效性。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52177087)the High-End Foreign Experts Project(No.G2022163018L).
文摘The widespread use of distributed energy sources provides exciting potential for demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption schemes.Demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption systems are committed to coordinating the operation of distributed generation,energy storage,and load demand.Recently,with the development of Internet technology,sharing economy is rapidly penetrating various fields.The application of sharing economy in the energy sector enables more and more end-users to participate in energy transactions.However,the deployment of energy sharing technologies poses many challenges.This paper comprehensively reviews recent developments in demand-side energy sharing and collective self-consumption schemes.The definition and classification of sharing economy are presented,with a focus on the applications in the energy sector:virtual power plants,peer-to-peer energy trading,shared energy storage,and microgrid energy sharing cloud.Challenges and future research directions are thoroughly discussed.
文摘In this paper, an autonomous and distributive demand-side management based on Bayesian game theory is developed and applied among users in a grid connected micro-grid with storage. To derive that strategy, an energy consumption of shiftable loads belonging to a given user is modelled as a noncooperative three-player game of incomplete information, in which each user plays against the storage unit and an opponent gathering all the other users in the micro-grid. Each player is assumed to be endowed with statistical information about its behavior and that of its opponents so that he can take actions maximizing his expected utility. Results of the proposed strategy evaluated by simulating, under MATLAB environment, a connected micro-grid with storage device evidence its efficacy when employed to manage the charging of electric vehicles.
基金State Grid Corporation of China’s technology project(5700-202455339A-2-1-ZX)Research on Power Grid Situation Cognition and Operational Risk Assessment Technology Based on Probability Statistics and Deep Learning.
文摘Modern power grids face profound challenges in scheduling massive,heterogeneous demand-side resources(DSRs),whose collective behaviors often lead to systemic unpredictability and scheduling inaccuracies.Traditional methods,often based on simplified models,struggle to manage this emergent complexity.To address this gap,this paper introduces MetaGrid,a novel digital-twin-enhanced World Model framework designed for proactive and prescient DSR scheduling.The MetaGrid architecture is composed of four integral,closed-loop building blocks:a General Simulator for multi-path deduction,a Situational Perceiver for holistic cognition,an Intelligent Decision-Maker for autonomous optimization,and a Unified Verifier for ensuring trustworthy iteration.By integrating principles from complexity science with data-intensive machine learning,MetaGrid creates a high-fidelity metaverse to model and manage DSR ecosystems.The framework’s core capabilities are demonstrated through an energy storage system scheduling case,where an intelligent agent,guided by the World Model,learns to autonomously balance real-time electricity costs against physical battery degradation constraints.This preliminary validation showcases MetaGrid’s potential as a powerful tool for navigating the complexities of future energy systems,transforming scheduling from a reactive control problem into a process of continuous,adaptive learning.
基金supported by the Shanghai Sailing Program(20YF1418800)outstanding Ph.D.graduate development scholarship of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
文摘An effective modeling and optimization method,which takes into account source-load-storage coordination,and full-time collaborative optimization within and outside micro-grids,is introduced.Considering the operational conditions of various resources and their interactions,an energy management model for microgrids is proposed aiming at maximization of renewable energy utilization and minimization of overall system costs.The model is suitable for both real-time pricing and time-of-use mechanisms.In microgrids,demand response and economic energy storage dispatch are introduced to enhance selfcoordination and self-balancing ability among different resources.Depending on whether there is still an imbalance between supply and demand after coordination within a niicrogrid,trade between it and external microgrids are optimized in a orderly manner by considering different transaction prices and usage rights.Finally,three different schemes are designed,where the Lagrangian multiplier method as well as a co-evolution algorithm are used to solve and analyze different examples,verifying the reliability and validity of the method proposed in this paper.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia,being the part of the research project ‘‘Smart Energy Networks’’ (No.Ⅲ 42009/2011)
文摘The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate the long-term effects of the proposed demandside program,and its impact on annual peak load forecasting important for strategic network planning.The program comprises a particular set of demand-side measures aimed at reducing the annual peak load.The paper also presents the program simulations for the case study of the Electricity Distribution Company of Belgrade(EDB).According to the methodology used,the first step is to determine the available controllable load of the distribution utility/area under consideration.The controllable load is presumed constant over the analyzed time horizon,and the smart grid(SG)infrastructure available.The saturation of positive effects during intense program application is also taken into account.Technical and economic input data are taken from the real projects.The conducted calculations indicate that demand-side programs can bring about the same results as the energy storage in the grids with a strong impact of distributed generation from variable renewable sources(V-RES).In conclusion,the proposed demand-side program is a good alternative to building new power facilities,which can postpone investment costs for a considerable period of time.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U2066601)。
文摘With the rapid increase of distributed photovoltaic(PV) power integrating into the distribution network(DN), the critical issues such as PV power curtailment and low equipment utilization rate have been caused by PV power fluctuations. DN has less controllable equipment to manage the PV power fluctuation. To smooth the power fluctuations and further improve the utilization of PV, the regulation ability from the demandside needs to be excavated. This study presents a continuous control method of the feeder load power in a DN based on the voltage regulation to respond to the rapid fluctuation of the PV power output. PV power fluctuations will be directly reflected in the point of common coupling(PCC), and the power fluctuation rate of PCCs is an important standard of PV curtailment.Thus, a demand-side management strategy based on model predictive control(MPC) to mitigate the PCC power fluctuation is proposed. In pre-scheduling, the intraday optimization model is established to solve the reference power of PCC. In real-time control, the pre-scheduling results and MPC are used for the rolling optimization to control the feeder load demand. Finally,the data from the field measurements in Guangzhou, China are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in smoothing fluctuations of the distributed PV power.
文摘The concept of demand-side management(DSM)was invented in the late 1970s along with the development of many of the frameworks in use to plan and implement it in the years immediately following. It was originally referred to as demand-side load management. It is generally defined as the planning and implementation of those activities designed to influence consumer use of electricity in ways that will result in changes in the utility’s load shape—i.e., changes in the time pattern and magnitude of a utility’s load. This paper describes the evolution it has undergone since its invention and some likely changes ahead. DSM largely originated in the U.S., but is practiced in various forms through the world today. This paper uses U.S. data as examples.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52007174)。
文摘As the global energy transforms to renewablebased power system, the wind power generation has experienced a rapid increase. Due to the loss of synchronous machines and its frequency control mechanisms, the gradual evolution leads to critical challenges in maintaining the frequency stability. Under post-fault condition, the wind power generation has a slow recovery due to the fault ride-through(FRT) control strategy and may cause a larger frequency deviation due to the power imbalance between the supply and demand. Then, the impacts of the frequency deviations would further cause inaccuracy and instability in the control system for wind power generation. Considering the long parking time of electric vehicles(EVs), the demand-side response is provided to support the power grid via load-to-grid technology. Thus, a power-balancing coordinated control strategy of the wind power and the demand-side response is developed. It can significantly mitigate the power imbalance, thereby resulting in the enhanced frequency stability. Finally, the simulation results are provided to validate the power-balancing coordinated control strategy.
文摘This paper proposes an optimal dynamic reserve activation plan after the occurrence of an emergency situation （generator/transmission line outage, load increase or both）. An optimal plan is developed to handle the emergency, using the coordinated action of fast and slow reserves, for secure operation with minimum overall cost. It considers the reserves supplied by the conventional thermal generators （spinning reserves）, hydro power units and load demands （demand-side reserves）. The optimal backing down of costly/fast reserves and bringing up of slow reserves in each sub-interval in an integrated manner is proposed. The proposed reserve activation approaches are solved using the genetic algorithm, and some of the simulation results are also compared using the Matlab optimization toolbox and the general algebraic modeling system （GAMS） software. The simulation studies are performed on the IEEE 30, 57 and 300 bus test systems. These results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed integrated/dynamic reserve activation plan over the conventional/sequential approach.
基金supported by the Key Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Corporation(Grant No.090000KK52220020)。
文摘More demand-side flexible resources(DFRs)are participating in the frequency regulation of renewable power systems,whose heterogeneous characteristics have a significant impact on the system frequency response.Consequently,selecting suitable DFRs poses a formidable challenge for independent system operators(ISO).In this paper,a reserve allocation methodology for heterogeneous DFRs is proposed to manage the risk of power system frequency.Firstly,a performance curve is developed to describe the cost,capacity,and response speed of DFRs.Moreover,a clustering method for multiple distributed DFRs is conducted to calculate the aggregated performance curves and uncertainty coefficients.Then,the frequency security criterion considering DFRs’performance is constructed,whose linearity makes it can be easily coupled into the system scheduling model and solved.Furthermore,a risk management model for DFRs considering frequency-chance-constraint is proposed to make a trade-off between cost and frequency security.Finally,the model is transformed into mixed integer second-order cone programming(MISOCP)and solved by the commercial solver.The proposed model is validated by the IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 bus systems.
文摘Demand-side management(DSM)schemes play a crucial role in managing renewable energy generation and load fluctuations by uti-lizing demand-response programmes(DRPs).This paper aims to provide a detailed overview of DRPs that help microgrid operators to keep costs and reliability within acceptable ranges.Additionally,this review paper provides a detailed economic load model for DRPs based on initial load,demand-response(DR)incentive,DR penalty and elasticity coefficients.This article also aims to guide researchers in identifying research gaps in DSM applications in microgrids by comparing various DSM schemes from different countries and regions in terms of DSM strategies,objective functions and optimization techniques.Furthermore,this study analyses the impact of DRPs on microgrid configuration from the perspective of utilities and customers,considering technical and economic performance metrics.As a result,it can be concluded that none of the studied cases provides models or guidelines for choosing appropriate DSM schemes that consider different consumer interests or load-type features.Furthermore,a few researchers have addressed the features of a modern price-based DR strategy,renewable generation-based dynamic pricing DR,which offers higher customer satisfaction than traditional DRPs.
基金the scientific research fund project of Renmin University of China"Reconstructing the Relationship between Government and Market in the Supply-side Structural Reform,"and the major project of the National Social ScienceFund ofChina"Researchon China's Economic Self-development Ability"(No.15ZDB133).
文摘In essence,understanding the relationship between supply-side structural reform and demand-side management requires grasping the interplay between supply and demand.Supply and demand are interdependent and interactive,and their equilibrium determines the equilibrium valuesof microand macroeconomic variables.Focusing solely on either supply or demand,regardless of the time length,is one-sided.To promote supply-side structural reform,China should depend on demand and take a measured approach to its expansion.In the absence of demand,the supply-side structural reform would lose its direction and purpose.Enhancing demand-side management involves delving deeper into supply-side structural reform because the scale and growth of demand,alongside changes in demand structure,are fundamentally influenced by institutional factors.Hence,further reforming the systems and mechanisms that hinder the optimization of demand structure and the growth of demand is precisely what supplyside structural reform should entail.
文摘In recent years,the changes in the external environment and domestic development conditions have promoted the transformation of China's economy to one dominated by domestic circulation.In December 2020,the Communist Party of China Central Committee put forward the demand-side reform for the first time in order to prepare China for the new development stage of the 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and to promote the new strategic deployment of China's high-quality development.Based on the paths and direction of the current 14thFive-YearPlan(2021-2015)tobuild a new development pattern,this paper elaborates on the theoretical connotations of the demand-side reform,points out the bottlenecks such as the unreasonable demand structure in China,the mismatch between the industrial system and the high-level demand,the resulting demand spillovers,the poor demand channels,and puts forward the current approaches to thedemand-sideereform in China.
文摘Beginning with increasing effective demand,thedemand-sidereformadvocates for the strategy to expand domestic demand,rectifies distortions in the demand structure,and further aligns demand and supply by reforming the mechanisms for demand formation and regulation,matching supply and demand structures,and easing restrictions on demand.This will enhance economic growth potential and operational efficiency.The demandside reform contributes to developing a super-large-scale market and optimize market functions to form a unified national market.It also helps address significant structural distortions within domestic circulation and move faster to form a new development pattern of dual circulation.As demand-side reform inevitably deals with the vested interests of stakeholders,it presents challenges on par with supplyside structural reform.Therefore,due attention must be given in terms of priority and weight by increasing operational and property household income,transforming governmentt functions,rectifying any excessive market-orientedreforms in certain public service sectors,among others.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Co.,Ltd.(GDKJXM20231259).
文摘This paper develops an innovative computational model for assessing the Carbon Emission Factor(CEF)of provincial power systems that incorporates inter-provincial electricity transfers and hybrid generation portfolios combining conventional and renewable sources.A key contribution lies in evaluating how deep regulation of thermal power plants influence the carbon intensity of coal-fired generation and coal-fired generation together with high penetration renewables.Furthermore,the study quantitatively analyzes the role of renewable energy consumption and the prospective application of Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS)in reducing system-wide CEF.Based on this framework,the paper proposes phased carbon emission targets for Guangdong’s power system for key milestone years(2030,2045,2060),along with targeted implementation strategies.Results demonstrate that in renewable-dominant systems,deep regulation of thermal units,load peak-shaving,and deployment of flexible resources such as energy storage are effective in cutting carbon intensity.To achieve the defined targets—0.367 kg/kWh by 2030,0.231 kg/kWh by 2045,and 0.032 kg/kWh by 2060—the following innovation-focused policy is recommended:in early stage,mainly on expansion of renewable capacity and inter-provincial transmission infrastructure along with energy storage deployment;in mid-term,mainly on enhancement of electricity market mechanisms to promote green power trading and demand-side flexibility;and in late-stage,mainly on systematic retirement of conventional coal assets coupled with large-scale CCS adoption and carbon sink mechanisms.
文摘构建绿色低碳和灵活高效的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)是推动“双碳”目标的主要途径之一。为此,提出了考虑供需双侧响应和绿证-碳融合交易机制的IES多时间尺度优化调度方法。首先,分析了供需双侧灵活响应机理,在源侧引入卡琳娜循环和电锅炉对热电联产机组进行改进,建立热电灵活响应模型,并在荷侧辅之电、热多类型需求响应,构建了供需双侧灵活响应模型。其次,分析了绿证交易和碳交易之间的协调机理,考虑绿证背后的碳减排原理,提出绿证-碳融合交易机制。最后,建立了考虑供需双侧灵活响应和绿证-碳融合的IES多时间尺度调度模型,并考虑到需求响应在不同时间尺度的响应差异,研究了不同时间尺度下供需双侧响应的调节能力。算例仿真设置不同方案,分别探讨了日前、日内和实时三个阶段的优化结果,验证了所提模型在经济性、低碳性和灵活性方面的有效性。
