Fig fruit firmness decreases rapidly during ripening and after harvest,resulting in poor storability and transportation loss,which severely restricts development of the fresh fig industry.APETALA2/ethylene-responsive ...Fig fruit firmness decreases rapidly during ripening and after harvest,resulting in poor storability and transportation loss,which severely restricts development of the fresh fig industry.APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors are downstream components of the ethylene-signaling pathway that play crucial roles in quality formation during fruit ripening.In this study,Ficus carica(Fc)ERF12 was clustered in repressor subfamily VIII of ERFs through phylogenetic analysis,and further recruited by its two EAR motifs and expression pattern during fig ripening.DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis indicated that FcERF12 binds to the promoter or gene body regions of multiple ripening-related genes,including cell wall-modification genes FcPG,FcXTH and FcPME,and ethylene-biosynthesis genes FcACS and FcACO.Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that FcERF12 interacts with TOPLESS(TPL)co-repressors FcTPL1,FcTPL4 and FcTPL5,and histone deacetylases FcHDA6 and FcHDA19;interaction with FcTPL4 and FcTPL5 relied on the C-terminal EAR motif.Overexpressing FcERF12 in tomato did not change fruit size or yield,but resulted in an 18.37%increment in fruit firmness and a 49.62%reduction in ethylene-release rate at fruit ripening,accompanied by a significant decrease in seed number per fruit.Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of tomato cell wallmodification genes SlPL,SlEXP and SlPG,and ethylene-synthesis genes SlACO and SlACS.Metabolomic profiling identified 82 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites,61 of them showing significantly decreased contents.Taken together,our results exhibit the negative regulatory role of FcERF12 in fig ethylene-signal transduction,providing new information on precise control of fruit firmness and other quality traits at ripening.展开更多
Fruit ripening,which is modulated by the up-and downregulation of numerous genes,is a sophisticated physiological event determining consumer acceptability.While many positive regulators have been known to regulate fru...Fruit ripening,which is modulated by the up-and downregulation of numerous genes,is a sophisticated physiological event determining consumer acceptability.While many positive regulators have been known to regulate fruit ripening,relatively less information is associated with the negative regulators in the process.Here,a negative regulator,MaMADS31,was characterized according to the banana fruit ripening transcriptome,which displayed nuclear localization and inhibitory transactivation activity.MaMADS31 suppresses the transcription of the cell wall modification gene MaPL15 and the ethylene biosynthesis-related gene MaACO13 by directly recognizing the CArG-box element in their promoters.Transient expression of MaMADS31 in banana fruit brought about downregulation of MaPL15 and MaACO13,thereby delaying fruit ripening.Importantly,MaMADS31 interacts with MaBZR2 to synergistically strengthen the transcriptional inhibition of MaPL15 and MaACO13.Overall,MaMADS31-MaBZR2 plays a negative role in fruit ripening by downregulating the MaPL15 and MaACO13 transcription,which provides new insights for innovating approaches for prolonging the postharvest life of horticultural plants.展开更多
Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperat...Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.展开更多
Background Thidiazuron(TDZ)is a widely used chemical defoliant in commercial cotton production and is often combined with the herbicide Diuron to form the commercial defoliant mixture known as TDZ·Diuron(T·D...Background Thidiazuron(TDZ)is a widely used chemical defoliant in commercial cotton production and is often combined with the herbicide Diuron to form the commercial defoliant mixture known as TDZ·Diuron(T·D,540 g·L^(-1)suspension).However,due to increasing concerns about the environmental and biological risks posed by Diuron,there is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective alternatives.Jasmonic acid(JA)and its derivatives are key phytohormones in organ senescence and abscission.Results Greenhouse experiments at the seedling stage revealed that Me-JA(0.8 mmol·L^(-1))alone did not induce defoliation.However,its co-application with TDZ(0.45 mmol·L^(-1))at concentrations of 0.6,0.8,and 1.0 mmol·L^(-1)significantly enhanced defoliation efficacy.The most effective combination—TDZ with 0.8 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA—achieved a 100%defoliation rate at 5 days after treatment(DAT),23.7 percentage points higher than TDZ alone,and comparable to the commercial TDZ·Diuron formulation with equivalent TDZ content.Field trials conducted in Beijing(Shangzhuang),Hebei(Hejian),and Xinjiang(Shihezi)confirmed that the combination of 0.6 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA with 1.70 mmol·L^(-1)TDZ provided optimal defoliation performance.At 21 DAT,the defoliation rate increased by 13.5–16.3 percentage points compared with TDZ alone.Furthermore,boll opening rates improved by 5.7–12.7 percentage points relative to TDZ-only treatments.Phytohormonal analyses from the Shangzhuang site showed that the combined treatment significantly altered hormone levels in both leaves and petioles.Compared with TDZ alone,the mixture reduced concentrations of auxin(IAA),cytokinins(Z+ZR,iP+iPA,DHZ+DHZR),and gibberellic acid(GA3),while increasing levels of JA,abscisic acid(ABA),and brassinosteroids(BR).These hormonal shifts may underlie the enhanced defoliation observed with the combined treatment.Importantly,the TDZ-Me-JA combination did not adversely affect cotton yield,yield components,or fiber quality.Conclusion The combination of Me-JA and TDZ has a good defoliation effect without affecting crop yield or fiber quality.And it provides a promising foundation for the development of novel,environmentally friendly cotton defoliants.展开更多
Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process tightly regulated by hormonal crosstalk,transcriptional networks,and epigenetic modifications,with striking divergence between climacteric and non-climacteric species....Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process tightly regulated by hormonal crosstalk,transcriptional networks,and epigenetic modifications,with striking divergence between climacteric and non-climacteric species.In climacteric fruits,such as tomatoes,apples,and bananas,ethylene acts as the master regulator,driving autocatalytic biosynthesis through ACS/ACO genes and activating hierarchical transcriptional cascades mediated by MADS-box(RIN),NAC(NOR),and ERF-family transcription factors.These pathways are amplified by epigenetic reprogramming,including DNA demethylation at ripening-related promoters and histone acetylation,which enhance chromatin accessibility to facilitate gene expression.Conversely,non-climacteric fruits like strawberries and grapes predominantly rely on abscisic acid(ABA)to coordinate ripening.Hormonal interplay,such as ethylene-ABA synergy in climacteric fruit systems,further fine-tunes ripening dynamics.Advances in CRISPR-based gene editing and epigenome engineering now enable precise manipulation of these pathways,offering transformative solutions to reduce postharvest losses,enhance nutritional quality,and improve climate resilience.This review integrates mechanistic insights across species,emphasizing opportunities to translate fundamental discoveries into sustainable agricultural innovations,from breeding nutrient-rich cultivars to optimizing postharvest technologies for global food security.展开更多
Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most ...Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.展开更多
Melon(Cucumis melo)is an economically important horticultural crop cultivated worldwide.NAC(NAM/ATAC/CUC)transcription factors play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of various developmental stages in pl...Melon(Cucumis melo)is an economically important horticultural crop cultivated worldwide.NAC(NAM/ATAC/CUC)transcription factors play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of various developmental stages in plant growth and fruit development,but their gene functions in melon remain largely unknown.Here,we identified 78 CmNAC family genes with an integrated and conserved no apical meristem(NAM)domain in the melon genome by performing genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis.Transcriptome data analysis and qRTPCR results showed that most CmNACs are specifically enriched in either the vegetative or reproductive organs of melon.Through genetic transformation,we found that overexpression of CmNAC34 in melons led to early ripening fruits,suggesting its positive role in promoting fruit maturation.Using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays,we verified the direct protein interaction between CmNAC34 and CmNACNOR.The expression patterns of CmNAC34 and CmNAC-NOR were similar in melon tissues,and subcellular localization revealed their nuclear protein characteristics.We transformed CmNAC-NOR in melon and found that its overexpression resulted in early ripening fruits.Then,the yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase reporter gene assays showed that the CmNAC34 protein can bind to the promoters of two glyoxalase(GLY)genes,which are involved in the abscisic acid signal pathway and associated with fruit regulation.These findings revealed the molecular characteristics,expression profiles,and functional patterns of the NAC family genes and provide new insights into the molecular mechanism by which CmNAC34 regulates climacteric fruit ripening.展开更多
Nowadays, ultrafine explosives are widely used in military fields. Ultrafine 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene(HNS) has emerged as an optimal primer for explosion foil initiators due to its excellent therma...Nowadays, ultrafine explosives are widely used in military fields. Ultrafine 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene(HNS) has emerged as an optimal primer for explosion foil initiators due to its excellent thermal stability and high-voltage short-pulse initiation performance. However, the solid phase ripening of ultrafine HNS leads to a degradation in its impact detonation performance. Previous studies have indicated that residual dimethyl formamide(DMF), which is present in ultrafine HNS prepared using the recrystallization method, affects ultrafine HNS ripening. The mechanism of residual solvent effects on solid phase ripening of ultrafine HNS is unclear. In this work, the specific surface area(SSA) derived from small angle X-ray scattering(SAXS) was utilized for kinetic fitting analysis to explore the mechanism by which residual solvents enhance the solid phase ripening of ultrafine HNS. The results of the SSA measured by insitu SAXS under conditions of 150℃ for 40 h revealed that the sample with 0.2% residual DMF exhibited a 21.51% decrease in SSA, whereas the sample with only 0.04% residual DMF showed a decrease of 15.66%.Furthermore, the higher amounts of residual DMF accelerated the reduction in SSA with time. Kinetic fitting analysis demonstrated that reducing residual DMF would lower both the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor, consequently decreasing the rate constant of solid phase ripening. The mechanism was speculated that it primarily facilitated the Ostwald ripening(OR). Additionally, contrast variation small angle X-ray scattering(CV-SAXS) confirmed that coating of ultrafine HNS particles is an effective method for inhibiting ripening, significantly reducing both the rate and extent of ripening of ultrafine HNS. This study predicts how residual solvents impact the solid phase ripening process of ultrafine HNS and proposes strategies for enhancing the long-term stability of ultrafine explosives.展开更多
[ Objective ] The research aimed to discuss the occurrence regularity of apple early defoliation disease and control effects of fungicides in west Sichuan plateau. [ Method ] Apple early defoliation disease in west Si...[ Objective ] The research aimed to discuss the occurrence regularity of apple early defoliation disease and control effects of fungicides in west Sichuan plateau. [ Method ] Apple early defoliation disease in west Sichuan plateau was systematically investigated during 2009 and 2011, and the control effects of different fungicides during different spraying periods were studied. [ Result] The species of pathogen mainly was Marssonina ma/i （ P. Henn）, accounting for 32.5%, Phyl-losticta Pirina Sa accounted for 29.9%, and Alternaria mali Roberts accounted for 25.7%. The field fluctuation regularity was as follows ： the disease generally be- gan in the mid-May and ended in early and middle October with only one damage peak during the whole year, the fluctuation had positive correlation with rainfall （ R2 =0.891 8 ＊ ＊ ）. Control test showed that 40% flusilazole had the best control effect （86.5%）, which was best to apply after anthesis. [ Conclusion ] The paper provided theoretical basis for the effective control against apple early defoliation disease.展开更多
[Objective] It aimed to find an optimum condition for compensatory growth of peony.[Method] The different defoliation intensies and frequencies of penoy were implemented to observe accumulated aboveground biomass, reg...[Objective] It aimed to find an optimum condition for compensatory growth of peony.[Method] The different defoliation intensies and frequencies of penoy were implemented to observe accumulated aboveground biomass, regenerated bud number,stem-leaf ratio and the chlorophyll concentration change in residual leaves.[Result] When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliaton intensity was from 40%-60%,the accumulated biomass was biggest, when the defoliation frequency was conducted every 10 d once and defoliation intensity was from 60%-80% the regenerated bud number was maximum.The stem-leaf ratio of mild and moderate defoliation intensities(20%-60%) was significantly lower than that of control group.When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliation intensity was from 40%-60%,the chlorophyll concentration in residual leaves was obviously higher than that of control group.[Conclusion] The proper defoliation intensity(60%) and lower defoliation frequency(defoliation was conducted every 20 d once) were most favorable to the growth and regenerated of peony which was the compensatory growth.展开更多
Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson cv. Bruno) was used toinvestigate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 1.0 mmol/L, pH 3.5) and ethylene (100 mL/L) treat-ments on changes at...Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson cv. Bruno) was used toinvestigate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 1.0 mmol/L, pH 3.5) and ethylene (100 mL/L) treat-ments on changes at endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels and other senescence-related factors duringfruit ripening and softening at 20 ℃. The level of endogenous SA in ripening fruits declined and a closerelationship was observed between the change at endogenous SA level and the rate of fruit ripening andsoftening. ASA treatment elevated SA level in the fruit, slowed down the increases in lipoxygenase (LOX)and allene oxide synthase (AOS) activities, decreased the O22-. production in the preclimacteric phase andthe early phase of ethylene climacteric rise, maintained the stability of cell membrane, inhibited ethylenebiosynthesis, postponed the onset of the ethylene climacteric, and delayed the process of fruit ripeningand softening. On the contrary, application of ethylene to ripening kiwifruit resulted at a lower SA level, anaccelerated increases in the activities of LOX and AOS and the rate of O22-. production, an elevated relativeelectric conductivity and an advanced onset of ethylene climacteric, and a quicker fruit ripening andsoftening. It is suggested that the effects of ASA on ripening kiwifruit can be attributed to its ability toscavenge O22-. and/or to maintain stability of cell membrane.展开更多
基金supported by the key research project for fig development of Weiyuan County(Grant No.1002-69199007),China.
文摘Fig fruit firmness decreases rapidly during ripening and after harvest,resulting in poor storability and transportation loss,which severely restricts development of the fresh fig industry.APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors are downstream components of the ethylene-signaling pathway that play crucial roles in quality formation during fruit ripening.In this study,Ficus carica(Fc)ERF12 was clustered in repressor subfamily VIII of ERFs through phylogenetic analysis,and further recruited by its two EAR motifs and expression pattern during fig ripening.DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis indicated that FcERF12 binds to the promoter or gene body regions of multiple ripening-related genes,including cell wall-modification genes FcPG,FcXTH and FcPME,and ethylene-biosynthesis genes FcACS and FcACO.Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that FcERF12 interacts with TOPLESS(TPL)co-repressors FcTPL1,FcTPL4 and FcTPL5,and histone deacetylases FcHDA6 and FcHDA19;interaction with FcTPL4 and FcTPL5 relied on the C-terminal EAR motif.Overexpressing FcERF12 in tomato did not change fruit size or yield,but resulted in an 18.37%increment in fruit firmness and a 49.62%reduction in ethylene-release rate at fruit ripening,accompanied by a significant decrease in seed number per fruit.Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of tomato cell wallmodification genes SlPL,SlEXP and SlPG,and ethylene-synthesis genes SlACO and SlACS.Metabolomic profiling identified 82 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites,61 of them showing significantly decreased contents.Taken together,our results exhibit the negative regulatory role of FcERF12 in fig ethylene-signal transduction,providing new information on precise control of fruit firmness and other quality traits at ripening.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD2100102)China Agriculture Research System of Ministry of Finance(MOF)and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(MARA)(Grant No.CARS-31)。
文摘Fruit ripening,which is modulated by the up-and downregulation of numerous genes,is a sophisticated physiological event determining consumer acceptability.While many positive regulators have been known to regulate fruit ripening,relatively less information is associated with the negative regulators in the process.Here,a negative regulator,MaMADS31,was characterized according to the banana fruit ripening transcriptome,which displayed nuclear localization and inhibitory transactivation activity.MaMADS31 suppresses the transcription of the cell wall modification gene MaPL15 and the ethylene biosynthesis-related gene MaACO13 by directly recognizing the CArG-box element in their promoters.Transient expression of MaMADS31 in banana fruit brought about downregulation of MaPL15 and MaACO13,thereby delaying fruit ripening.Importantly,MaMADS31 interacts with MaBZR2 to synergistically strengthen the transcriptional inhibition of MaPL15 and MaACO13.Overall,MaMADS31-MaBZR2 plays a negative role in fruit ripening by downregulating the MaPL15 and MaACO13 transcription,which provides new insights for innovating approaches for prolonging the postharvest life of horticultural plants.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31830071,32202561)the earmarked fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-31)。
文摘Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.
基金funded by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS–15–16)。
文摘Background Thidiazuron(TDZ)is a widely used chemical defoliant in commercial cotton production and is often combined with the herbicide Diuron to form the commercial defoliant mixture known as TDZ·Diuron(T·D,540 g·L^(-1)suspension).However,due to increasing concerns about the environmental and biological risks posed by Diuron,there is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective alternatives.Jasmonic acid(JA)and its derivatives are key phytohormones in organ senescence and abscission.Results Greenhouse experiments at the seedling stage revealed that Me-JA(0.8 mmol·L^(-1))alone did not induce defoliation.However,its co-application with TDZ(0.45 mmol·L^(-1))at concentrations of 0.6,0.8,and 1.0 mmol·L^(-1)significantly enhanced defoliation efficacy.The most effective combination—TDZ with 0.8 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA—achieved a 100%defoliation rate at 5 days after treatment(DAT),23.7 percentage points higher than TDZ alone,and comparable to the commercial TDZ·Diuron formulation with equivalent TDZ content.Field trials conducted in Beijing(Shangzhuang),Hebei(Hejian),and Xinjiang(Shihezi)confirmed that the combination of 0.6 mmol·L^(-1)Me-JA with 1.70 mmol·L^(-1)TDZ provided optimal defoliation performance.At 21 DAT,the defoliation rate increased by 13.5–16.3 percentage points compared with TDZ alone.Furthermore,boll opening rates improved by 5.7–12.7 percentage points relative to TDZ-only treatments.Phytohormonal analyses from the Shangzhuang site showed that the combined treatment significantly altered hormone levels in both leaves and petioles.Compared with TDZ alone,the mixture reduced concentrations of auxin(IAA),cytokinins(Z+ZR,iP+iPA,DHZ+DHZR),and gibberellic acid(GA3),while increasing levels of JA,abscisic acid(ABA),and brassinosteroids(BR).These hormonal shifts may underlie the enhanced defoliation observed with the combined treatment.Importantly,the TDZ-Me-JA combination did not adversely affect cotton yield,yield components,or fiber quality.Conclusion The combination of Me-JA and TDZ has a good defoliation effect without affecting crop yield or fiber quality.And it provides a promising foundation for the development of novel,environmentally friendly cotton defoliants.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372780 and 32172643)the Institutional Research Funding of Sichuan University(2022SCUNL105)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC1302)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M732486)the Guangxi Science and Technology Program(2024AB08197).
文摘Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process tightly regulated by hormonal crosstalk,transcriptional networks,and epigenetic modifications,with striking divergence between climacteric and non-climacteric species.In climacteric fruits,such as tomatoes,apples,and bananas,ethylene acts as the master regulator,driving autocatalytic biosynthesis through ACS/ACO genes and activating hierarchical transcriptional cascades mediated by MADS-box(RIN),NAC(NOR),and ERF-family transcription factors.These pathways are amplified by epigenetic reprogramming,including DNA demethylation at ripening-related promoters and histone acetylation,which enhance chromatin accessibility to facilitate gene expression.Conversely,non-climacteric fruits like strawberries and grapes predominantly rely on abscisic acid(ABA)to coordinate ripening.Hormonal interplay,such as ethylene-ABA synergy in climacteric fruit systems,further fine-tunes ripening dynamics.Advances in CRISPR-based gene editing and epigenome engineering now enable precise manipulation of these pathways,offering transformative solutions to reduce postharvest losses,enhance nutritional quality,and improve climate resilience.This review integrates mechanistic insights across species,emphasizing opportunities to translate fundamental discoveries into sustainable agricultural innovations,from breeding nutrient-rich cultivars to optimizing postharvest technologies for global food security.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32302642,32272790)the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study(Grant No.SN-ZJU-SIAS-0011)+1 种基金Collaborative Promotion Program of Zhejiang Provincial Agricultural Technology of China(Grant No.2023ZDXT05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.226-2022-00122).
文摘Autophagy is a universal cellular process in eukaryotes that plays a critical role in plant growth and stress response.However,the role of autophagy in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Here,we demonstrated that most autophagy-related genes(ATGs)were up-regulated during tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruit ripening.By using mutants of different autophagy pathway genes(ATG6,ATG10,ATG18a),we revealed that the deficiency of autophagy delayed the ripening of fruit.Compared with wild-type(WT),the production of ethylene was significantly reduced and the accumulation of lycopene was delayed in atg mutants during fruit ripening.We also observed the contents of glucose and fructose were both significantly decreased in atg mutants compared with WT,while the content of organic acids showed the opposite trend.Additionally,the negative regulator of ethylene production,APETALA2a(AP2a),interacted with ATG8 through a specific ATG8-interacting motif(AIM)and could be degraded through the autophagy pathway.These results demonstrate that autophagy plays a critical role in fruit ripening by regulating ethylene production and the accumulation of pigments,sugars and organic acids in tomato.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202513)the Applied Technology Research and Development Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(2021PT0001)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(2021BS03002)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Universities“Young Science and Technology Talent Support Project”,China(NJYT24067)the Inner Mongolia University High-Level Talent Research Program,China(10000-21311201/056)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Department of Education First-class Scientific Research Project,China(YLXKZX-ND-030)。
文摘Melon(Cucumis melo)is an economically important horticultural crop cultivated worldwide.NAC(NAM/ATAC/CUC)transcription factors play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of various developmental stages in plant growth and fruit development,but their gene functions in melon remain largely unknown.Here,we identified 78 CmNAC family genes with an integrated and conserved no apical meristem(NAM)domain in the melon genome by performing genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis.Transcriptome data analysis and qRTPCR results showed that most CmNACs are specifically enriched in either the vegetative or reproductive organs of melon.Through genetic transformation,we found that overexpression of CmNAC34 in melons led to early ripening fruits,suggesting its positive role in promoting fruit maturation.Using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays,we verified the direct protein interaction between CmNAC34 and CmNACNOR.The expression patterns of CmNAC34 and CmNAC-NOR were similar in melon tissues,and subcellular localization revealed their nuclear protein characteristics.We transformed CmNAC-NOR in melon and found that its overexpression resulted in early ripening fruits.Then,the yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase reporter gene assays showed that the CmNAC34 protein can bind to the promoters of two glyoxalase(GLY)genes,which are involved in the abscisic acid signal pathway and associated with fruit regulation.These findings revealed the molecular characteristics,expression profiles,and functional patterns of the NAC family genes and provide new insights into the molecular mechanism by which CmNAC34 regulates climacteric fruit ripening.
基金the Presidential Foundation of CAEP(Grant No.YZJJZQ2023005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22375191).
文摘Nowadays, ultrafine explosives are widely used in military fields. Ultrafine 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene(HNS) has emerged as an optimal primer for explosion foil initiators due to its excellent thermal stability and high-voltage short-pulse initiation performance. However, the solid phase ripening of ultrafine HNS leads to a degradation in its impact detonation performance. Previous studies have indicated that residual dimethyl formamide(DMF), which is present in ultrafine HNS prepared using the recrystallization method, affects ultrafine HNS ripening. The mechanism of residual solvent effects on solid phase ripening of ultrafine HNS is unclear. In this work, the specific surface area(SSA) derived from small angle X-ray scattering(SAXS) was utilized for kinetic fitting analysis to explore the mechanism by which residual solvents enhance the solid phase ripening of ultrafine HNS. The results of the SSA measured by insitu SAXS under conditions of 150℃ for 40 h revealed that the sample with 0.2% residual DMF exhibited a 21.51% decrease in SSA, whereas the sample with only 0.04% residual DMF showed a decrease of 15.66%.Furthermore, the higher amounts of residual DMF accelerated the reduction in SSA with time. Kinetic fitting analysis demonstrated that reducing residual DMF would lower both the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor, consequently decreasing the rate constant of solid phase ripening. The mechanism was speculated that it primarily facilitated the Ostwald ripening(OR). Additionally, contrast variation small angle X-ray scattering(CV-SAXS) confirmed that coating of ultrafine HNS particles is an effective method for inhibiting ripening, significantly reducing both the rate and extent of ripening of ultrafine HNS. This study predicts how residual solvents impact the solid phase ripening process of ultrafine HNS and proposes strategies for enhancing the long-term stability of ultrafine explosives.
基金Supported by Comprehensive Test Station in West Sichuan Plateau for National Apple's Industrial Technology System ( CARS-28)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The research aimed to discuss the occurrence regularity of apple early defoliation disease and control effects of fungicides in west Sichuan plateau. [ Method ] Apple early defoliation disease in west Sichuan plateau was systematically investigated during 2009 and 2011, and the control effects of different fungicides during different spraying periods were studied. [ Result] The species of pathogen mainly was Marssonina ma/i （ P. Henn）, accounting for 32.5%, Phyl-losticta Pirina Sa accounted for 29.9%, and Alternaria mali Roberts accounted for 25.7%. The field fluctuation regularity was as follows ： the disease generally be- gan in the mid-May and ended in early and middle October with only one damage peak during the whole year, the fluctuation had positive correlation with rainfall （ R2 =0.891 8 ＊ ＊ ）. Control test showed that 40% flusilazole had the best control effect （86.5%）, which was best to apply after anthesis. [ Conclusion ] The paper provided theoretical basis for the effective control against apple early defoliation disease.
文摘[Objective] It aimed to find an optimum condition for compensatory growth of peony.[Method] The different defoliation intensies and frequencies of penoy were implemented to observe accumulated aboveground biomass, regenerated bud number,stem-leaf ratio and the chlorophyll concentration change in residual leaves.[Result] When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliaton intensity was from 40%-60%,the accumulated biomass was biggest, when the defoliation frequency was conducted every 10 d once and defoliation intensity was from 60%-80% the regenerated bud number was maximum.The stem-leaf ratio of mild and moderate defoliation intensities(20%-60%) was significantly lower than that of control group.When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliation intensity was from 40%-60%,the chlorophyll concentration in residual leaves was obviously higher than that of control group.[Conclusion] The proper defoliation intensity(60%) and lower defoliation frequency(defoliation was conducted every 20 d once) were most favorable to the growth and regenerated of peony which was the compensatory growth.
文摘Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson cv. Bruno) was used toinvestigate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 1.0 mmol/L, pH 3.5) and ethylene (100 mL/L) treat-ments on changes at endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels and other senescence-related factors duringfruit ripening and softening at 20 ℃. The level of endogenous SA in ripening fruits declined and a closerelationship was observed between the change at endogenous SA level and the rate of fruit ripening andsoftening. ASA treatment elevated SA level in the fruit, slowed down the increases in lipoxygenase (LOX)and allene oxide synthase (AOS) activities, decreased the O22-. production in the preclimacteric phase andthe early phase of ethylene climacteric rise, maintained the stability of cell membrane, inhibited ethylenebiosynthesis, postponed the onset of the ethylene climacteric, and delayed the process of fruit ripeningand softening. On the contrary, application of ethylene to ripening kiwifruit resulted at a lower SA level, anaccelerated increases in the activities of LOX and AOS and the rate of O22-. production, an elevated relativeelectric conductivity and an advanced onset of ethylene climacteric, and a quicker fruit ripening andsoftening. It is suggested that the effects of ASA on ripening kiwifruit can be attributed to its ability toscavenge O22-. and/or to maintain stability of cell membrane.
