In recent scenario of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),there are many application developed for handling sensitive and private data such as military information,surveillance data,tracking,etc.Hence,the sensor nodes of W...In recent scenario of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),there are many application developed for handling sensitive and private data such as military information,surveillance data,tracking,etc.Hence,the sensor nodes of WSNs are distributed in an intimidating region,which is non-rigid to attacks.The recent research domains of WSN deal with models to handle the WSN communications against malicious attacks and threats.In traditional models,the solution has been made for defending the networks,only to specific attacks.However,in real-time applications,the kind of attack that is launched by the adversary is not known.Additionally,on developing a security mechanism for WSN,the resource constraints of sensor nodes are also to be considered.With that note,this paper presents an Enhanced Security Model with Improved Defensive Routing Mechanism(IDRM)for defending the sensor network from various attacks.Moreover,for efficient model design,the work includes the part of feature evaluation of some general attacks of WSNs.The IDRM also includes determination of optimal secure paths and Node security for secure routing operations.The performance of the proposed model is evaluated with respect to several factors;it is found that the model has achieved better security levels and is efficient than other existing models in WSN communications.It is proven that the proposed IDRM produces 74%of PDR in average and a minimized packet drop of 38%when comparing with the existing works.展开更多
The rapid growth of Internet of things devices and the emergence of rapidly evolving network threats have made traditional security assessment methods inadequate.Federated learning offers a promising solution to exped...The rapid growth of Internet of things devices and the emergence of rapidly evolving network threats have made traditional security assessment methods inadequate.Federated learning offers a promising solution to expedite the training of security assessment models.However,ensuring the trustworthiness and robustness of federated learning under multi-party collaboration scenarios remains a challenge.To address these issues,this study proposes a shard aggregation network structure and a malicious node detection mechanism,along with improvements to the federated learning training process.First,we extract the data features of the participants by using spectral clustering methods combined with a Gaussian kernel function.Then,we introduce a multi-objective decision-making approach that combines data distribution consistency,consensus communication overhead,and consensus result reliability in order to determine the final network sharing scheme.Finally,by integrating the federated learning aggregation process with the malicious node detection mechanism,we improve the traditional decentralized learning process.Our proposed ShardFed algorithm outperforms conventional classification algorithms and state-of-the-art machine learning methods like FedProx and FedCurv in convergence speed,robustness against data interference,and adaptability across multiple scenarios.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach improves model accuracy by up to 2.33%under non-independent and identically distributed data conditions,maintains higher performance with malicious nodes containing poisoned data ratios of 20%–50%,and significantly enhances model resistance to low-quality data.展开更多
The acid soluble extract of the bladder mucosal surface was obtained by washing out the bladder with dilute acetic acid in the presence of protease inhibitors. The wash out materials from...The acid soluble extract of the bladder mucosal surface was obtained by washing out the bladder with dilute acetic acid in the presence of protease inhibitors. The wash out materials from rats, rabbits, pigs, and humans manifested strong bactericidal activity against E.coli in vitro. The ultrafiltrate of the human material, which contained two major peptides with apparent molecular masses of 6 7 kD and 8 5 kD, respectively, showed potent bactericidal activity against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus sanguis.Three antibacterial polypeptides (PiBPs) were purified from the porcine material. The molecular masses of PiBP 5, PiBP 11 and PiBP 25 were 5773.3 Da, 11127.8 Da and 25073 Da, respectively. PiBP 5 was unusually rich in glycine, serine and threonine residues(20 0, 16 3 and 10 4 mo1%, respectively), and N terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that PiBP 5 was homologous (83 3% identity in an 18 residue overlay) to the “tail” of human cytokeratin 7. Although the amino acid compositions of PiBP 11 and PiBP 25 were established, both had blocked N termini and primary sequence data were not obtained. These results provided evidence indicating that the presence of peptides in the bladder mucosa could enable it to kill adherent bacteria.展开更多
Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mech...Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mechanism against pathogen and parasitic invasion exist in the epidermal mucus which serves as a mechanical as well as biochemical barrier. The study was performed to identify the amino acid and fatty acid components using GC （gas chromatography） and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus. The present study revealed 16 components of amino acid and 22 types of fatty acid in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatzts. Linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was the most prominent PUFA （polyunsaturated fatty acid） which contributed approximately 11.69% of total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids are palmitic acid （C 16：0）, oleic acid （C 18： l n9c）, linoledaidic acid （C18：2n6t）, arachidic acid （C20：0）, Gamma-Linoleic acid （C18：3n6） and gadoleic acid （C20：1） which contained reasonable amounts of 9.52%, 8.06%, 6.26%, 8.33%, 6.21% and 9.05% of total fatty acids, respectively. This present study also demonstrated the presence of various amino acids in skin extract. Glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagin and alanine were found at high concentration of 8.09%, 6.95%, 5.73%, 4.74%, 4.58% respectively. The most abundance percentage of linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was found to be the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid （AA） which inducing platelet aggregation, facilitate the blood clotting process and adhesion in endothelial cells during wound healing and might be responsible for rapid tissue growth in L. dimidiatus. It can be concluded that the amino acid and fatty acid profile from the epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus contains most of the essential components required to play a possible role in its defense mechanism. Understanding the biochemical properties of L. dimidiatus epidermal mucus in defense mechanism would enable to determine how this fish protect itself from parasitic infection.展开更多
：With the unceasing globalization development of MNCs＇ business and connnuous intensify in international competition, the managers of MNCs find that the strategy decisions they are faced on are becoming more compli...：With the unceasing globalization development of MNCs＇ business and connnuous intensify in international competition, the managers of MNCs find that the strategy decisions they are faced on are becoming more complicated, and they have deeply realized that the perception and defense of the international risk has the impact on their strategy decisions. The thesis, proceeding with analyzing and evaluating risk types in the course of enterprises developing in the international markets, based on the integration international risk perception model, utilizing relative theories and study thoughts of the corporate governance mechanisms, especially the relative studies on overseas enterprises＇ governance mechanisms, explores how to use the corporate governance mechanisms to build the defense system against international risks. Meanwhile, the thesis further discusses the risks our native enterprises have suffered from during the multinational operation in detail, explores its reasons and offers the defense measures of all sorts of risk.展开更多
The contradiction between id and ego is the root cause of various problems in the growth process of students.On the basis of understanding the functions of different psychological defense mechanisms,teachers can assis...The contradiction between id and ego is the root cause of various problems in the growth process of students.On the basis of understanding the functions of different psychological defense mechanisms,teachers can assist students in dealing with all areas of inner conflict and thus achieve a balanced state.Psychological defense mechanism is one of the means for individuals to deal with setbacks and anxiety.It plays an important role in preserving an individual's mental health.This paper mainly analyzes the impact of different types of psychological defense mechanisms in the growth process of students and discusses its importance as well as its significance.Finally,by analyzing its influencing factors,this paper also proposes strategies for adjusting the psychological defense mechanism,so as to provide reference for teachers in the practical education process.展开更多
In order to ensure the safe and reliable development of chemical production, it is necessary to strengthen safety control, establish a special scientific double prevention mechanism, reduce the probability of all kind...In order to ensure the safe and reliable development of chemical production, it is necessary to strengthen safety control, establish a special scientific double prevention mechanism, reduce the probability of all kinds of safety accidents, so that the comprehensive benefits of chemical enterprises in the process of production, operation and construction can be fundamentally improved. In view of this, this paper analyzes the significance of chemical safety management, designs the construction scheme of dual defense mechanism of chemical safety management, and finally puts forward the key points of dual defense mechanism of chemical safety management, in order to provide theoretical help for related staff.展开更多
Flower-infecting fungi have caused many economically important diseases in crop production.The fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens infects developing rice florets,causing false smut disease,which leads to reduced gr...Flower-infecting fungi have caused many economically important diseases in crop production.The fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens infects developing rice florets,causing false smut disease,which leads to reduced grain yield and quality,as well as contamination with mycotoxins that pose hazards to human health and food security.To ensure rice production,substantial efforts have been made to understand the interaction between rice and U.virens.In this review,we summarize the current understanding of rice resistance mechanisms to U.virens.We discuss the evaluation of false smut resistance,quantitative resistance loci,potential defense strategies of rice panicles,pathogen effector-driven identification of resistance-related genes,and engineering of false smut resistance.We conclude by proposing an integrated defense system that includes disease avoidance,immune response,metabolic adaptation,and the inhibition of susceptibility factors.Furthermore,we outline four critical stages of interaction between rice and U.virens that are essential for understanding and enhancing organ-specific rice resistance to false smut disease.展开更多
Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacilli that usually colonize the oropharynx,gastrointestinal tract,upper respiratory tract,and vaginal mucosa of humans as a part of the normal flora.[1,2]...Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacilli that usually colonize the oropharynx,gastrointestinal tract,upper respiratory tract,and vaginal mucosa of humans as a part of the normal flora.[1,2]Infections may occur once host defense mechanisms are altered and mucosal barriers are disrupted.[3]The clinical spectrum is wide and includes pharyngitis,sinusitis,abscess formation,puerperal infections,bacteremia,and septic shock.Within this genus,two species are most commonly isolated:Fusobacterium nucleatum and Fusobacterium necrophorum(F.necrophorum).F.necrophorum is usually associated with Lemierre’s syndrome,[4,5]a type of septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein.展开更多
Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinit...Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinity,extreme temperatures,and heavy metals,activate overlapping yet distinct immune pathways.These are comprised of morphological barriers,hormonal signaling,and the induction of stress-responsive genes through complex pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS),phytohormones,and secondary metabolites.Abiotic stress triggers organelle-mediated retrograde signaling from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria,which causes unfolded protein responses and the regulation of cellular homeostasis.Simultaneously,biotic stress activates both PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),mediated by salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and ethylene(ET).This review aims to provide an integrated overview of plant immune responses tomultiple stressors,with emphasis on molecular crosstalk and recent technological interventions.A systematic literature search was conducted using the Scopus database,covering studies published between 2010 and 2025.Advances in CRISPR-Cas genome editing,RNA interference,omics technologies,nanotechnology,and artificial intelligence have improved our knowledge of plant stress physiology and facilitated the design of resilient crop varieties.Despite these advances,the integration of immune signals under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress remains poorly understood,particularly at tissue-specific and cellular levels.Additionally,practical challenges persist in delivery methods,regulatory hurdles,and long-term field validation.With the escalation of climate change,understanding the complex crosstalk between stress signalling pathways is essential formaintaining sustainable agriculture and global food security.Future directions point toward real-time monitoring tools,such as single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics,to fine-tune immune responses and support precision crop improvement.展开更多
Osteomyelitis remains a global challenge in the field of orthopedics.Even after standard debridement and antibiotic-assisted treatment,the long-term recurrence rate remains at 20%-30%.Given the dynamic changes in immu...Osteomyelitis remains a global challenge in the field of orthopedics.Even after standard debridement and antibiotic-assisted treatment,the long-term recurrence rate remains at 20%-30%.Given the dynamic changes in immune responses and defense mechanisms during bone infection,as well as the complex“race for the surface”involving bacterial adhesion and host cells(macrophages and tissue cells)on implant surfaces,biomaterials with immunomodulatory functions have attracted considerable attention.Macrophages,as crucial components of the immune system,participate in the inflammatory regulation and tissue remodeling of bone infections through highly plastic polarization mechanisms after bacterial invasion.The different microenvironmental characteristics and therapeutic needs at different stages of bone infection highlight the promising applications of biomaterials capable of macrophage polarization remodeling and sequential regulation.In this review,we provide a detailed discussion of the complex immune regulatory patterns in the bone infection microenvironment and the critical functions of macrophage polarization.We then explore how implant surface properties influence bacterial adhesion and macrophage function,highlighting the importance of achieving precise and dynamic regulation of macrophage polarization based on the Race for the Surface theory.Furthermore,we focus on recent advances,potential challenges,and opportunities in biomaterial-mediated macrophage polarization remodeling and sequential modulation strategies across different stages of osteomyelitis,aiming to offer insights that may accelerate the clinical translation of novel biomaterial-based macrophage immunotherapies.展开更多
LDoS （Low-rate Denial of Service） attack, exploiting the flaws in the congestion avoidance mechanism of TCP protocol,is periodic, stealthy, and with high efficiency. Since BGP uses TCP as a transport protocol, it is...LDoS （Low-rate Denial of Service） attack, exploiting the flaws in the congestion avoidance mechanism of TCP protocol,is periodic, stealthy, and with high efficiency. Since BGP uses TCP as a transport protocol, it is subject to LDoS attacks as well. LDoS attacks can cause table reset, route flapping of BGP protocol. A deliberately constructed distributed low-rate DOS attacks can even generate surge of updates throughout the Internet. In this paper, we investigate the promotion of attack efficiency of this novel attack, and then propose an attack model to simulate the LDoS attack. Experiments prove that this attack model can exponentially lower the attack costs and improve the attack effect.展开更多
Plant-insect interactions are basic components of biodiversity conservation.To attain the international Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),the interactions in urban and in suburban systems should be better understood...Plant-insect interactions are basic components of biodiversity conservation.To attain the international Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),the interactions in urban and in suburban systems should be better understood to maintain the health of green infrastructure.The role of ground-level ozone(0_(3)) as an environmental stress disrupting interaction webs is presented.Ozone mixing ratios in suburbs are usually higher than in the center of cities and may reduce photosynthetic productivity at a relatively higher degree.Consequently,carbon-based defense capacities of plants may be suppressed by elevated 0_(3) more in the suburbs.However,contrary to this expectation,grazing damages by leaf beetles have been severe in some urban centers in comparison with the suburbs.To explain differences in grazing damages between urban areas and suburbs,the disruption of atmospheric communication signals by elevated 0_(3) via changes in plant-regulated biogenic volatile organic compounds and long-chain fatty acids are considered.The ecological roles of plant volatiles and the effects of 0_(3) from both a chemical and a biological perspective are presented.Ozone-disrupted plant volatiles should be considered to explain herbivory phenomena in urban and suburban systems.展开更多
Stridulatory sound-producing behavior is widespread across catfish families, but some are silent. To understand why, we compared spine morphology and ecotype of silent and vocal clades. We determined vocal ability of ...Stridulatory sound-producing behavior is widespread across catfish families, but some are silent. To understand why, we compared spine morphology and ecotype of silent and vocal clades. We determined vocal ability of laboratory specimens during disturbance behavior. Vocal families had bony （not flexible or segmented） spines, well-developed anterior and/or posterior serrations, and statistically significantly longer spines. We compared morphology of the proximal end of the pectoral spine between vocal and silent species. For vocal taxa, microscopic rounded or bladed ridges or knobs were present on the dorsal process. Most silent species had reduced processes with exclusively smooth, convoluted, or honeycombed surfaces very similar to spine-locking surfaces, or they had novel surfaces （beaded, vacuolated, cobwebbed）. Most callichthyids had ridges but many were silent during disturbance. All doradid, most auchenipterid and most mochokid species were vocal and had ridges or knobs. Within the Auchenipteridae, vocal species had spines with greater weight and serration development but not length. Silent auchenipterids had thin, brittle, distally segmented spines with few microscopic serrations on only one margin and a highly reduced dorsal process lacking any known vocal morphology. Silent auchenipterids are derived and pelagic, while all vocal genera are basal and benthopelagic. This is the first phylogenetic evidence for stridulation mechanism loss within catfishes. Phylogenetic mapping of vocal ability, spine condition, and ecotype revealed the repeated presence of silence and vocal taxa, short and long spines, and ecotype shifts within clades. The appearance and loss of vocal behavior and supporting morphologies may have facilitated diversification among catfishes [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 73 89 2010].展开更多
Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS) attacks have been one of the most destructive threats to Internet security. By decoupling the network control and data plane, software defined networking(SDN) offers a flexible netw...Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS) attacks have been one of the most destructive threats to Internet security. By decoupling the network control and data plane, software defined networking(SDN) offers a flexible network management paradigm to solve DDoS attack in traditional networks. However, the centralized nature of SDN is also a potential vulnerability for DDo S attack. In this paper, we first provide some SDN-supported mechanisms against DDoS attack in traditional networks. A systematic review of various SDN-self DDo S threats are then presented as well as the existing literatures on quickly DDoS detection and defense in SDN. Finally, some promising research directions in this field are introduced.展开更多
Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals[such as cadmium(Cd)]is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy.Iron(Fe),being an important element,has been found effective in enhancing ...Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals[such as cadmium(Cd)]is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy.Iron(Fe),being an important element,has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses.The present study investigated the extent to which different levels of Ferrous sulphate(FeSO_(4))modulated the Cd tolerance of rice(Oryza sativa L.),when maintained in artificially Cd spiked regimes.A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions for 146 days,by using natural soil,mixed with different levels of CdCl_(2)[0(no Cd),0.5 and 1 mg/kg]together with the exogenous application of FeSO_(4) at[0(no Fe),1.5 and 3 mg/kg]levels to monitor different growth,gaseous exchange characteristics,oxidative stress,antioxidative responses,minerals accumulation,organic acid exudation patterns of O.sativa.Our results depicted that addition of Cd to the soil significantly(P<0.05)decreased plant growth and biomass,gaseous exchange parameters,mineral uptake by the plants,sugars(soluble,reducing,and non-reducing sugar)and altered the ultrastructure of chloroplasts,plastoglobuli,mitochondria,and many other cellular organelles in Cd-stressed O.sativa compared to those plants which were grown without the addition of Cd in the soil.However,Cd toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),which is the indication of oxidative stress in O.sativa and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))contents and electrolyte leakage to the membrane bounded organelles.Although,activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)and ascorbate peroxidase(APX)and non-enzymatic antioxidants like phenolics,flavonoid,ascorbic acid,anthocyanin and proline contents increased up to a Cd level of 0.5 mg/kg in the soil but were significantly diminished at the highest Cd level of 1 mg/kg in the soil compared to those plants which were grown without the addition of Cd in the soil.The negative impacts of Cd injury were reduced by the application of FeSO_(4) which increased plant growth and biomass,improved photosynthetic apparatus,antioxidant enzymes,minerals uptake together with diminished exudation of organic acids as well as oxidative stress indicators in roots and shoots of O.sativa by decreasing Cd retention in different plant parts.These results shed light on the effectiveness of FeSO_(4) in improving the growth and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities of O.sativa in response to Cd stress.However,further studies at field levels are required to explore the mechanisms of FeSO_(4)-mediated reduction of the toxicity of not only Cd,but possibly also other heavy metals in plants.展开更多
The objective to this work was to evaluate the enzymatic activity in the culture of Solanum lycopersicum L.infected with Fusarium oxysporum after the combined application of Beauveria bassiana and plant extracts.Solan...The objective to this work was to evaluate the enzymatic activity in the culture of Solanum lycopersicum L.infected with Fusarium oxysporum after the combined application of Beauveria bassiana and plant extracts.Solanum lycopersicum plantlets were transplanted 15 days after the emergency.Five days after transplanting,Beauveria bassiana spores were applied at a concentration of 1×10^(7)spores mL^(−1)onto soil(along with A.indica(N)and P.auritum(H)leaf extracts)where S.lycopersicum plants were planted.Eight days after transplanting,spores of F.oxysporum strain were applied at a concentration of 1×10^(6)spores mL^(−1)to soil where S.lycopersicum plants were growing.The development of S.lycopersicum plants was monitored for 114 days,whereby a randomized complete block treatment design was used,the roots of the plants were crushed with liquid nitrogen,after which UV/VIS spectrophotometry was used to determine protein concentration,as well as the activity ofβ-1,3-glucanases,peroxidases(POX,EC1.11.1.7),catalase and chitinases.The treatments combining B.bassiana and A.indica and P.auritum extracts,had a significant difference in enzymatic activity levels,thus contributing to better defense mechanisms and a greater protection to S.lycopersicum plants in the presence of F.oxysporum.The application of B.bassiana and plant extracts to the ground mitigated damage caused by F.oxysporum on S.lycopersicum plants.展开更多
Most damaging plant diseases have been caused by viruses in the entire world.In tropical and subtropical areas,the damage caused by plant virus leads to great economic and agricultural losses.Single stranded DNA virus...Most damaging plant diseases have been caused by viruses in the entire world.In tropical and subtropical areas,the damage caused by plant virus leads to great economic and agricultural losses.Single stranded DNA viruses(geminiviruses)are the most perilous pathogens which are responsible for major diseases in agronomic and horticultural crops.Significantly begomoviruses and mastreviruses are the biggest genus of plant infecting viruses,transmitted though Bemisia tabaci and members of Cicadellidae respectively.Plants possesses some naturally existing chemicals term as phyto-chemicals which perform important functions in the plant.Some antioxidant enzymes are used by plants for selfdefense upon foreign invasion of infection.This review explains the present perceptive of influence of viral infections on phyto-chemicals,oxidative enzymes and biochemical changes occurring in the plant.Viral infection mediated phytochemical changes in plants mainly includes:up and down regulation of photosynthetic pigment,increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds,elevation of starch content in the leaf and up&down regulation of anti-oxidative enzymes including(GPX)guaiacol peroxidase,(PPO)polyphenol oxidase,(APX)ascorbate peroxidase,(SOD)superoxide dismutase and(CTA)catalase.These changes lead to initiation of hypersensitive response,by thicken of the leaf lamina,lignification under the leaf surface,blocking to stomatal openings,systematic cell death,generation of reactive oxidative species(ROS),activation of pathogen mediated resistance pathways i.e.,production of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.Collectively all the physiological changes in the plant due to viral infection supports the activation of defense mechanism of the plant to combat against viral infection by limiting virus in specific area,followed with the production of barriers for pathogen,accumulation of starch in the leaf and excess production of(ROS).These strategies used by the plant to prevent the spread of virus in whole plant and to minimize the risk of severe yield loss.展开更多
This paper attempts to demonstrate Hester Prynne＇s, in Nathaniel Hawthorne＇s romantic work of fiction The Scarlet Letter （1994）, sublimation of her sexual impulses into identifying with the socially acceptable hum...This paper attempts to demonstrate Hester Prynne＇s, in Nathaniel Hawthorne＇s romantic work of fiction The Scarlet Letter （1994）, sublimation of her sexual impulses into identifying with the socially acceptable humanitarian actions, and societal demands in order to avoid the confrontation with the scorn of the people of Boston, her sexual urge, and with her weakness. Hester＇s libidinal energy was channeled into socially approved activities in her self-devoted years that made up her identity and reality. The scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which once attracted the world＇s scorn and bitterness, later looked upon with reverence, and transformed into a thing to be sorrowed over. She had not ignored a large part of reality of her life （the past and present）. If she ignored her past she would entirely detach it from the present. She integrated her stigma into her life in the continual process of self-making, and thereby projecting herself into the future展开更多
The genetic based Dual Instinct Theory is determined by evolutionary history. Aggression is required for survival and sex for propagation of species. Aggressive and sexual drive derivatives with their corresponding de...The genetic based Dual Instinct Theory is determined by evolutionary history. Aggression is required for survival and sex for propagation of species. Aggressive and sexual drive derivatives with their corresponding defence mechanisms are combined with biologically based stages of infant/child development and the functional entity of Structural Theory. This model of human nature is the applied to the diagnostic categories of DSM-5-TR. Objectives: To follow the innate Dual Instinct Theory from life to death and through Artificial Intelligence;connect it with biological stages of development of the Structural Theory and illustrate its manifestations in DSM-5-TR classifications. Method: Review of selected published literature. Applying the principle of focus and cognition of informed clinical observation of innate drive derivatives in conjunction with The Structural Theory. Both theories are functional entities with no structures involved. Sigmund Freud’s biologically based stages of development;oral, anal, genital pubic, adult, and geriatric along with a variety of unconscious, automatic, and persistent defense mechanisms are selectively folded into diagnosis listed in the manual.展开更多
文摘In recent scenario of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),there are many application developed for handling sensitive and private data such as military information,surveillance data,tracking,etc.Hence,the sensor nodes of WSNs are distributed in an intimidating region,which is non-rigid to attacks.The recent research domains of WSN deal with models to handle the WSN communications against malicious attacks and threats.In traditional models,the solution has been made for defending the networks,only to specific attacks.However,in real-time applications,the kind of attack that is launched by the adversary is not known.Additionally,on developing a security mechanism for WSN,the resource constraints of sensor nodes are also to be considered.With that note,this paper presents an Enhanced Security Model with Improved Defensive Routing Mechanism(IDRM)for defending the sensor network from various attacks.Moreover,for efficient model design,the work includes the part of feature evaluation of some general attacks of WSNs.The IDRM also includes determination of optimal secure paths and Node security for secure routing operations.The performance of the proposed model is evaluated with respect to several factors;it is found that the model has achieved better security levels and is efficient than other existing models in WSN communications.It is proven that the proposed IDRM produces 74%of PDR in average and a minimized packet drop of 38%when comparing with the existing works.
基金supported by State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co.,Ltd.Science and Technology Project,Research on Security Protection of Power Services Carried by 4G/5G Networks(Grant No.KJ2024-127).
文摘The rapid growth of Internet of things devices and the emergence of rapidly evolving network threats have made traditional security assessment methods inadequate.Federated learning offers a promising solution to expedite the training of security assessment models.However,ensuring the trustworthiness and robustness of federated learning under multi-party collaboration scenarios remains a challenge.To address these issues,this study proposes a shard aggregation network structure and a malicious node detection mechanism,along with improvements to the federated learning training process.First,we extract the data features of the participants by using spectral clustering methods combined with a Gaussian kernel function.Then,we introduce a multi-objective decision-making approach that combines data distribution consistency,consensus communication overhead,and consensus result reliability in order to determine the final network sharing scheme.Finally,by integrating the federated learning aggregation process with the malicious node detection mechanism,we improve the traditional decentralized learning process.Our proposed ShardFed algorithm outperforms conventional classification algorithms and state-of-the-art machine learning methods like FedProx and FedCurv in convergence speed,robustness against data interference,and adaptability across multiple scenarios.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach improves model accuracy by up to 2.33%under non-independent and identically distributed data conditions,maintains higher performance with malicious nodes containing poisoned data ratios of 20%–50%,and significantly enhances model resistance to low-quality data.
文摘The acid soluble extract of the bladder mucosal surface was obtained by washing out the bladder with dilute acetic acid in the presence of protease inhibitors. The wash out materials from rats, rabbits, pigs, and humans manifested strong bactericidal activity against E.coli in vitro. The ultrafiltrate of the human material, which contained two major peptides with apparent molecular masses of 6 7 kD and 8 5 kD, respectively, showed potent bactericidal activity against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus sanguis.Three antibacterial polypeptides (PiBPs) were purified from the porcine material. The molecular masses of PiBP 5, PiBP 11 and PiBP 25 were 5773.3 Da, 11127.8 Da and 25073 Da, respectively. PiBP 5 was unusually rich in glycine, serine and threonine residues(20 0, 16 3 and 10 4 mo1%, respectively), and N terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that PiBP 5 was homologous (83 3% identity in an 18 residue overlay) to the “tail” of human cytokeratin 7. Although the amino acid compositions of PiBP 11 and PiBP 25 were established, both had blocked N termini and primary sequence data were not obtained. These results provided evidence indicating that the presence of peptides in the bladder mucosa could enable it to kill adherent bacteria.
文摘Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mechanism against pathogen and parasitic invasion exist in the epidermal mucus which serves as a mechanical as well as biochemical barrier. The study was performed to identify the amino acid and fatty acid components using GC （gas chromatography） and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus. The present study revealed 16 components of amino acid and 22 types of fatty acid in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatzts. Linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was the most prominent PUFA （polyunsaturated fatty acid） which contributed approximately 11.69% of total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids are palmitic acid （C 16：0）, oleic acid （C 18： l n9c）, linoledaidic acid （C18：2n6t）, arachidic acid （C20：0）, Gamma-Linoleic acid （C18：3n6） and gadoleic acid （C20：1） which contained reasonable amounts of 9.52%, 8.06%, 6.26%, 8.33%, 6.21% and 9.05% of total fatty acids, respectively. This present study also demonstrated the presence of various amino acids in skin extract. Glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagin and alanine were found at high concentration of 8.09%, 6.95%, 5.73%, 4.74%, 4.58% respectively. The most abundance percentage of linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was found to be the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid （AA） which inducing platelet aggregation, facilitate the blood clotting process and adhesion in endothelial cells during wound healing and might be responsible for rapid tissue growth in L. dimidiatus. It can be concluded that the amino acid and fatty acid profile from the epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus contains most of the essential components required to play a possible role in its defense mechanism. Understanding the biochemical properties of L. dimidiatus epidermal mucus in defense mechanism would enable to determine how this fish protect itself from parasitic infection.
基金This research was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China, and its approval number is 03CJY011
文摘：With the unceasing globalization development of MNCs＇ business and connnuous intensify in international competition, the managers of MNCs find that the strategy decisions they are faced on are becoming more complicated, and they have deeply realized that the perception and defense of the international risk has the impact on their strategy decisions. The thesis, proceeding with analyzing and evaluating risk types in the course of enterprises developing in the international markets, based on the integration international risk perception model, utilizing relative theories and study thoughts of the corporate governance mechanisms, especially the relative studies on overseas enterprises＇ governance mechanisms, explores how to use the corporate governance mechanisms to build the defense system against international risks. Meanwhile, the thesis further discusses the risks our native enterprises have suffered from during the multinational operation in detail, explores its reasons and offers the defense measures of all sorts of risk.
基金Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant Number:2108085QF269)Project of Quality Engineering of Anqing Normal University(Grant Number:2020aqnujyxm45)。
文摘The contradiction between id and ego is the root cause of various problems in the growth process of students.On the basis of understanding the functions of different psychological defense mechanisms,teachers can assist students in dealing with all areas of inner conflict and thus achieve a balanced state.Psychological defense mechanism is one of the means for individuals to deal with setbacks and anxiety.It plays an important role in preserving an individual's mental health.This paper mainly analyzes the impact of different types of psychological defense mechanisms in the growth process of students and discusses its importance as well as its significance.Finally,by analyzing its influencing factors,this paper also proposes strategies for adjusting the psychological defense mechanism,so as to provide reference for teachers in the practical education process.
文摘In order to ensure the safe and reliable development of chemical production, it is necessary to strengthen safety control, establish a special scientific double prevention mechanism, reduce the probability of all kinds of safety accidents, so that the comprehensive benefits of chemical enterprises in the process of production, operation and construction can be fundamentally improved. In view of this, this paper analyzes the significance of chemical safety management, designs the construction scheme of dual defense mechanism of chemical safety management, and finally puts forward the key points of dual defense mechanism of chemical safety management, in order to provide theoretical help for related staff.
基金supported by grants from the Sichuan Natural Science Foundation(2024NSFSC0335 and SCCXTD-2024-SD-4 to D.-Q.L.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372490 and 32072503 to J.F.)。
文摘Flower-infecting fungi have caused many economically important diseases in crop production.The fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens infects developing rice florets,causing false smut disease,which leads to reduced grain yield and quality,as well as contamination with mycotoxins that pose hazards to human health and food security.To ensure rice production,substantial efforts have been made to understand the interaction between rice and U.virens.In this review,we summarize the current understanding of rice resistance mechanisms to U.virens.We discuss the evaluation of false smut resistance,quantitative resistance loci,potential defense strategies of rice panicles,pathogen effector-driven identification of resistance-related genes,and engineering of false smut resistance.We conclude by proposing an integrated defense system that includes disease avoidance,immune response,metabolic adaptation,and the inhibition of susceptibility factors.Furthermore,we outline four critical stages of interaction between rice and U.virens that are essential for understanding and enhancing organ-specific rice resistance to false smut disease.
文摘Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacilli that usually colonize the oropharynx,gastrointestinal tract,upper respiratory tract,and vaginal mucosa of humans as a part of the normal flora.[1,2]Infections may occur once host defense mechanisms are altered and mucosal barriers are disrupted.[3]The clinical spectrum is wide and includes pharyngitis,sinusitis,abscess formation,puerperal infections,bacteremia,and septic shock.Within this genus,two species are most commonly isolated:Fusobacterium nucleatum and Fusobacterium necrophorum(F.necrophorum).F.necrophorum is usually associated with Lemierre’s syndrome,[4,5]a type of septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein.
文摘Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinity,extreme temperatures,and heavy metals,activate overlapping yet distinct immune pathways.These are comprised of morphological barriers,hormonal signaling,and the induction of stress-responsive genes through complex pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS),phytohormones,and secondary metabolites.Abiotic stress triggers organelle-mediated retrograde signaling from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria,which causes unfolded protein responses and the regulation of cellular homeostasis.Simultaneously,biotic stress activates both PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),mediated by salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and ethylene(ET).This review aims to provide an integrated overview of plant immune responses tomultiple stressors,with emphasis on molecular crosstalk and recent technological interventions.A systematic literature search was conducted using the Scopus database,covering studies published between 2010 and 2025.Advances in CRISPR-Cas genome editing,RNA interference,omics technologies,nanotechnology,and artificial intelligence have improved our knowledge of plant stress physiology and facilitated the design of resilient crop varieties.Despite these advances,the integration of immune signals under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress remains poorly understood,particularly at tissue-specific and cellular levels.Additionally,practical challenges persist in delivery methods,regulatory hurdles,and long-term field validation.With the escalation of climate change,understanding the complex crosstalk between stress signalling pathways is essential formaintaining sustainable agriculture and global food security.Future directions point toward real-time monitoring tools,such as single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics,to fine-tune immune responses and support precision crop improvement.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82072392)Yunnan Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation Clinical Medicine Research Center(Grant No.202102AA310068)+2 种基金Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics(Grant No.ZX20191001)Basic research project of Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202301AC070621)Scientific Research Fund Project Department of Education of Yunnan Province(Grant No.2024Y251)。
文摘Osteomyelitis remains a global challenge in the field of orthopedics.Even after standard debridement and antibiotic-assisted treatment,the long-term recurrence rate remains at 20%-30%.Given the dynamic changes in immune responses and defense mechanisms during bone infection,as well as the complex“race for the surface”involving bacterial adhesion and host cells(macrophages and tissue cells)on implant surfaces,biomaterials with immunomodulatory functions have attracted considerable attention.Macrophages,as crucial components of the immune system,participate in the inflammatory regulation and tissue remodeling of bone infections through highly plastic polarization mechanisms after bacterial invasion.The different microenvironmental characteristics and therapeutic needs at different stages of bone infection highlight the promising applications of biomaterials capable of macrophage polarization remodeling and sequential regulation.In this review,we provide a detailed discussion of the complex immune regulatory patterns in the bone infection microenvironment and the critical functions of macrophage polarization.We then explore how implant surface properties influence bacterial adhesion and macrophage function,highlighting the importance of achieving precise and dynamic regulation of macrophage polarization based on the Race for the Surface theory.Furthermore,we focus on recent advances,potential challenges,and opportunities in biomaterial-mediated macrophage polarization remodeling and sequential modulation strategies across different stages of osteomyelitis,aiming to offer insights that may accelerate the clinical translation of novel biomaterial-based macrophage immunotherapies.
文摘LDoS （Low-rate Denial of Service） attack, exploiting the flaws in the congestion avoidance mechanism of TCP protocol,is periodic, stealthy, and with high efficiency. Since BGP uses TCP as a transport protocol, it is subject to LDoS attacks as well. LDoS attacks can cause table reset, route flapping of BGP protocol. A deliberately constructed distributed low-rate DOS attacks can even generate surge of updates throughout the Internet. In this paper, we investigate the promotion of attack efficiency of this novel attack, and then propose an attack model to simulate the LDoS attack. Experiments prove that this attack model can exponentially lower the attack costs and improve the attack effect.
基金supported financially by the Kuribayashi Scientific Foundation to Noboru MasuiThe Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST),Nanjing,China(No.003080)。
文摘Plant-insect interactions are basic components of biodiversity conservation.To attain the international Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),the interactions in urban and in suburban systems should be better understood to maintain the health of green infrastructure.The role of ground-level ozone(0_(3)) as an environmental stress disrupting interaction webs is presented.Ozone mixing ratios in suburbs are usually higher than in the center of cities and may reduce photosynthetic productivity at a relatively higher degree.Consequently,carbon-based defense capacities of plants may be suppressed by elevated 0_(3) more in the suburbs.However,contrary to this expectation,grazing damages by leaf beetles have been severe in some urban centers in comparison with the suburbs.To explain differences in grazing damages between urban areas and suburbs,the disruption of atmospheric communication signals by elevated 0_(3) via changes in plant-regulated biogenic volatile organic compounds and long-chain fatty acids are considered.The ecological roles of plant volatiles and the effects of 0_(3) from both a chemical and a biological perspective are presented.Ozone-disrupted plant volatiles should be considered to explain herbivory phenomena in urban and suburban systems.
基金the Barbara-Sussman FundSigma-Xi+1 种基金SUNY-ESFsupported by MIMH training grant 5-T32-MH15793
文摘Stridulatory sound-producing behavior is widespread across catfish families, but some are silent. To understand why, we compared spine morphology and ecotype of silent and vocal clades. We determined vocal ability of laboratory specimens during disturbance behavior. Vocal families had bony （not flexible or segmented） spines, well-developed anterior and/or posterior serrations, and statistically significantly longer spines. We compared morphology of the proximal end of the pectoral spine between vocal and silent species. For vocal taxa, microscopic rounded or bladed ridges or knobs were present on the dorsal process. Most silent species had reduced processes with exclusively smooth, convoluted, or honeycombed surfaces very similar to spine-locking surfaces, or they had novel surfaces （beaded, vacuolated, cobwebbed）. Most callichthyids had ridges but many were silent during disturbance. All doradid, most auchenipterid and most mochokid species were vocal and had ridges or knobs. Within the Auchenipteridae, vocal species had spines with greater weight and serration development but not length. Silent auchenipterids had thin, brittle, distally segmented spines with few microscopic serrations on only one margin and a highly reduced dorsal process lacking any known vocal morphology. Silent auchenipterids are derived and pelagic, while all vocal genera are basal and benthopelagic. This is the first phylogenetic evidence for stridulation mechanism loss within catfishes. Phylogenetic mapping of vocal ability, spine condition, and ecotype revealed the repeated presence of silence and vocal taxa, short and long spines, and ecotype shifts within clades. The appearance and loss of vocal behavior and supporting morphologies may have facilitated diversification among catfishes [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 73 89 2010].
基金supported in part by the“973”Program of China under Grant No.2013CB329103the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61271171 and No.61401070+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China No.2016YFB0800105the“863”Program of China under Grant No.2015AA015702 and No.2015AA016102
文摘Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS) attacks have been one of the most destructive threats to Internet security. By decoupling the network control and data plane, software defined networking(SDN) offers a flexible network management paradigm to solve DDoS attack in traditional networks. However, the centralized nature of SDN is also a potential vulnerability for DDo S attack. In this paper, we first provide some SDN-supported mechanisms against DDoS attack in traditional networks. A systematic review of various SDN-self DDo S threats are then presented as well as the existing literatures on quickly DDoS detection and defense in SDN. Finally, some promising research directions in this field are introduced.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0504704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51669034,41761068,51809224).
文摘Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals[such as cadmium(Cd)]is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy.Iron(Fe),being an important element,has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses.The present study investigated the extent to which different levels of Ferrous sulphate(FeSO_(4))modulated the Cd tolerance of rice(Oryza sativa L.),when maintained in artificially Cd spiked regimes.A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions for 146 days,by using natural soil,mixed with different levels of CdCl_(2)[0(no Cd),0.5 and 1 mg/kg]together with the exogenous application of FeSO_(4) at[0(no Fe),1.5 and 3 mg/kg]levels to monitor different growth,gaseous exchange characteristics,oxidative stress,antioxidative responses,minerals accumulation,organic acid exudation patterns of O.sativa.Our results depicted that addition of Cd to the soil significantly(P<0.05)decreased plant growth and biomass,gaseous exchange parameters,mineral uptake by the plants,sugars(soluble,reducing,and non-reducing sugar)and altered the ultrastructure of chloroplasts,plastoglobuli,mitochondria,and many other cellular organelles in Cd-stressed O.sativa compared to those plants which were grown without the addition of Cd in the soil.However,Cd toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),which is the indication of oxidative stress in O.sativa and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))contents and electrolyte leakage to the membrane bounded organelles.Although,activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)and ascorbate peroxidase(APX)and non-enzymatic antioxidants like phenolics,flavonoid,ascorbic acid,anthocyanin and proline contents increased up to a Cd level of 0.5 mg/kg in the soil but were significantly diminished at the highest Cd level of 1 mg/kg in the soil compared to those plants which were grown without the addition of Cd in the soil.The negative impacts of Cd injury were reduced by the application of FeSO_(4) which increased plant growth and biomass,improved photosynthetic apparatus,antioxidant enzymes,minerals uptake together with diminished exudation of organic acids as well as oxidative stress indicators in roots and shoots of O.sativa by decreasing Cd retention in different plant parts.These results shed light on the effectiveness of FeSO_(4) in improving the growth and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities of O.sativa in response to Cd stress.However,further studies at field levels are required to explore the mechanisms of FeSO_(4)-mediated reduction of the toxicity of not only Cd,but possibly also other heavy metals in plants.
基金funded by the Tecnológico Nacional de México(TECNM):Project No.6602.18-P.
文摘The objective to this work was to evaluate the enzymatic activity in the culture of Solanum lycopersicum L.infected with Fusarium oxysporum after the combined application of Beauveria bassiana and plant extracts.Solanum lycopersicum plantlets were transplanted 15 days after the emergency.Five days after transplanting,Beauveria bassiana spores were applied at a concentration of 1×10^(7)spores mL^(−1)onto soil(along with A.indica(N)and P.auritum(H)leaf extracts)where S.lycopersicum plants were planted.Eight days after transplanting,spores of F.oxysporum strain were applied at a concentration of 1×10^(6)spores mL^(−1)to soil where S.lycopersicum plants were growing.The development of S.lycopersicum plants was monitored for 114 days,whereby a randomized complete block treatment design was used,the roots of the plants were crushed with liquid nitrogen,after which UV/VIS spectrophotometry was used to determine protein concentration,as well as the activity ofβ-1,3-glucanases,peroxidases(POX,EC1.11.1.7),catalase and chitinases.The treatments combining B.bassiana and A.indica and P.auritum extracts,had a significant difference in enzymatic activity levels,thus contributing to better defense mechanisms and a greater protection to S.lycopersicum plants in the presence of F.oxysporum.The application of B.bassiana and plant extracts to the ground mitigated damage caused by F.oxysporum on S.lycopersicum plants.
文摘Most damaging plant diseases have been caused by viruses in the entire world.In tropical and subtropical areas,the damage caused by plant virus leads to great economic and agricultural losses.Single stranded DNA viruses(geminiviruses)are the most perilous pathogens which are responsible for major diseases in agronomic and horticultural crops.Significantly begomoviruses and mastreviruses are the biggest genus of plant infecting viruses,transmitted though Bemisia tabaci and members of Cicadellidae respectively.Plants possesses some naturally existing chemicals term as phyto-chemicals which perform important functions in the plant.Some antioxidant enzymes are used by plants for selfdefense upon foreign invasion of infection.This review explains the present perceptive of influence of viral infections on phyto-chemicals,oxidative enzymes and biochemical changes occurring in the plant.Viral infection mediated phytochemical changes in plants mainly includes:up and down regulation of photosynthetic pigment,increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds,elevation of starch content in the leaf and up&down regulation of anti-oxidative enzymes including(GPX)guaiacol peroxidase,(PPO)polyphenol oxidase,(APX)ascorbate peroxidase,(SOD)superoxide dismutase and(CTA)catalase.These changes lead to initiation of hypersensitive response,by thicken of the leaf lamina,lignification under the leaf surface,blocking to stomatal openings,systematic cell death,generation of reactive oxidative species(ROS),activation of pathogen mediated resistance pathways i.e.,production of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.Collectively all the physiological changes in the plant due to viral infection supports the activation of defense mechanism of the plant to combat against viral infection by limiting virus in specific area,followed with the production of barriers for pathogen,accumulation of starch in the leaf and excess production of(ROS).These strategies used by the plant to prevent the spread of virus in whole plant and to minimize the risk of severe yield loss.
文摘This paper attempts to demonstrate Hester Prynne＇s, in Nathaniel Hawthorne＇s romantic work of fiction The Scarlet Letter （1994）, sublimation of her sexual impulses into identifying with the socially acceptable humanitarian actions, and societal demands in order to avoid the confrontation with the scorn of the people of Boston, her sexual urge, and with her weakness. Hester＇s libidinal energy was channeled into socially approved activities in her self-devoted years that made up her identity and reality. The scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which once attracted the world＇s scorn and bitterness, later looked upon with reverence, and transformed into a thing to be sorrowed over. She had not ignored a large part of reality of her life （the past and present）. If she ignored her past she would entirely detach it from the present. She integrated her stigma into her life in the continual process of self-making, and thereby projecting herself into the future
文摘The genetic based Dual Instinct Theory is determined by evolutionary history. Aggression is required for survival and sex for propagation of species. Aggressive and sexual drive derivatives with their corresponding defence mechanisms are combined with biologically based stages of infant/child development and the functional entity of Structural Theory. This model of human nature is the applied to the diagnostic categories of DSM-5-TR. Objectives: To follow the innate Dual Instinct Theory from life to death and through Artificial Intelligence;connect it with biological stages of development of the Structural Theory and illustrate its manifestations in DSM-5-TR classifications. Method: Review of selected published literature. Applying the principle of focus and cognition of informed clinical observation of innate drive derivatives in conjunction with The Structural Theory. Both theories are functional entities with no structures involved. Sigmund Freud’s biologically based stages of development;oral, anal, genital pubic, adult, and geriatric along with a variety of unconscious, automatic, and persistent defense mechanisms are selectively folded into diagnosis listed in the manual.
