Deep and ultra-deep layers in the petroliferous basins of China are characterized by large temperature difference and complicated thermal evolution history.The control effects of temperature and thermal evolution hist...Deep and ultra-deep layers in the petroliferous basins of China are characterized by large temperature difference and complicated thermal evolution history.The control effects of temperature and thermal evolution history on the differences of hydrocarbon phase states and the hydrocarbon generation history in deep and ultra-deep layers are researched less and unsystematically.To deal with this situation,based on a large number of temperature and pressure data of deeplayers and combined with the complicated historical situation of deep layer evolution in the oil and gas basins of China,the effects of temperature,heating time and pressure on the hydrocarbon formation temperature and phase state were analyzed,and the types of temperature and pressure relationships were classified.Finally,based on the classification of thermal evolution history of deep and ultra-deep layers,We discussed the control effects of basin thermal evolution history on the hydrocarbon generation and phase state,and the following research results were obtained.First,the hydrocarbon phase states of deep layers in different basins and regions are greatly different,and they are mainly affected by temperature,heating time,heating rate,pressure,source rock types and other factors.And temperature is the most important factor controlling hydrocarbon generation and phase state distribution.Second,under the conditions of rapid temperature increasing and short heating time,there still maybe oil reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs in deep and ultra-deep layersin thecase ofhigh temperature.Third,overpressureinhibitshydrocarbon generationand pyrolysis.Fourth,thereis a closerelationship betweentemperature and formation pressure of deeplayers,whichcan be divided into three types,i.e.,lowemedium temperature and high pressure type,high temperature and high pressure type,and medium temperature and lowemedium pressure type.Fifth,the thermal evolution history of deep and ultra-deep layers can be divided into four types,namely the late rapid subsidence,heating and low geothermal gradient type,the late rapid subsidence,heating and high geothermal gradient type,the middleelate rapid heating and late uplifting and cooling type,and the early great subsidence and rapid heating and middleelate great uplift erosion and cooling type.In conclusion,deep and ultra-deep layers in the basins with different types of thermal history are different in hydrocarbon phase states,accumulation stages and prospects.展开更多
In a convective scheme featuring a discretized cloud size density, the assumed lateral mixing rate is inversely proportional to the exponential coefficient of plume size. This follows a typical assumption of-1, but it...In a convective scheme featuring a discretized cloud size density, the assumed lateral mixing rate is inversely proportional to the exponential coefficient of plume size. This follows a typical assumption of-1, but it has unveiled inherent uncertainties, especially for deep layer clouds. Addressing this knowledge gap, we conducted comprehensive large eddy simulations and comparative analyses focused on terrestrial regions. Our investigation revealed that cloud formation adheres to the tenets of Bernoulli trials, illustrating power-law scaling that remains consistent regardless of the inherent deep layer cloud attributes existing between cloud size and the number of clouds. This scaling paradigm encompasses liquid, ice, and mixed phases in deep layer clouds. The exponent characterizing the interplay between cloud scale and number in the deep layer cloud, specifically for liquid, ice, or mixed-phase clouds, resembles that of shallow convection,but converges closely to zero. This convergence signifies a propensity for diminished cloud numbers and sizes within deep layer clouds. Notably, the infusion of abundant moisture and the release of latent heat by condensation within the lower atmospheric strata make substantial contributions. However, this role in ice phase formation is limited. The emergence of liquid and ice phases in deep layer clouds is facilitated by the latent heat and influenced by the wind shear inherent in the middle levels. These interrelationships hold potential applications in formulating parameterizations and post-processing model outcomes.展开更多
The sand layer B of Dongying Formation of CFD oilfield in Bohai offshore belongs to the middle deep layer of buried hill overlap deposit. Its reservoir distribution has the characteristics of large burial depth, thin ...The sand layer B of Dongying Formation of CFD oilfield in Bohai offshore belongs to the middle deep layer of buried hill overlap deposit. Its reservoir distribution has the characteristics of large burial depth, thin thickness and rapidly lateral change. Because of low resolution of seismic data and overlying sand layer. It is difficult to identify and interpret the structure of sand layer accurately. The uncertainty of structure and reservoir restricts the fine development of B sand layer. In order to identify the top surface of reservoir effectively. The seismic data are processed by using the reflection coefficient inversion method. The results show that the inversion resolution of reflection coefficient is significantly higher than that of original data. The top surface of sand layer B and its overlying sand layer can be well identified and traced. Carrying out structural interpretation of B sand layer based on reflection coefficient inversion data and the microstructure and the formation tip extinction point are implemented. Based on the constraint of new interpretation level, the sedimentary facies plane distribution of B sand layer is described and make prediction of dominant reservoir development area in detail combining with sedimentary paleogeomorphology, along layer attribute section and limited drilling data. The research shows that the study area is mainly from the northwest material sources, the slope belt in the northwest is close to the lake shoreline with a gentle slope and shallow water depositional environment, which is located on the main transport and deposition channels. The shallow water gentle slope landform is suitable for forming large-area sand bar deposition, mainly composed of underwater distributary channel and debouch bars facies, which is the dominant reservoir development area. The research conclusion guides the deployment and implementation of the development well location effectively.展开更多
On December 2, 2017, the 2nd Seminar on the Development Strategy of China＇s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing. This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of L...On December 2, 2017, the 2nd Seminar on the Development Strategy of China＇s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing. This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Land （MLR） and Resources and sponsored by both the CNOOC Exploration Department and the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences of Tongji University. With the theme of ＂deepwater and deep-layer oil and gas resources and development strategy＂,展开更多
Many hydropower projects have been constructed in Southwest China with the strategic goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Most of these hydropower projects utilize concrete face rockfilldams(CFRDs)built on a deep overb...Many hydropower projects have been constructed in Southwest China with the strategic goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Most of these hydropower projects utilize concrete face rockfilldams(CFRDs)built on a deep overburden layer.The deep overburden layer causes uneven settlement between the overburden layer and the dam,which poses a serious threat to the safety of both the construction and operation of the dam.In this study,microseismic(MS)monitoring technology was employed for the firsttime in the fieldof dam fillingengineering,allowing for the real-time monitoring of microfracture in the bedrock during dam construction.The time-frequency analysis method was used to summarize the MS waveform characteristics induced by dam filling.The fracture mechanism of bedrock was revealed,and the relationships among slope deformation,dam settlement,and MS activity were analyzed.The following research results have been obtained.The MS signal induced by dam fillinghas low energy and amplitude,short duration,and high frequency.The fracture of the bedrock was mainly shear failure.MS monitoring can predict deformation during blasting excavation and capture the large settlement that may occur during dam fillingin advance.Research findingshave demonstrated the significantapplication value of MS monitoring technology in predicting the risk of dam settlement and provide a reference for similar projects.展开更多
In recent years,drilling data from wells Pengshen 10,Heshen 9,Tongshen 17 and Zhengyang 1 in the Sichuan Basin have confirmed the presence of a set of porous reef-beach limestone reservoirs in the Upper Permian Changx...In recent years,drilling data from wells Pengshen 10,Heshen 9,Tongshen 17 and Zhengyang 1 in the Sichuan Basin have confirmed the presence of a set of porous reef-beach limestone reservoirs in the Upper Permian Changxing Formation,which breaks the traditional view that deep carbonate oil and gas are only distributed in porous dolomite reservoirs and karst fracture-cavity limestone reservoirs.Through core and thin section observations,geochemical analysis,and well-seismic based reservoir identification and tracking,the study on formation mechanism of pores in deep reef-beach limestone reservoirs is carried out,this study provides insights in four aspects.(1)Porous reef-beach limestone reservoirs are developed in the Changxing Formation in deep-buried layers.The reservoir space is composed of intergranular pores,framework pores,intra-fossil pores,moldic pores and dissolution pores,which are formed in depositional and epigenetic environments.(2)The intermittently distributed porous reef-beach complexes are surrounded by relatively dense micrite limestone,which leads to the formation of local abnormal high-pressure inside the reef-beach complexes with the temperature increased.(3)The floor of the Changxing Formation reservoir is composed with interbedded tight mudstone and limestone of the Upper Permian Wujiaping Formation,and the roof is the tight micrite limestone interbedded with mudstone of the first member of Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation.Under the clamping of dense roof and floor,the abnormal high-pressure in the Changxing Formation is formed.Abnormal high-pressure(overpressured compartment)is the key to maintain the pores formed in the depositional and epigenetic environments in deep-buried layers.(4)Based on the identification of roof,floor and reef-beach complexes,the favorable reef-beach limestone reservoir distribution area of 10.3×10^(4) km^(2) is predicted by well-seismic integration.These insights lay the theoretical foundation for the development of deep porous limestone reservoirs,expand the new field of exploration of deep-buried limestone reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin.展开更多
Machine learning(ML) has been widely applied to the upper layers of wireless communication systems for various purposes, such as deployment of cognitive radio and communication network. However, its application to the...Machine learning(ML) has been widely applied to the upper layers of wireless communication systems for various purposes, such as deployment of cognitive radio and communication network. However, its application to the physical layer is hampered by sophisticated channel environments and limited learning ability of conventional ML algorithms. Deep learning(DL) has been recently applied for many fields, such as computer vision and natural language processing, given its expressive capacity and convenient optimization capability. The potential application of DL to the physical layer has also been increasingly recognized because of the new features for future communications, such as complex scenarios with unknown channel models, high speed and accurate processing requirements; these features challenge conventional communication theories. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the emerging studies on DL-based physical layer processing, including leveraging DL to redesign a module of the conventional communication system(for modulation recognition, channel decoding, and detection) and replace the communication system with a radically new architecture based on an autoencoder. These DL-based methods show promising performance improvements but have certain limitations, such as lack of solid analytical tools and use of architectures that are specifically designed for communication and implementation research, thereby motivating future research in this field.展开更多
On the basis of the current measurements from the moored Long Ranger ADCP in the upper 450 m layer and the deep current measurements at 2000 and 2300 m from the moored current meters with the time series data of about...On the basis of the current measurements from the moored Long Ranger ADCP in the upper 450 m layer and the deep current measurements at 2000 and 2300 m from the moored current meters with the time series data of about 7 months at the mooring station in the northeastern South China Sea, the spectral analyses and calculation have been made. The major results are as follows: (i) From the progressive vector diagrams of the observed daily currents at the water levels from 50 m to 400 m, its temporal variation of velocity rotated counterclockwise in most of the observing time. This agrees basically with the result from the qualitative analysis of the sea surface height data, which was obtained from TOPEX/ERS-2 altimeter data by CCAR. The daily and monthly average velocities are both the largest in November, next in October and minimum in August. (ii) At the 2000 and 2300 m levels, the daily and monthly average velocities are both the largest in January, next in September and minimum in August. From the seasonal change of currents, the current velocity is the strongest in winter (January-March), next in autumn, and weak in summer. (iii) There exists the variation of tidal current with the change of depth. In the upper layer, the height of diurnal peak is higher than that of semidiurnal peak. However, the semidiurnal peak is higher than the diurnal peak at the levels from 200 m to 400 m. In the layers above 450 m the clockwise component is dominant in their fluctuations. In the layers below 1500 m the diurnal peak is again higher than the semidiurnal peak. (iv) There is the prominent periodic fluctuation of more than two months in the layer from 50 m to 2300 m. The period of this prominent peak is 75 d and its fluctuation is counterclockwise in the upper 450 m layers, and is 68 d and 69 d at the depths of 2000 and 2300 m, respectively, and the counterclockwise component is dominant in their fluctuations. (v) There are the variations of periods fluctuating with the change of depth in the upper 450 m layers. For example, when f>0, there are the prominent fluctuations of about 22 d and 15 d period at the 50 and 100 m levels. However, there are no such periods at the layer from 200 m to 400 m, where only the fluctuation of about 13 d period occurs. (vi) There are the fluctuations with periods of more than one month, 23 d and 15 d at the 2000 m and 2300 m levels. (vii) In the layer from 50 m to 2300 m there are the following prominent peaks: i) the fluctuation in the period range of about 4-8 d, which occurs in the weather process; ii) the fluctuation with inertial period, the fluctuation is clockwise; and iii) the fluctuations with short periods of about 8 h and 6 h. (viii) From the cross spectral estimates between two time series, it is shown that there are significant coherence peaks with the periods of more than two months(T = 68.3 d) and more than one month between the two time series of currents at 2000 m and 2300 m depths, and also those with periods of about half a month (15.5 d), 2 d and so on between two time series of currents at 100 m and 2300 m depths.展开更多
The mesopelagic communities are important for food web and carbon pump in ocean,but the large-scale studies of them are still limited until now because of the difficulties on sampling and analyzing of mesopelagic orga...The mesopelagic communities are important for food web and carbon pump in ocean,but the large-scale studies of them are still limited until now because of the difficulties on sampling and analyzing of mesopelagic organisms.Mesopelagic organisms,especially micronekton,can form acoustic deep scattering layers(DSLs)and DSLs are widely observed.To explore the spatial patterns of DSLs and their possible influencing factors,the DSLs during daytime(10:00–14:00)were investigated in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean(13°–23.5°N,153°–163°E)using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler at 38 kHz.The study area was divided into three parts using k-means cluster analysis:the northern part(NP,22°–24°N),the central part(CP,17°–22°N),and the southern part(SP,12°–17°N).The characteristics of DSLs varied widely with latitudinal gradient.Deepest core DSLs(523.5 m±17.4 m),largest nautical area scattering coefficient(NASC)(130.8 m^(2)/n mile^(2)±41.0 m^(2)/n mile^(2)),and most concentrated DSLs(mesopelagic organisms gathering level,6.7%±0.7%)were observed in NP.The proportion of migration was also stronger in NP(39.7%)than those in other parts(18.6%in CP and 21.5%in SP)for mesopelagic organisms.The latitudinal variation of DSLs was probably caused by changes in oxygen concentration and light intensity of mesopelagic zones.A positive relationship between NASC and primary productivity was identified.A four-months lag was seemed to exist.This study provides the first basin-scale baselines information of mesopelagic communities in the northwest Pacific with acoustic approach.Further researches are suggested to gain understandings of seasonal and annual variations of DSLs in the region.展开更多
In order to improve the physical layer security of the device-to-device(D2D)cellular network,we propose a collaborative scheme for the transmit antenna selection and the optimal D2D pair establishment based on deep le...In order to improve the physical layer security of the device-to-device(D2D)cellular network,we propose a collaborative scheme for the transmit antenna selection and the optimal D2D pair establishment based on deep learning.Due to the mobility of users,using the current channel state information to select a transmit antenna or establish a D2D pair for the next time slot cannot ensure secure communication.Therefore,in this paper,we utilize the Echo State Network(ESN)to select the transmit antenna and the Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)to establish the D2D pair.The simulation results show that the LSTMbased and ESN-based collaboration scheme can effectively improve the security capacity of the cellular network with D2D and increase the life of the base station.展开更多
Climate characteristics of persistent deep stable layers( PDSLs) over three valley cities of the United States( Utah's Salt Lake City,Idaho's Boise and Oregon's Medford) were compared. The results reveal t...Climate characteristics of persistent deep stable layers( PDSLs) over three valley cities of the United States( Utah's Salt Lake City,Idaho's Boise and Oregon's Medford) were compared. The results reveal that the frequency of PDSLs over Salt Lake City and Boise was very different from that of Medford; there was a good correlation between the frequency of PDSLs over Salt Lake City and MEI( Multivariate ENSO Index),while there was almost no correlation between the frequency of PDSLs over Medford and MEI; the shorter PDSL events occurred much more frequently than longer ones over the three locations; there were slight changes in the frequency and intensity of weak PDSLs with the time,while the frequency of moderate and strong PDSLs reduced obviously with the time; the appearance of PDSLs was usually accompanied by the peak of height at 500 hP a,while the disappearance of PDSLs was often accompanied by the maximum decreasing rate of temperature at 700 hP a; when PDSL events existed over the three cities,wind speed at 700 hP a and on the earth's surface was 1-2 m/s smaller than that when PDSL events disappeared,and wind direction had no obvious effect on the formation of PDSL events; over the valleys,with the increase of PDSLs,absolute humidity decreased,and relative humidity dropped greatly; within the valleys,absolute humidity also reduced,while relative humidity rose with the increase of PDSLs.展开更多
Light hydrocarbon (methane, ethane, propane, butane and CO2) test and C isotopic analysis of CO are conducted for over 100 lower-layer atmospheric samples from the East China Sea slope and the Okinawa Trough. The resu...Light hydrocarbon (methane, ethane, propane, butane and CO2) test and C isotopic analysis of CO are conducted for over 100 lower-layer atmospheric samples from the East China Sea slope and the Okinawa Trough. The results show that the lower-layer atmosphere mainly consists of CO2 and then of CH4, and the CO2 concentrations are calculated to have a high average value of 0.87 omega/10(-2) about three times that of the regional background (0-3 omega/10(-2)). The result also shows that the average value of C isotope - 20.8 x 10(-3) is given to the CO2, inferring that it is inorganic gas. Thus, for the future 's work in the Okinawa Trough, special attention should be paid to CO2 hydrate, which is very possibly an important hydrate type.展开更多
Natural gas exploration in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, has achieved breakthroughs in recent years, and a number of natural gas and condensate wells with high yield have been found in several structures in the beach ar...Natural gas exploration in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, has achieved breakthroughs in recent years, and a number of natural gas and condensate wells with high yield have been found in several structures in the beach area. Daily gas production of single wells is up to 170,000 m3, and high-yield wells are mainly distributed in？the Nanpu No. 1 structural belt.？Studies have shown that these natural gases are mainly hydrocarbon gases, with methane content about 80% to 90% and ethane 6%-9%, so they are mainly wet gas; and non-hydrocarbons are at a low level.？Carbon isotopes of methane range from -42‰ to -36‰, and ethane from -28‰ to -26‰. Calculated maturity based on the relationship between δ13C and Ro of natural gas, the gases are equivalent to those generated from organic matter when Ro is 1.0%-1.7% （mainly 1.25%-1.32%）. The natural gas is oil-type gas generated from the source rocks at mature to high mature stage, associated with condensate, so carbon isotopes of the gases are heavier. Natural gas in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt is mainly associated gas with condensate. The analysis of the origin and source of natural gas and condensate, combined with the monomer hydrocarbon carbon isotopes and biomarker, indicated that the main source rocks in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt were Es3 （the lower member of the Shahejie Formation）, followed by Es1 （the upper member of the Shahejie Formation）.？The high-mature hydrocarbons from source rocks in the deep sag mainly migrated through deep inherited faults into shallow traps and accumulated to form oil and gas pools. Therefore, there is a great potential for exploring gas in deep layers.展开更多
Focused on the lost circulation control in deep naturally fractured reservoirs, the multiscale structure of fracture plugging zone is proposed based on the theory of granular matter mechanics, and the structural failu...Focused on the lost circulation control in deep naturally fractured reservoirs, the multiscale structure of fracture plugging zone is proposed based on the theory of granular matter mechanics, and the structural failure pattern of plugging zone is developed to reveal the plugging zone failure mechanisms in deep, high temperature, high pressure, and high in-situ stress environment. Based on the fracture plugging zone strength model, key performance parameters are determined for the optimal selection of loss control material(LCM). Laboratory fracture plugging experiments with new LCM are carried out to evaluate the effect of the key performance parameters of LCM on fracture plugging quality. LCM selection strategy for fractured reservoirs is developed. The results show that the force chain formed by LCMs determines the pressure stabilization of macro-scale fracture plugging zone. Friction failure and shear failure are the two major failure patterns of fracture plugging zone. The strength of force chain depends on the performance of micro-scale LCM, and the LCM key performance parameters include particle size distribution, fiber aspect ratio, friction coefficient, compressive strength, soluble ability and high temperature resistance. Results of lab experiments and field test show that lost circulation control quality can be effectively improved with the optimal material selection based on the extracted key performance parameters of LCMs.展开更多
In the second member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_(3)x_(2))in the Xinchang area,western Sichuan Basin,only a low percent of reserves has been recovered,and the geological model of gas reservoir sweet spot...In the second member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_(3)x_(2))in the Xinchang area,western Sichuan Basin,only a low percent of reserves has been recovered,and the geological model of gas reservoir sweet spot remains unclear.Based on a large number of core,field outcrop,test and logging-seismic data,the T_(3)x_(2) gas reservoir in the Xinchang area is examined.The concept of fault-fold-fracture body(FFFB)is proposed,and its types are recognized.The main factors controlling fracture development are identified,and the geological models of FFFB are established.FFFB refers to faults,folds and associated fractures reservoirs.According to the characteristics and genesis,FFFBs can be divided into three types:fault-fracture body,fold-fracture body,and fault-fold body.In the hanging wall of the fault,the closer to the fault,the more developed the effective fractures;the greater the fold amplitude and the closer to the fold hinge plane,the more developed the effective fractures.Two types of geological models of FFFB are established:fault-fold fracture,and matrix storage and permeability.The former can be divided into two subtypes:network fracture,and single structural fracture,and the later can be divided into three subtypes:bedding fracture,low permeability pore,and extremely low permeability pore.The process for evaluating favorable FFFB zones was formed to define favorable development targets and support the well deployment for purpose of high production.The study results provide a reference for the exploration and development of deep tight sandstone oil and gas reservoirs in China.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Rescarch and Development Program of China"Accumulation patem and exploration direction of ultra-deep and middle Ncoprotierozoic oil and gas"(No.2017YFC0603106)Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of China"Constraints of hate Mesoznic palcogoothermal fiekd on litho sphenic dynamic evolution andoil and gas occ urrence inOrdosand Qinshui sedimentary basins"(No.41630312)MajorNational Science and Technology Project of the 13th FYP"Structural evolution and preservation conditions of the southwest of Ordos Basin in the middle-upper Proterozoic and lower Palcozoic"(No.2017ZX05005-002-008).
文摘Deep and ultra-deep layers in the petroliferous basins of China are characterized by large temperature difference and complicated thermal evolution history.The control effects of temperature and thermal evolution history on the differences of hydrocarbon phase states and the hydrocarbon generation history in deep and ultra-deep layers are researched less and unsystematically.To deal with this situation,based on a large number of temperature and pressure data of deeplayers and combined with the complicated historical situation of deep layer evolution in the oil and gas basins of China,the effects of temperature,heating time and pressure on the hydrocarbon formation temperature and phase state were analyzed,and the types of temperature and pressure relationships were classified.Finally,based on the classification of thermal evolution history of deep and ultra-deep layers,We discussed the control effects of basin thermal evolution history on the hydrocarbon generation and phase state,and the following research results were obtained.First,the hydrocarbon phase states of deep layers in different basins and regions are greatly different,and they are mainly affected by temperature,heating time,heating rate,pressure,source rock types and other factors.And temperature is the most important factor controlling hydrocarbon generation and phase state distribution.Second,under the conditions of rapid temperature increasing and short heating time,there still maybe oil reservoirs and condensate gas reservoirs in deep and ultra-deep layersin thecase ofhigh temperature.Third,overpressureinhibitshydrocarbon generationand pyrolysis.Fourth,thereis a closerelationship betweentemperature and formation pressure of deeplayers,whichcan be divided into three types,i.e.,lowemedium temperature and high pressure type,high temperature and high pressure type,and medium temperature and lowemedium pressure type.Fifth,the thermal evolution history of deep and ultra-deep layers can be divided into four types,namely the late rapid subsidence,heating and low geothermal gradient type,the late rapid subsidence,heating and high geothermal gradient type,the middleelate rapid heating and late uplifting and cooling type,and the early great subsidence and rapid heating and middleelate great uplift erosion and cooling type.In conclusion,deep and ultra-deep layers in the basins with different types of thermal history are different in hydrocarbon phase states,accumulation stages and prospects.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) (Grant No.2019QZKK010203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.42175174 and 41975130)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant No.2022NSFSC1092)the Sichuan Provincial Innovation Training Program for College Students (Grant No.S202210621009)。
文摘In a convective scheme featuring a discretized cloud size density, the assumed lateral mixing rate is inversely proportional to the exponential coefficient of plume size. This follows a typical assumption of-1, but it has unveiled inherent uncertainties, especially for deep layer clouds. Addressing this knowledge gap, we conducted comprehensive large eddy simulations and comparative analyses focused on terrestrial regions. Our investigation revealed that cloud formation adheres to the tenets of Bernoulli trials, illustrating power-law scaling that remains consistent regardless of the inherent deep layer cloud attributes existing between cloud size and the number of clouds. This scaling paradigm encompasses liquid, ice, and mixed phases in deep layer clouds. The exponent characterizing the interplay between cloud scale and number in the deep layer cloud, specifically for liquid, ice, or mixed-phase clouds, resembles that of shallow convection,but converges closely to zero. This convergence signifies a propensity for diminished cloud numbers and sizes within deep layer clouds. Notably, the infusion of abundant moisture and the release of latent heat by condensation within the lower atmospheric strata make substantial contributions. However, this role in ice phase formation is limited. The emergence of liquid and ice phases in deep layer clouds is facilitated by the latent heat and influenced by the wind shear inherent in the middle levels. These interrelationships hold potential applications in formulating parameterizations and post-processing model outcomes.
文摘The sand layer B of Dongying Formation of CFD oilfield in Bohai offshore belongs to the middle deep layer of buried hill overlap deposit. Its reservoir distribution has the characteristics of large burial depth, thin thickness and rapidly lateral change. Because of low resolution of seismic data and overlying sand layer. It is difficult to identify and interpret the structure of sand layer accurately. The uncertainty of structure and reservoir restricts the fine development of B sand layer. In order to identify the top surface of reservoir effectively. The seismic data are processed by using the reflection coefficient inversion method. The results show that the inversion resolution of reflection coefficient is significantly higher than that of original data. The top surface of sand layer B and its overlying sand layer can be well identified and traced. Carrying out structural interpretation of B sand layer based on reflection coefficient inversion data and the microstructure and the formation tip extinction point are implemented. Based on the constraint of new interpretation level, the sedimentary facies plane distribution of B sand layer is described and make prediction of dominant reservoir development area in detail combining with sedimentary paleogeomorphology, along layer attribute section and limited drilling data. The research shows that the study area is mainly from the northwest material sources, the slope belt in the northwest is close to the lake shoreline with a gentle slope and shallow water depositional environment, which is located on the main transport and deposition channels. The shallow water gentle slope landform is suitable for forming large-area sand bar deposition, mainly composed of underwater distributary channel and debouch bars facies, which is the dominant reservoir development area. The research conclusion guides the deployment and implementation of the development well location effectively.
文摘On December 2, 2017, the 2nd Seminar on the Development Strategy of China＇s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing. This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Land （MLR） and Resources and sponsored by both the CNOOC Exploration Department and the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences of Tongji University. With the theme of ＂deepwater and deep-layer oil and gas resources and development strategy＂,
基金support from the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42177143)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U23A2060).
文摘Many hydropower projects have been constructed in Southwest China with the strategic goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Most of these hydropower projects utilize concrete face rockfilldams(CFRDs)built on a deep overburden layer.The deep overburden layer causes uneven settlement between the overburden layer and the dam,which poses a serious threat to the safety of both the construction and operation of the dam.In this study,microseismic(MS)monitoring technology was employed for the firsttime in the fieldof dam fillingengineering,allowing for the real-time monitoring of microfracture in the bedrock during dam construction.The time-frequency analysis method was used to summarize the MS waveform characteristics induced by dam filling.The fracture mechanism of bedrock was revealed,and the relationships among slope deformation,dam settlement,and MS activity were analyzed.The following research results have been obtained.The MS signal induced by dam fillinghas low energy and amplitude,short duration,and high frequency.The fracture of the bedrock was mainly shear failure.MS monitoring can predict deformation during blasting excavation and capture the large settlement that may occur during dam fillingin advance.Research findingshave demonstrated the significantapplication value of MS monitoring technology in predicting the risk of dam settlement and provide a reference for similar projects.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23B20154)General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372169)。
文摘In recent years,drilling data from wells Pengshen 10,Heshen 9,Tongshen 17 and Zhengyang 1 in the Sichuan Basin have confirmed the presence of a set of porous reef-beach limestone reservoirs in the Upper Permian Changxing Formation,which breaks the traditional view that deep carbonate oil and gas are only distributed in porous dolomite reservoirs and karst fracture-cavity limestone reservoirs.Through core and thin section observations,geochemical analysis,and well-seismic based reservoir identification and tracking,the study on formation mechanism of pores in deep reef-beach limestone reservoirs is carried out,this study provides insights in four aspects.(1)Porous reef-beach limestone reservoirs are developed in the Changxing Formation in deep-buried layers.The reservoir space is composed of intergranular pores,framework pores,intra-fossil pores,moldic pores and dissolution pores,which are formed in depositional and epigenetic environments.(2)The intermittently distributed porous reef-beach complexes are surrounded by relatively dense micrite limestone,which leads to the formation of local abnormal high-pressure inside the reef-beach complexes with the temperature increased.(3)The floor of the Changxing Formation reservoir is composed with interbedded tight mudstone and limestone of the Upper Permian Wujiaping Formation,and the roof is the tight micrite limestone interbedded with mudstone of the first member of Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation.Under the clamping of dense roof and floor,the abnormal high-pressure in the Changxing Formation is formed.Abnormal high-pressure(overpressured compartment)is the key to maintain the pores formed in the depositional and epigenetic environments in deep-buried layers.(4)Based on the identification of roof,floor and reef-beach complexes,the favorable reef-beach limestone reservoir distribution area of 10.3×10^(4) km^(2) is predicted by well-seismic integration.These insights lay the theoretical foundation for the development of deep porous limestone reservoirs,expand the new field of exploration of deep-buried limestone reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin.
文摘Machine learning(ML) has been widely applied to the upper layers of wireless communication systems for various purposes, such as deployment of cognitive radio and communication network. However, its application to the physical layer is hampered by sophisticated channel environments and limited learning ability of conventional ML algorithms. Deep learning(DL) has been recently applied for many fields, such as computer vision and natural language processing, given its expressive capacity and convenient optimization capability. The potential application of DL to the physical layer has also been increasingly recognized because of the new features for future communications, such as complex scenarios with unknown channel models, high speed and accurate processing requirements; these features challenge conventional communication theories. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the emerging studies on DL-based physical layer processing, including leveraging DL to redesign a module of the conventional communication system(for modulation recognition, channel decoding, and detection) and replace the communication system with a radically new architecture based on an autoencoder. These DL-based methods show promising performance improvements but have certain limitations, such as lack of solid analytical tools and use of architectures that are specifically designed for communication and implementation research, thereby motivating future research in this field.
基金This work was supported by the State Basic Research Program of China (Grand Nos. G1999043805 and G1999043810)
文摘On the basis of the current measurements from the moored Long Ranger ADCP in the upper 450 m layer and the deep current measurements at 2000 and 2300 m from the moored current meters with the time series data of about 7 months at the mooring station in the northeastern South China Sea, the spectral analyses and calculation have been made. The major results are as follows: (i) From the progressive vector diagrams of the observed daily currents at the water levels from 50 m to 400 m, its temporal variation of velocity rotated counterclockwise in most of the observing time. This agrees basically with the result from the qualitative analysis of the sea surface height data, which was obtained from TOPEX/ERS-2 altimeter data by CCAR. The daily and monthly average velocities are both the largest in November, next in October and minimum in August. (ii) At the 2000 and 2300 m levels, the daily and monthly average velocities are both the largest in January, next in September and minimum in August. From the seasonal change of currents, the current velocity is the strongest in winter (January-March), next in autumn, and weak in summer. (iii) There exists the variation of tidal current with the change of depth. In the upper layer, the height of diurnal peak is higher than that of semidiurnal peak. However, the semidiurnal peak is higher than the diurnal peak at the levels from 200 m to 400 m. In the layers above 450 m the clockwise component is dominant in their fluctuations. In the layers below 1500 m the diurnal peak is again higher than the semidiurnal peak. (iv) There is the prominent periodic fluctuation of more than two months in the layer from 50 m to 2300 m. The period of this prominent peak is 75 d and its fluctuation is counterclockwise in the upper 450 m layers, and is 68 d and 69 d at the depths of 2000 and 2300 m, respectively, and the counterclockwise component is dominant in their fluctuations. (v) There are the variations of periods fluctuating with the change of depth in the upper 450 m layers. For example, when f>0, there are the prominent fluctuations of about 22 d and 15 d period at the 50 and 100 m levels. However, there are no such periods at the layer from 200 m to 400 m, where only the fluctuation of about 13 d period occurs. (vi) There are the fluctuations with periods of more than one month, 23 d and 15 d at the 2000 m and 2300 m levels. (vii) In the layer from 50 m to 2300 m there are the following prominent peaks: i) the fluctuation in the period range of about 4-8 d, which occurs in the weather process; ii) the fluctuation with inertial period, the fluctuation is clockwise; and iii) the fluctuations with short periods of about 8 h and 6 h. (viii) From the cross spectral estimates between two time series, it is shown that there are significant coherence peaks with the periods of more than two months(T = 68.3 d) and more than one month between the two time series of currents at 2000 m and 2300 m depths, and also those with periods of about half a month (15.5 d), 2 d and so on between two time series of currents at 100 m and 2300 m depths.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42076122the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association Program under contract Nos DY135-E2-3-04,DY135-E2-2-04 and JS-KTFA-2018-01.
文摘The mesopelagic communities are important for food web and carbon pump in ocean,but the large-scale studies of them are still limited until now because of the difficulties on sampling and analyzing of mesopelagic organisms.Mesopelagic organisms,especially micronekton,can form acoustic deep scattering layers(DSLs)and DSLs are widely observed.To explore the spatial patterns of DSLs and their possible influencing factors,the DSLs during daytime(10:00–14:00)were investigated in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean(13°–23.5°N,153°–163°E)using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler at 38 kHz.The study area was divided into three parts using k-means cluster analysis:the northern part(NP,22°–24°N),the central part(CP,17°–22°N),and the southern part(SP,12°–17°N).The characteristics of DSLs varied widely with latitudinal gradient.Deepest core DSLs(523.5 m±17.4 m),largest nautical area scattering coefficient(NASC)(130.8 m^(2)/n mile^(2)±41.0 m^(2)/n mile^(2)),and most concentrated DSLs(mesopelagic organisms gathering level,6.7%±0.7%)were observed in NP.The proportion of migration was also stronger in NP(39.7%)than those in other parts(18.6%in CP and 21.5%in SP)for mesopelagic organisms.The latitudinal variation of DSLs was probably caused by changes in oxygen concentration and light intensity of mesopelagic zones.A positive relationship between NASC and primary productivity was identified.A four-months lag was seemed to exist.This study provides the first basin-scale baselines information of mesopelagic communities in the northwest Pacific with acoustic approach.Further researches are suggested to gain understandings of seasonal and annual variations of DSLs in the region.
基金supported in part by the Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporationin part by the Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund (No. SAST2018045, SAST2016034, SAST2017049)+1 种基金in part by the China Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (No. 3102018QD096)in part by the Seed Foundation of Innovation and Creation for Graduate Students in Northwestern Polytechnical University (No. ZZ2019024)
文摘In order to improve the physical layer security of the device-to-device(D2D)cellular network,we propose a collaborative scheme for the transmit antenna selection and the optimal D2D pair establishment based on deep learning.Due to the mobility of users,using the current channel state information to select a transmit antenna or establish a D2D pair for the next time slot cannot ensure secure communication.Therefore,in this paper,we utilize the Echo State Network(ESN)to select the transmit antenna and the Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)to establish the D2D pair.The simulation results show that the LSTMbased and ESN-based collaboration scheme can effectively improve the security capacity of the cellular network with D2D and increase the life of the base station.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of America(0938401)
文摘Climate characteristics of persistent deep stable layers( PDSLs) over three valley cities of the United States( Utah's Salt Lake City,Idaho's Boise and Oregon's Medford) were compared. The results reveal that the frequency of PDSLs over Salt Lake City and Boise was very different from that of Medford; there was a good correlation between the frequency of PDSLs over Salt Lake City and MEI( Multivariate ENSO Index),while there was almost no correlation between the frequency of PDSLs over Medford and MEI; the shorter PDSL events occurred much more frequently than longer ones over the three locations; there were slight changes in the frequency and intensity of weak PDSLs with the time,while the frequency of moderate and strong PDSLs reduced obviously with the time; the appearance of PDSLs was usually accompanied by the peak of height at 500 hP a,while the disappearance of PDSLs was often accompanied by the maximum decreasing rate of temperature at 700 hP a; when PDSL events existed over the three cities,wind speed at 700 hP a and on the earth's surface was 1-2 m/s smaller than that when PDSL events disappeared,and wind direction had no obvious effect on the formation of PDSL events; over the valleys,with the increase of PDSLs,absolute humidity decreased,and relative humidity dropped greatly; within the valleys,absolute humidity also reduced,while relative humidity rose with the increase of PDSLs.
文摘Light hydrocarbon (methane, ethane, propane, butane and CO2) test and C isotopic analysis of CO are conducted for over 100 lower-layer atmospheric samples from the East China Sea slope and the Okinawa Trough. The results show that the lower-layer atmosphere mainly consists of CO2 and then of CH4, and the CO2 concentrations are calculated to have a high average value of 0.87 omega/10(-2) about three times that of the regional background (0-3 omega/10(-2)). The result also shows that the average value of C isotope - 20.8 x 10(-3) is given to the CO2, inferring that it is inorganic gas. Thus, for the future 's work in the Okinawa Trough, special attention should be paid to CO2 hydrate, which is very possibly an important hydrate type.
基金State Oil and Gas Special Project(2008ZX05004-003)China Petroleum Technology Research Project(2008A-0609)co-funded
文摘Natural gas exploration in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, has achieved breakthroughs in recent years, and a number of natural gas and condensate wells with high yield have been found in several structures in the beach area. Daily gas production of single wells is up to 170,000 m3, and high-yield wells are mainly distributed in？the Nanpu No. 1 structural belt.？Studies have shown that these natural gases are mainly hydrocarbon gases, with methane content about 80% to 90% and ethane 6%-9%, so they are mainly wet gas; and non-hydrocarbons are at a low level.？Carbon isotopes of methane range from -42‰ to -36‰, and ethane from -28‰ to -26‰. Calculated maturity based on the relationship between δ13C and Ro of natural gas, the gases are equivalent to those generated from organic matter when Ro is 1.0%-1.7% （mainly 1.25%-1.32%）. The natural gas is oil-type gas generated from the source rocks at mature to high mature stage, associated with condensate, so carbon isotopes of the gases are heavier. Natural gas in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt is mainly associated gas with condensate. The analysis of the origin and source of natural gas and condensate, combined with the monomer hydrocarbon carbon isotopes and biomarker, indicated that the main source rocks in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt were Es3 （the lower member of the Shahejie Formation）, followed by Es1 （the upper member of the Shahejie Formation）.？The high-mature hydrocarbons from source rocks in the deep sag mainly migrated through deep inherited faults into shallow traps and accumulated to form oil and gas pools. Therefore, there is a great potential for exploring gas in deep layers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51604236)Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2018JY0436)the Sichuan Province Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(Grant No.2016TD0016)
文摘Focused on the lost circulation control in deep naturally fractured reservoirs, the multiscale structure of fracture plugging zone is proposed based on the theory of granular matter mechanics, and the structural failure pattern of plugging zone is developed to reveal the plugging zone failure mechanisms in deep, high temperature, high pressure, and high in-situ stress environment. Based on the fracture plugging zone strength model, key performance parameters are determined for the optimal selection of loss control material(LCM). Laboratory fracture plugging experiments with new LCM are carried out to evaluate the effect of the key performance parameters of LCM on fracture plugging quality. LCM selection strategy for fractured reservoirs is developed. The results show that the force chain formed by LCMs determines the pressure stabilization of macro-scale fracture plugging zone. Friction failure and shear failure are the two major failure patterns of fracture plugging zone. The strength of force chain depends on the performance of micro-scale LCM, and the LCM key performance parameters include particle size distribution, fiber aspect ratio, friction coefficient, compressive strength, soluble ability and high temperature resistance. Results of lab experiments and field test show that lost circulation control quality can be effectively improved with the optimal material selection based on the extracted key performance parameters of LCMs.
基金Supported by the Sinopec Science and Technology Project(P21040-1).
文摘In the second member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_(3)x_(2))in the Xinchang area,western Sichuan Basin,only a low percent of reserves has been recovered,and the geological model of gas reservoir sweet spot remains unclear.Based on a large number of core,field outcrop,test and logging-seismic data,the T_(3)x_(2) gas reservoir in the Xinchang area is examined.The concept of fault-fold-fracture body(FFFB)is proposed,and its types are recognized.The main factors controlling fracture development are identified,and the geological models of FFFB are established.FFFB refers to faults,folds and associated fractures reservoirs.According to the characteristics and genesis,FFFBs can be divided into three types:fault-fracture body,fold-fracture body,and fault-fold body.In the hanging wall of the fault,the closer to the fault,the more developed the effective fractures;the greater the fold amplitude and the closer to the fold hinge plane,the more developed the effective fractures.Two types of geological models of FFFB are established:fault-fold fracture,and matrix storage and permeability.The former can be divided into two subtypes:network fracture,and single structural fracture,and the later can be divided into three subtypes:bedding fracture,low permeability pore,and extremely low permeability pore.The process for evaluating favorable FFFB zones was formed to define favorable development targets and support the well deployment for purpose of high production.The study results provide a reference for the exploration and development of deep tight sandstone oil and gas reservoirs in China.
