In response to the critical need to balance fiscal expenditure governance with sustainable development,this study identifies the optimal level of fiscal expenditure decentralization that enhances sustainable outcomes....In response to the critical need to balance fiscal expenditure governance with sustainable development,this study identifies the optimal level of fiscal expenditure decentralization that enhances sustainable outcomes.The study aims to determine the optimal expenditure decentralization that maximizes sustainable development outcomes across these dimensions.Theoretically,we analyze the impact mechanism of expenditure decentralization on sustainable development and hypothesize that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between them,along with the possibility of finding an optimal level of expenditure decentralization.We test this hypothesis by measuring sustainable development in the context of a panel data set for 52 countries covering the period 1991–2016 using the National Sustainable Development Index(NSDI).We find strong support for the inverted U-shaped relationship between expenditure decentralization and sustainable development in both the short and long run.Sustainable development is the coordination of economic,social,and environmental development to balance intergenerational welfare and maximize the total welfare of all generations.Excessive and insufficient expenditure decentralization can potentially negatively affect the efficiency of public goods provision and residents’utility,thereby adversely impacting total welfare and sustainable development.The results are robust to alternative specifications and to IV estimation to correct for potential endogeneity.The expenditure decentralization level most conducive to sustainable development lies between 30.9%and 34.5%.The optimal decentralization range was determined using the Lind–Mehlum method,supporting the main findings of this study.This research thus contributes to the literature by quantifying the complex relationship between fiscal decentralization policies and sustainable development,providing a clear,actionable pathway for policymakers seeking sustainable outcomes.展开更多
Wastewater electrolysis cells(WECs)for decentralized wastewater treatment/reuse coupled with H_(2) production can reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation of water,waste,and energy carrier.This study...Wastewater electrolysis cells(WECs)for decentralized wastewater treatment/reuse coupled with H_(2) production can reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation of water,waste,and energy carrier.This study reports Ir-doped NiFe_(2)O_(4)(NFI,~5 at%Ir)spinel layer with TiO_(2) overlayer(NFI/TiO_(2)),as a scalable heterojunction anode for direct electrolysis of wastewater with circumneutral pH in a single-compartment cell.In dilute(0.1 M)NaCl solutions,the NFI/TiO_(2) marks superior activity and selectivity for chlorine evolution reaction,outperforming the benchmark IrO_(2).Robust operation in near-neutral pH was confirmed.Electroanalyses including operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy unveiled crucial roles of TiO_(2) which serves both as the primary site for Cl−chemisorption and a protective layer for NFI as an ohmic contact.Galvanostatic electrolysis of NH4+-laden synthetic wastewater demonstrated that NFI/TiO_(2)not only achieves quasi-stoichiometric NH_(4)^(+)-to-N_(2)conversion,but also enhances H_(2)generation efficiency with minimal competing reactions such as reduction of dissolved oxygen and reactive chlorine.The scaled-up WEC with NFI/TiO_(2)was demonstrated for electrolysis of toilet wastewater.展开更多
Traditional Internet of Things(IoT)architectures that rely on centralized servers for data management and decision-making are vulnerable to security threats and privacy leakage.To address this issue,blockchain has bee...Traditional Internet of Things(IoT)architectures that rely on centralized servers for data management and decision-making are vulnerable to security threats and privacy leakage.To address this issue,blockchain has been advocated for decentralized data management in a tamper-resistance,traceable,and transparent manner.However,a major issue that hinders the integration of blockchain and IoT lies in that,it is rather challenging for resource-constrained IoT devices to perform computation-intensive blockchain consensuses such as Proof-of-Work(PoW).Furthermore,the incentive mechanism of PoW pushes lightweight IoT nodes to aggregate their computing power to increase the possibility of successful block generation.Nevertheless,this eventually leads to the formation of computing power alliances,and significantly compromises the decentralization and security of BlockChain-aided IoT(BC-IoT)networks.To cope with these issues,we propose a lightweight consensus protocol for BC-IoT,called Proof-of-Trusted-Work(PoTW).The goal of the proposed consensus is to disincentivize the centralization of computing power and encourage the independent participation of lightweight IoT nodes in blockchain consensus.First,we put forth an on-chain reputation evaluation rule and a reputation chain for PoTW to enable the verifiability and traceability of nodes’reputations based on their contributions of computing power to the blockchain consensus,and we incorporate the multi-level block generation difficulty as a rewards for nodes to accumulate reputations.Second,we model the block generation process of PoTW and analyze the block throughput using the continuous time Markov chain.Additionally,we define and optimize the relative throughput gain to quantify and maximize the capability of PoTW that suppresses the computing power centralization(i.e.,centralization suppression).Furthermore,we investigate the impact of the computing power of the computing power alliance and the levels of block generation difficulty on the centralization suppression capability of PoTW.Finally,simulation results demonstrate the consistency of the analytical results in terms of block throughput.In particular,the results show that PoTW effectively reduces the block generation proportion of the computing power alliance compared with PoW,while simultaneously improving that of individual lightweight nodes.This indicates that PoTW is capable of suppressing the centralization of computing power to a certain degree.Moreover,as the levels of block generation difficulty in PoTW increase,its centralization suppression capability strengthens.展开更多
The proof-of-stake(PoS)mechanism is a consensus protocol within blockchain technology that determines the validation of transactions and the minting of new blocks based on the participant’s stake in the cryptocurrenc...The proof-of-stake(PoS)mechanism is a consensus protocol within blockchain technology that determines the validation of transactions and the minting of new blocks based on the participant’s stake in the cryptocurrency network.In contrast to proof-of-work(PoW),which relies on computational power to validate transactions,PoS employs a deterministic and resourceefficient approach to elect validators.Whereas,an inherent risk of PoS is the potential for centralization among a small cohort of network participants possessing substantial stakes,jeopardizing system decentralization and posing security threats.To mitigate centralization issues within PoS,this study introduces an incentive-aligned mechanism named decentralized proof-of-stake(DePoS),wherein the second-largest stakeholder is chosen as the final validator with a higher probability.Integrated with the verifiable random function(VRF),DePoS rewards the largest stakeholder with uncertainty,thus disincentivizing stakeholders from accumulating the largest stake.Additionally,a dynamic evolutionary game model is innovatively developed to simulate the evolution of staking pools,thus facilitating the investigation of staking pool selection dynamics and equilibrium stability across PoS and DePoS systems.The findings demonstrate that DePoS generally fosters wealth decentralization by discouraging the accumulation of significant cryptocurrency holdings.Through theoretical analysis of stakeholder predilection in staking pool selection and the simulation of the evolutionary tendency in pool scale,this research demonstrates the comparative advantage in decentralization offered by DePoS over the conventional PoS.展开更多
Energy access remains a critical challenge in rural South Sudan,with communities heavily relying on expensive and unfriendly environmental energy sources such as diesel generators and biomass.This study addresses the ...Energy access remains a critical challenge in rural South Sudan,with communities heavily relying on expensive and unfriendly environmental energy sources such as diesel generators and biomass.This study addresses the predicament by evaluating the feasibility of renewable energy-based decentralized electrification in the selected village ofDoleibHill,UpperNile,South Sudan.Using a demand assessment and theMulti-Tier Framework(MTF)approach,it categorizes households,public facilities,private sector,Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs)and business energy needs and designs an optimized hybrid energy system incorporating solar Photovoltaic(PV),wind turbines,batteries,and a generator.The proposed system,simulated in Hybrid Optimization Model Electric Renewable(HOMER)Pro,demonstrates strong economic viability,with a present worth of$292,145,an annual worth of$22,854,a return on investment(ROI)of 36.5%,and an internal rate of return(IRR)of 42.1%.The simple payback period is 2.31 years,and the discounted payback period is 2.62 years.The system achieves a levelized cost of energy(LCOE)of$0.276/kWh and significantly reduces dependence on diesel,producing 798,800 kWh annually fromwind energy.This research provides a replicable model for cost-effective,sustainable rural electrification,offering valuable insights for policymakers and energy planners seeking to expand electricity access in off-grid communities.展开更多
Federated Graph Learning (FGL) enables model training without requiring each client to share local graph data, effectively breaking data silos by aggregating the training parameters from each terminal while safeguardi...Federated Graph Learning (FGL) enables model training without requiring each client to share local graph data, effectively breaking data silos by aggregating the training parameters from each terminal while safeguarding data privacy. Traditional FGL relies on a centralized server for model aggregation;however, this central server presents challenges such as a single point of failure and high communication overhead. Additionally, efficiently training a robust personalized local model for each client remains a significant objective in federated graph learning. To address these issues, we propose a decentralized Federated Graph Learning framework with efficient communication, termed Decentralized Federated Graph Learning via Surrogate Model (SD_FGL). In SD_FGL, each client is required to maintain two models: a private model and a surrogate model. The surrogate model is publicly shared and can exchange and update information directly with any client, eliminating the need for a central server and reducing communication overhead. The private model is independently trained by each client, allowing it to calculate similarity with other clients based on local data as well as information shared through the surrogate model. This enables the private model to better adjust its training strategy and selectively update its parameters. Additionally, local differential privacy is incorporated into the surrogate model training process to enhance privacy protection. Testing on three real-world graph datasets demonstrates that the proposed framework improves accuracy while achieving decentralized Federated Graph Learning with lower communication overhead and stronger privacy safeguards.展开更多
The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneousl...The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.展开更多
Intensely using online social networks(OSNs)makes users concerned about privacy of data.Given the centralized nature of these platforms,and since each platform has a particular storage mechanism,authentication,and acc...Intensely using online social networks(OSNs)makes users concerned about privacy of data.Given the centralized nature of these platforms,and since each platform has a particular storage mechanism,authentication,and access control,their users do not have the control and the right over their data.Therefore,users cannot easily switch between similar platforms or transfer data from one platform to another.These issues imply,among other things,a threat to privacy since such users depend on the interests of the service provider responsible for administering OSNs.As a strategy for the decentralization of the OSNs and,consequently,as a solution to the privacy problems in these environments,the so-called decentralized online social networks(DOSNs)have emerged.Unlike OSNs,DOSNs are decentralized content management platforms because they do not use centralized service providers.Although DOSNs address some of the privacy issues encountered in OSNs,DOSNs also pose significant challenges to consider,for example,access control to user profile information with high granularity.This work proposes developing an ontological model and a service to support privacy in DOSNs.The model describes the main concepts of privacy access control in DOSNs and their relationships.In addition,the service will consume the model to apply access control according to the policies represented in the model.Our model was evaluated in two phases to verify its compliance with the proposed domain.Finally,we evaluated our service with a performance evaluation,and the results were satisfactory concerning the response time of access control requests.展开更多
Inspired by the collective behaviors observed in bird flocks and fish schools,this paper proposes a novel Decentralized Model Predictive Flocking Control(DMPFC)framework to enable UAV swarms to autonomously track pred...Inspired by the collective behaviors observed in bird flocks and fish schools,this paper proposes a novel Decentralized Model Predictive Flocking Control(DMPFC)framework to enable UAV swarms to autonomously track predefined reference trajectories while avoiding collisions and maintaining a stable quasi[Math Processing Error]-lattice formation.Unlike traditional approaches that rely on switching between predefined swarm formations,this framework utilizes identical local interaction rules for each UAV,allowing them to dynamically adjust their control inputs based on the motion states of neighboring UAVs,external environmental factors,and the desired reference trajectory,thereby enabling the swarm to adapt its formation dynamically.Through iterative state updates,the UAVs achieve consensus,allowing the swarm to follow the reference trajectory while self-organizing into a cohesive and stable group structure.To enhance computational efficiency,the framework integrates a closed-form solution for the optimization process,enabling real-time implementation even on computationally constrained micro-quadrotors.Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the proposed method ensures swarm consensus,maintains desired inter-agent distances,and stabilizes the swarm formation.Extensive simulations and real-world experiments validate the approach’s effectiveness and practicality,demonstrating that the proposed method achieves velocity consensus within approximately 200 ms and forms a stable quasi[Math Processing Error]-lattice structure nearly ten times faster than traditional models,with trajectory tracking errors on the order of millimeters.This underscores its potential for robust and efficient UAV swarm coordination in complex scenarios.展开更多
In this paper, we study the decentralized federated learning problem, which involves the collaborative training of a global model among multiple devices while ensuring data privacy.In classical federated learning, the...In this paper, we study the decentralized federated learning problem, which involves the collaborative training of a global model among multiple devices while ensuring data privacy.In classical federated learning, the communication channel between the devices poses a potential risk of compromising private information. To reduce the risk of adversary eavesdropping in the communication channel, we propose TRADE(transmit difference weight) concept. This concept replaces the decentralized federated learning algorithm's transmitted weight parameters with differential weight parameters, enhancing the privacy data against eavesdropping. Subsequently, by integrating the TRADE concept with the primal-dual stochastic gradient descent(SGD)algorithm, we propose a decentralized TRADE primal-dual SGD algorithm. We demonstrate that our proposed algorithm's convergence properties are the same as those of the primal-dual SGD algorithm while providing enhanced privacy protection. We validate the algorithm's performance on fault diagnosis task using the Case Western Reserve University dataset, and image classification tasks using the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets,revealing model accuracy comparable to centralized federated learning. Additionally, the experiments confirm the algorithm's privacy protection capability.展开更多
Purpose:This paper examines African Journals Online(AJOL)as a bibliometric resource,providing a structured dataset of journal and publication metadata.In addition,it integrates AJOL data with OpenAlex to enhance metad...Purpose:This paper examines African Journals Online(AJOL)as a bibliometric resource,providing a structured dataset of journal and publication metadata.In addition,it integrates AJOL data with OpenAlex to enhance metadata coverage and improve interoperability with other bibliometric sources.Design/methodology/approach:The journal list and publications indexed in AJOL were retrieved using web scraping techniques.This paper details the database construction process,highlighting its strengths and limitations,and presents a descriptive analysis of AJOL’s indexed journals and publications.Findings:The publication analysis demonstrates a steady growth in the number of publications over time but reveals significant disparities in their distribution across African countries.This paper presents an example of the possibility of integrating both sources using author country data from OpenAlex.The analysis of author contributions reveals that African journals serve as both regional and international venues,confirming that African journals play a dual role in fostering both regional and global research engagement.Research limitations:While AJOL contains relevant information for identifying and providing insights about African publications and journals,its metadata are limited.Therefore,the kind of analysis that can be performed with the database presented here is also limited.The integration with OpenAlex aims to overcome some of the limitations.Finally,although some automatic citation procedures have been performed,the metadata has not been manually curated.Therefore,if errors or inaccuracies are present in the AJOL,they may be reproduced in this database.Practical implications:The database introduced in this article contributes to the accessibility of African scholarly publications by providing structured,accessible metadata derived from the AJOL.It facilitates bibliometric analyses that are more representative of African research activities.This contribution complements ongoing efforts to develop alternative data sources and infrastructure that better reflect the diversity of global knowledge production.Originality/value:This paper presents a novel database for bibliometric analysis and offers a detailed report of the retrieval and construction procedures.The inclusion of matched data with OpenAlex further enhances the database’s utility.By showcasing AJOL’s potential,this study contributes to the broader goal of fostering inclusivity and improving the representation of African research in global bibliometric analyses.展开更多
Dear Editor,SO(3)SO(3)This letter proposes a continuous-time semi-decentralized algorithm to minimize a sum of local cost functions on over a multi-agent network.Inspired by the distributed subgradient method in[1],th...Dear Editor,SO(3)SO(3)This letter proposes a continuous-time semi-decentralized algorithm to minimize a sum of local cost functions on over a multi-agent network.Inspired by the distributed subgradient method in[1],the algorithm combines a consensus protocol on with a local Riemannian gradient term,but the state of each agent evolves on the nonlinear manifold.In absence of global information for each node,a coordinator is introduced in the communication network to ensure that all agents achieve convergence with consensus.Resorting to Lyapunov approaches,it is shown that the proposed algorithm reaches an optimal solution.展开更多
This paper studies the problem of designing a modelbased decentralized dynamic periodic event-triggering mechanism(DDPETM)for networked control systems(NCSs)subject to packet losses and external disturbances.Firstly,t...This paper studies the problem of designing a modelbased decentralized dynamic periodic event-triggering mechanism(DDPETM)for networked control systems(NCSs)subject to packet losses and external disturbances.Firstly,the entire NCSs,comprising the triggering mechanism,packet losses and output-based controller,are unified into a hybrid dynamical framework.Secondly,by introducing dynamic triggering variables,the DDPETM is designed to conserve network resources while guaranteeing desired performance properties and tolerating the maximum allowable number of successive packet losses.Thirdly,some stability conditions are derived using the Lyapunov approach.Differing from the zero-order-hold(ZOH)case,the model-based control sufficiently exploits the model information at the controller side.Between two updates,the controller predicts the plant state based on the models and received feedback information.With the model-based control,less transmission may be expected than with ZOH.Finally,numerical examples and comparative experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Recent advancements in decentralized finance(DeFi)have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of Automated Market Makers(AMMs)for creating decentralized exchanges(DEXs).In this paper,we organize these developments by...Recent advancements in decentralized finance(DeFi)have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of Automated Market Makers(AMMs)for creating decentralized exchanges(DEXs).In this paper,we organize these developments by treating an AMM as a neoclassical black-box characterized by the conversion of inputs(tokens)to outputs(prices).The conversion is governed by the technology of the AMM summarized by an‘exchange function’.Various types of AMMs are examined,including:Constant Product Market Makers;Constant Mean Market Makers;Constant Sum Market Makers;Hybrid Function Market Makers;and,Dynamic Automated Market Makers.The paper also looks at the impact of introducing concentrated liquidity in an AMM.Overall,the framework presented here provides an intuitive geometric representation of how an AMM operates,and a clear delineation of the similarities and differences across the various types of AMMs.展开更多
This paper addresses the problem of global practical stabilization of discrete-time switched affine systems via statedependent switching rules.Several attempts have been made to solve this problem via different types ...This paper addresses the problem of global practical stabilization of discrete-time switched affine systems via statedependent switching rules.Several attempts have been made to solve this problem via different types of a common quadratic Lyapunov function and an ellipsoid.These classical results require either the quadratic Lyapunov function or the employed ellipsoid to be of the centralized type.In some cases,the ellipsoids are defined dependently as the level sets of a decentralized Lyapunov function.In this paper,we extend the existing results by the simultaneous use of a general decentralized Lyapunov function and a decentralized ellipsoid parameterized independently.The proposed conditions provide less conservative results than existing works in the sense of the ultimate invariant set of attraction size.Two different approaches are proposed to extract the ultimate invariant set of attraction with a minimum size,i.e.,a purely numerical method and a numerical-analytical one.In the former,both invariant and attractiveness conditions are imposed to extract the final set of matrix inequalities.The latter is established on a principle that the attractiveness of a set implies its invariance.Thus,the stability conditions are derived based on only the attractiveness property as a set of matrix inequalities with a smaller dimension.Illustrative examples are presented to prove the satisfactory operation of the proposed stabilization methods.展开更多
The control method of highly redundant robot manipulators is introduced. A decentralized autonomous control scheme is used to guide the movement of robot manipulators so that the work done by manipulators is minimized...The control method of highly redundant robot manipulators is introduced. A decentralized autonomous control scheme is used to guide the movement of robot manipulators so that the work done by manipulators is minimized. The method of computing pseudoinverse which needs too many complicated calculation can be avoided. Then the calculation and control of robots are simplified. At the same time system robustness/fault tolerance is achieved.展开更多
A new decentralized adaptive control scheme is presented for linear time invariant systems with first order interconnections. The proposed control scheme with “proportional plus integral” terms is used to improve ...A new decentralized adaptive control scheme is presented for linear time invariant systems with first order interconnections. The proposed control scheme with “proportional plus integral” terms is used to improve the convergence rate and the ultimate bound of the tracking error. It is important to note that the adaptive scheme uses lower adaptive gains and smaller control inputs to avoid input saturation and oscillatory behavior. Simulation results are illustrated for controlling a dual inverted pendulum and a multivariable turbofan engine using the proposed adaptive scheme. These simulations validate out conclusions.展开更多
By motivating local governments to fght for financial resources, China＇s tax sharing reform has affected the structure of financial decentralization and inflated local financial systems, thus spawning regional financ...By motivating local governments to fght for financial resources, China＇s tax sharing reform has affected the structure of financial decentralization and inflated local financial systems, thus spawning regional financial risks. Based on theoretical analysis and empirical evidence, this paper has arrived at the following findings： due to different policy objectives, central and local governments exhibit different fiscal and financial behaviors; public finance and financial sector have become financing instruments with certain convertibility under local economic growth framework,＂ fiscal decentralization inevitably affects financial decentralization and lays the foundation for provincial fiscal disparities, resulting in a certain spatial effect of interprovincial fiscal variable; fnancial explicit centralization/implicit decentralization and fiscal centralization have fueled local competition for financial resources and resulted in correlation between the spatial effects of provincial financial and fiscal variables, and moreover, their mismatch has also spawned fiscal and financial risks on various fronts. Hence, setting clear boundaries of financial centralization and decentralization and ensuring local government fiscal accountability is the key to the prevention and mitigation of fiscal and financial risks in China.展开更多
Improvement of the macroeconomic governance system as an important part of the national governance system is a key initiative to address major economic problems in the new era.The coordination and economic regulatory ...Improvement of the macroeconomic governance system as an important part of the national governance system is a key initiative to address major economic problems in the new era.The coordination and economic regulatory effects of fiscal and monetary policies are subject to the arrangements of fiscal and financial decentralization systems.Analysis revealed a mismatch between China’s fiscal income decentralization and fiscal spending decentralization,as manifested in the clear decentralization of fiscal revenue and vague decentralization of fiscal spending;in pursuing local economic stability,local governments seek other sources of revenue and compete for financial resources,as manifested in apparent financial centralization and implicit financial decentralization,causing financial decentralization to be inconsistent between various levels of government and between government and the market.The above-mentioned problems are reflected in mutual conversion between public finance and financial intermediation as two financial allocation methods and mutual transmission between fiscal and financial risks,making the case for enhancing coordination between fiscal and monetary policies.In creating a scientific macroeconomic governance system,therefore,we must establish clear local government responsibilities,reduce the proportion of local fiscal spending,clarify the orientations and relief boundary of fiscal and monetary policies,moderately decentralize financial powers,and give better play to the role of local governments in improving the quality of economic development and controlling major risks.展开更多
The low removal efficiency of total nitrogen （TN） is one of the main disadvantages of traditional single stage subsurface infiltration system, which combines an anaerobic tank and a soil filter field. In this study,...The low removal efficiency of total nitrogen （TN） is one of the main disadvantages of traditional single stage subsurface infiltration system, which combines an anaerobic tank and a soil filter field. In this study, a full-scale, two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was designed and operated to evaluate the feasibility and performances in treating sewage from a school campus for over a one-year monitoring period. The raw sewage was prepared and fed into the first anaerobic tank and second tank by 60% and 40%, respectively. This novel process could decrease chemical oxygen demand with the dichromate method by 89%-96%, suspended solids by 91%-97%, and total phosphorus by 91%-97%. The denitrification was satisfactory in the second stage soil trench, so the removals of TN as well as ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） reached 68%-75% and 96% 99%, respectively. It appeared that the removal efficiency of TN in this two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was more effective than that in the single stage soil infiltration system. The effluent met the discharge standard for the sewage treatment plant （GB18918-2002） of China.展开更多
基金supported by Zhejiang Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Fund(24NDQN090YB)Hangzhou City Philosophy and Social Science Planning Fund(Z23JC041)the Major program project of the National Social Science Fund of China(No:19ZDA055).
文摘In response to the critical need to balance fiscal expenditure governance with sustainable development,this study identifies the optimal level of fiscal expenditure decentralization that enhances sustainable outcomes.The study aims to determine the optimal expenditure decentralization that maximizes sustainable development outcomes across these dimensions.Theoretically,we analyze the impact mechanism of expenditure decentralization on sustainable development and hypothesize that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between them,along with the possibility of finding an optimal level of expenditure decentralization.We test this hypothesis by measuring sustainable development in the context of a panel data set for 52 countries covering the period 1991–2016 using the National Sustainable Development Index(NSDI).We find strong support for the inverted U-shaped relationship between expenditure decentralization and sustainable development in both the short and long run.Sustainable development is the coordination of economic,social,and environmental development to balance intergenerational welfare and maximize the total welfare of all generations.Excessive and insufficient expenditure decentralization can potentially negatively affect the efficiency of public goods provision and residents’utility,thereby adversely impacting total welfare and sustainable development.The results are robust to alternative specifications and to IV estimation to correct for potential endogeneity.The expenditure decentralization level most conducive to sustainable development lies between 30.9%and 34.5%.The optimal decentralization range was determined using the Lind–Mehlum method,supporting the main findings of this study.This research thus contributes to the literature by quantifying the complex relationship between fiscal decentralization policies and sustainable development,providing a clear,actionable pathway for policymakers seeking sustainable outcomes.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants(2022R1A2C4001228,2022M3H4A4097524,2022M3I3A1082499,and 2021M3I3A1084818)the Technology Innovation Program(20026415)of the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)the supports from Nanopac for fabrication of scaled-up reactor.
文摘Wastewater electrolysis cells(WECs)for decentralized wastewater treatment/reuse coupled with H_(2) production can reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation of water,waste,and energy carrier.This study reports Ir-doped NiFe_(2)O_(4)(NFI,~5 at%Ir)spinel layer with TiO_(2) overlayer(NFI/TiO_(2)),as a scalable heterojunction anode for direct electrolysis of wastewater with circumneutral pH in a single-compartment cell.In dilute(0.1 M)NaCl solutions,the NFI/TiO_(2) marks superior activity and selectivity for chlorine evolution reaction,outperforming the benchmark IrO_(2).Robust operation in near-neutral pH was confirmed.Electroanalyses including operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy unveiled crucial roles of TiO_(2) which serves both as the primary site for Cl−chemisorption and a protective layer for NFI as an ohmic contact.Galvanostatic electrolysis of NH4+-laden synthetic wastewater demonstrated that NFI/TiO_(2)not only achieves quasi-stoichiometric NH_(4)^(+)-to-N_(2)conversion,but also enhances H_(2)generation efficiency with minimal competing reactions such as reduction of dissolved oxygen and reactive chlorine.The scaled-up WEC with NFI/TiO_(2)was demonstrated for electrolysis of toilet wastewater.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB1714100)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant 62371239+5 种基金in part by the the Program of Science and Technology Cooperation of Nanjing with International/Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan(Grant No.202401019)in part by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2024A1515012407)in part by the the Research Center for FinTech and Digital-Intelligent Management at Shenzhen University,in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62271192in part by the Equipment Pre-Research Joint Research Program of Ministry of Education under Grant 8091B032129in part by the Major Science and Technology Projects of Longmen Laboratory under Grant 231100220300 and 231100220200in part by the Central Plains Leading Talent in Scientific and Technological Innovation Program under Grant 244200510048.
文摘Traditional Internet of Things(IoT)architectures that rely on centralized servers for data management and decision-making are vulnerable to security threats and privacy leakage.To address this issue,blockchain has been advocated for decentralized data management in a tamper-resistance,traceable,and transparent manner.However,a major issue that hinders the integration of blockchain and IoT lies in that,it is rather challenging for resource-constrained IoT devices to perform computation-intensive blockchain consensuses such as Proof-of-Work(PoW).Furthermore,the incentive mechanism of PoW pushes lightweight IoT nodes to aggregate their computing power to increase the possibility of successful block generation.Nevertheless,this eventually leads to the formation of computing power alliances,and significantly compromises the decentralization and security of BlockChain-aided IoT(BC-IoT)networks.To cope with these issues,we propose a lightweight consensus protocol for BC-IoT,called Proof-of-Trusted-Work(PoTW).The goal of the proposed consensus is to disincentivize the centralization of computing power and encourage the independent participation of lightweight IoT nodes in blockchain consensus.First,we put forth an on-chain reputation evaluation rule and a reputation chain for PoTW to enable the verifiability and traceability of nodes’reputations based on their contributions of computing power to the blockchain consensus,and we incorporate the multi-level block generation difficulty as a rewards for nodes to accumulate reputations.Second,we model the block generation process of PoTW and analyze the block throughput using the continuous time Markov chain.Additionally,we define and optimize the relative throughput gain to quantify and maximize the capability of PoTW that suppresses the computing power centralization(i.e.,centralization suppression).Furthermore,we investigate the impact of the computing power of the computing power alliance and the levels of block generation difficulty on the centralization suppression capability of PoTW.Finally,simulation results demonstrate the consistency of the analytical results in terms of block throughput.In particular,the results show that PoTW effectively reduces the block generation proportion of the computing power alliance compared with PoW,while simultaneously improving that of individual lightweight nodes.This indicates that PoTW is capable of suppressing the centralization of computing power to a certain degree.Moreover,as the levels of block generation difficulty in PoTW increase,its centralization suppression capability strengthens.
文摘The proof-of-stake(PoS)mechanism is a consensus protocol within blockchain technology that determines the validation of transactions and the minting of new blocks based on the participant’s stake in the cryptocurrency network.In contrast to proof-of-work(PoW),which relies on computational power to validate transactions,PoS employs a deterministic and resourceefficient approach to elect validators.Whereas,an inherent risk of PoS is the potential for centralization among a small cohort of network participants possessing substantial stakes,jeopardizing system decentralization and posing security threats.To mitigate centralization issues within PoS,this study introduces an incentive-aligned mechanism named decentralized proof-of-stake(DePoS),wherein the second-largest stakeholder is chosen as the final validator with a higher probability.Integrated with the verifiable random function(VRF),DePoS rewards the largest stakeholder with uncertainty,thus disincentivizing stakeholders from accumulating the largest stake.Additionally,a dynamic evolutionary game model is innovatively developed to simulate the evolution of staking pools,thus facilitating the investigation of staking pool selection dynamics and equilibrium stability across PoS and DePoS systems.The findings demonstrate that DePoS generally fosters wealth decentralization by discouraging the accumulation of significant cryptocurrency holdings.Through theoretical analysis of stakeholder predilection in staking pool selection and the simulation of the evolutionary tendency in pool scale,this research demonstrates the comparative advantage in decentralization offered by DePoS over the conventional PoS.
文摘Energy access remains a critical challenge in rural South Sudan,with communities heavily relying on expensive and unfriendly environmental energy sources such as diesel generators and biomass.This study addresses the predicament by evaluating the feasibility of renewable energy-based decentralized electrification in the selected village ofDoleibHill,UpperNile,South Sudan.Using a demand assessment and theMulti-Tier Framework(MTF)approach,it categorizes households,public facilities,private sector,Non-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs)and business energy needs and designs an optimized hybrid energy system incorporating solar Photovoltaic(PV),wind turbines,batteries,and a generator.The proposed system,simulated in Hybrid Optimization Model Electric Renewable(HOMER)Pro,demonstrates strong economic viability,with a present worth of$292,145,an annual worth of$22,854,a return on investment(ROI)of 36.5%,and an internal rate of return(IRR)of 42.1%.The simple payback period is 2.31 years,and the discounted payback period is 2.62 years.The system achieves a levelized cost of energy(LCOE)of$0.276/kWh and significantly reduces dependence on diesel,producing 798,800 kWh annually fromwind energy.This research provides a replicable model for cost-effective,sustainable rural electrification,offering valuable insights for policymakers and energy planners seeking to expand electricity access in off-grid communities.
基金supported by InnerMongolia Natural Science Foundation Project(2021LHMS06003)Inner Mongolia University Basic Research Business Fee Project(114).
文摘Federated Graph Learning (FGL) enables model training without requiring each client to share local graph data, effectively breaking data silos by aggregating the training parameters from each terminal while safeguarding data privacy. Traditional FGL relies on a centralized server for model aggregation;however, this central server presents challenges such as a single point of failure and high communication overhead. Additionally, efficiently training a robust personalized local model for each client remains a significant objective in federated graph learning. To address these issues, we propose a decentralized Federated Graph Learning framework with efficient communication, termed Decentralized Federated Graph Learning via Surrogate Model (SD_FGL). In SD_FGL, each client is required to maintain two models: a private model and a surrogate model. The surrogate model is publicly shared and can exchange and update information directly with any client, eliminating the need for a central server and reducing communication overhead. The private model is independently trained by each client, allowing it to calculate similarity with other clients based on local data as well as information shared through the surrogate model. This enables the private model to better adjust its training strategy and selectively update its parameters. Additionally, local differential privacy is incorporated into the surrogate model training process to enhance privacy protection. Testing on three real-world graph datasets demonstrates that the proposed framework improves accuracy while achieving decentralized Federated Graph Learning with lower communication overhead and stronger privacy safeguards.
文摘The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.
基金Fundação de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado da Bahia(FAPESB),Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq)organizations for supporting the Graduate Program in Computer Science at the Federal University of Bahia.
文摘Intensely using online social networks(OSNs)makes users concerned about privacy of data.Given the centralized nature of these platforms,and since each platform has a particular storage mechanism,authentication,and access control,their users do not have the control and the right over their data.Therefore,users cannot easily switch between similar platforms or transfer data from one platform to another.These issues imply,among other things,a threat to privacy since such users depend on the interests of the service provider responsible for administering OSNs.As a strategy for the decentralization of the OSNs and,consequently,as a solution to the privacy problems in these environments,the so-called decentralized online social networks(DOSNs)have emerged.Unlike OSNs,DOSNs are decentralized content management platforms because they do not use centralized service providers.Although DOSNs address some of the privacy issues encountered in OSNs,DOSNs also pose significant challenges to consider,for example,access control to user profile information with high granularity.This work proposes developing an ontological model and a service to support privacy in DOSNs.The model describes the main concepts of privacy access control in DOSNs and their relationships.In addition,the service will consume the model to apply access control according to the policies represented in the model.Our model was evaluated in two phases to verify its compliance with the proposed domain.Finally,we evaluated our service with a performance evaluation,and the results were satisfactory concerning the response time of access control requests.
基金supported in part by the Guangdong Provincial Universities'Characteristic Innovation Project under Grant 2024KTSCX360in part by the Guangdong Educational Science Planning Project under Grant 2023GXJK837.
文摘Inspired by the collective behaviors observed in bird flocks and fish schools,this paper proposes a novel Decentralized Model Predictive Flocking Control(DMPFC)framework to enable UAV swarms to autonomously track predefined reference trajectories while avoiding collisions and maintaining a stable quasi[Math Processing Error]-lattice formation.Unlike traditional approaches that rely on switching between predefined swarm formations,this framework utilizes identical local interaction rules for each UAV,allowing them to dynamically adjust their control inputs based on the motion states of neighboring UAVs,external environmental factors,and the desired reference trajectory,thereby enabling the swarm to adapt its formation dynamically.Through iterative state updates,the UAVs achieve consensus,allowing the swarm to follow the reference trajectory while self-organizing into a cohesive and stable group structure.To enhance computational efficiency,the framework integrates a closed-form solution for the optimization process,enabling real-time implementation even on computationally constrained micro-quadrotors.Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the proposed method ensures swarm consensus,maintains desired inter-agent distances,and stabilizes the swarm formation.Extensive simulations and real-world experiments validate the approach’s effectiveness and practicality,demonstrating that the proposed method achieves velocity consensus within approximately 200 ms and forms a stable quasi[Math Processing Error]-lattice structure nearly ten times faster than traditional models,with trajectory tracking errors on the order of millimeters.This underscores its potential for robust and efficient UAV swarm coordination in complex scenarios.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3305904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62133003,61991403,61991400)+4 种基金the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries(SAPI-2024-KFKT-05,SAPI-2024-KFKT-08)China Academy of Engineering Institute of Land Cooperation Consulting Project(2023-DFZD-60-02,N2424004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesShanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2021SHZDZX0100)the Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province(2023JH26/10200011)
文摘In this paper, we study the decentralized federated learning problem, which involves the collaborative training of a global model among multiple devices while ensuring data privacy.In classical federated learning, the communication channel between the devices poses a potential risk of compromising private information. To reduce the risk of adversary eavesdropping in the communication channel, we propose TRADE(transmit difference weight) concept. This concept replaces the decentralized federated learning algorithm's transmitted weight parameters with differential weight parameters, enhancing the privacy data against eavesdropping. Subsequently, by integrating the TRADE concept with the primal-dual stochastic gradient descent(SGD)algorithm, we propose a decentralized TRADE primal-dual SGD algorithm. We demonstrate that our proposed algorithm's convergence properties are the same as those of the primal-dual SGD algorithm while providing enhanced privacy protection. We validate the algorithm's performance on fault diagnosis task using the Case Western Reserve University dataset, and image classification tasks using the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets,revealing model accuracy comparable to centralized federated learning. Additionally, the experiments confirm the algorithm's privacy protection capability.
基金supported by a PIPF contract of the Madrid Education,Science and Universities Office(grant number:PIPF-2022/PH-HUM-25403).
文摘Purpose:This paper examines African Journals Online(AJOL)as a bibliometric resource,providing a structured dataset of journal and publication metadata.In addition,it integrates AJOL data with OpenAlex to enhance metadata coverage and improve interoperability with other bibliometric sources.Design/methodology/approach:The journal list and publications indexed in AJOL were retrieved using web scraping techniques.This paper details the database construction process,highlighting its strengths and limitations,and presents a descriptive analysis of AJOL’s indexed journals and publications.Findings:The publication analysis demonstrates a steady growth in the number of publications over time but reveals significant disparities in their distribution across African countries.This paper presents an example of the possibility of integrating both sources using author country data from OpenAlex.The analysis of author contributions reveals that African journals serve as both regional and international venues,confirming that African journals play a dual role in fostering both regional and global research engagement.Research limitations:While AJOL contains relevant information for identifying and providing insights about African publications and journals,its metadata are limited.Therefore,the kind of analysis that can be performed with the database presented here is also limited.The integration with OpenAlex aims to overcome some of the limitations.Finally,although some automatic citation procedures have been performed,the metadata has not been manually curated.Therefore,if errors or inaccuracies are present in the AJOL,they may be reproduced in this database.Practical implications:The database introduced in this article contributes to the accessibility of African scholarly publications by providing structured,accessible metadata derived from the AJOL.It facilitates bibliometric analyses that are more representative of African research activities.This contribution complements ongoing efforts to develop alternative data sources and infrastructure that better reflect the diversity of global knowledge production.Originality/value:This paper presents a novel database for bibliometric analysis and offers a detailed report of the retrieval and construction procedures.The inclusion of matched data with OpenAlex further enhances the database’s utility.By showcasing AJOL’s potential,this study contributes to the broader goal of fostering inclusivity and improving the representation of African research in global bibliometric analyses.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1004701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72271187,62373283)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major(2021SHZDZX0100).
文摘Dear Editor,SO(3)SO(3)This letter proposes a continuous-time semi-decentralized algorithm to minimize a sum of local cost functions on over a multi-agent network.Inspired by the distributed subgradient method in[1],the algorithm combines a consensus protocol on with a local Riemannian gradient term,but the state of each agent evolves on the nonlinear manifold.In absence of global information for each node,a coordinator is introduced in the communication network to ensure that all agents achieve convergence with consensus.Resorting to Lyapunov approaches,it is shown that the proposed algorithm reaches an optimal solution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20477,61722302,61573069,61903290)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT19ZD218).
文摘This paper studies the problem of designing a modelbased decentralized dynamic periodic event-triggering mechanism(DDPETM)for networked control systems(NCSs)subject to packet losses and external disturbances.Firstly,the entire NCSs,comprising the triggering mechanism,packet losses and output-based controller,are unified into a hybrid dynamical framework.Secondly,by introducing dynamic triggering variables,the DDPETM is designed to conserve network resources while guaranteeing desired performance properties and tolerating the maximum allowable number of successive packet losses.Thirdly,some stability conditions are derived using the Lyapunov approach.Differing from the zero-order-hold(ZOH)case,the model-based control sufficiently exploits the model information at the controller side.Between two updates,the controller predicts the plant state based on the models and received feedback information.With the model-based control,less transmission may be expected than with ZOH.Finally,numerical examples and comparative experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘Recent advancements in decentralized finance(DeFi)have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of Automated Market Makers(AMMs)for creating decentralized exchanges(DEXs).In this paper,we organize these developments by treating an AMM as a neoclassical black-box characterized by the conversion of inputs(tokens)to outputs(prices).The conversion is governed by the technology of the AMM summarized by an‘exchange function’.Various types of AMMs are examined,including:Constant Product Market Makers;Constant Mean Market Makers;Constant Sum Market Makers;Hybrid Function Market Makers;and,Dynamic Automated Market Makers.The paper also looks at the impact of introducing concentrated liquidity in an AMM.Overall,the framework presented here provides an intuitive geometric representation of how an AMM operates,and a clear delineation of the similarities and differences across the various types of AMMs.
文摘This paper addresses the problem of global practical stabilization of discrete-time switched affine systems via statedependent switching rules.Several attempts have been made to solve this problem via different types of a common quadratic Lyapunov function and an ellipsoid.These classical results require either the quadratic Lyapunov function or the employed ellipsoid to be of the centralized type.In some cases,the ellipsoids are defined dependently as the level sets of a decentralized Lyapunov function.In this paper,we extend the existing results by the simultaneous use of a general decentralized Lyapunov function and a decentralized ellipsoid parameterized independently.The proposed conditions provide less conservative results than existing works in the sense of the ultimate invariant set of attraction size.Two different approaches are proposed to extract the ultimate invariant set of attraction with a minimum size,i.e.,a purely numerical method and a numerical-analytical one.In the former,both invariant and attractiveness conditions are imposed to extract the final set of matrix inequalities.The latter is established on a principle that the attractiveness of a set implies its invariance.Thus,the stability conditions are derived based on only the attractiveness property as a set of matrix inequalities with a smaller dimension.Illustrative examples are presented to prove the satisfactory operation of the proposed stabilization methods.
文摘The control method of highly redundant robot manipulators is introduced. A decentralized autonomous control scheme is used to guide the movement of robot manipulators so that the work done by manipulators is minimized. The method of computing pseudoinverse which needs too many complicated calculation can be avoided. Then the calculation and control of robots are simplified. At the same time system robustness/fault tolerance is achieved.
文摘A new decentralized adaptive control scheme is presented for linear time invariant systems with first order interconnections. The proposed control scheme with “proportional plus integral” terms is used to improve the convergence rate and the ultimate bound of the tracking error. It is important to note that the adaptive scheme uses lower adaptive gains and smaller control inputs to avoid input saturation and oscillatory behavior. Simulation results are illustrated for controlling a dual inverted pendulum and a multivariable turbofan engine using the proposed adaptive scheme. These simulations validate out conclusions.
基金National Social Science Foundation Key Project "Strategic Study on China's Financial Security in the 13th Five-Year Plan Period"(Grant No.15AJY017)National Social Science Foundation General Project "Study on Regional Risks,Moderate Decentralization and Local Financial System Reform"(Grant No.14BJY192)
文摘By motivating local governments to fght for financial resources, China＇s tax sharing reform has affected the structure of financial decentralization and inflated local financial systems, thus spawning regional financial risks. Based on theoretical analysis and empirical evidence, this paper has arrived at the following findings： due to different policy objectives, central and local governments exhibit different fiscal and financial behaviors; public finance and financial sector have become financing instruments with certain convertibility under local economic growth framework,＂ fiscal decentralization inevitably affects financial decentralization and lays the foundation for provincial fiscal disparities, resulting in a certain spatial effect of interprovincial fiscal variable; fnancial explicit centralization/implicit decentralization and fiscal centralization have fueled local competition for financial resources and resulted in correlation between the spatial effects of provincial financial and fiscal variables, and moreover, their mismatch has also spawned fiscal and financial risks on various fronts. Hence, setting clear boundaries of financial centralization and decentralization and ensuring local government fiscal accountability is the key to the prevention and mitigation of fiscal and financial risks in China.
基金late-stage funding from the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)“Study on Financial Decentralization,Financial Risks and Financial Governance”(Grant No.20FJYA002).
文摘Improvement of the macroeconomic governance system as an important part of the national governance system is a key initiative to address major economic problems in the new era.The coordination and economic regulatory effects of fiscal and monetary policies are subject to the arrangements of fiscal and financial decentralization systems.Analysis revealed a mismatch between China’s fiscal income decentralization and fiscal spending decentralization,as manifested in the clear decentralization of fiscal revenue and vague decentralization of fiscal spending;in pursuing local economic stability,local governments seek other sources of revenue and compete for financial resources,as manifested in apparent financial centralization and implicit financial decentralization,causing financial decentralization to be inconsistent between various levels of government and between government and the market.The above-mentioned problems are reflected in mutual conversion between public finance and financial intermediation as two financial allocation methods and mutual transmission between fiscal and financial risks,making the case for enhancing coordination between fiscal and monetary policies.In creating a scientific macroeconomic governance system,therefore,we must establish clear local government responsibilities,reduce the proportion of local fiscal spending,clarify the orientations and relief boundary of fiscal and monetary policies,moderately decentralize financial powers,and give better play to the role of local governments in improving the quality of economic development and controlling major risks.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China(No2002AA601012-01)
文摘The low removal efficiency of total nitrogen （TN） is one of the main disadvantages of traditional single stage subsurface infiltration system, which combines an anaerobic tank and a soil filter field. In this study, a full-scale, two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was designed and operated to evaluate the feasibility and performances in treating sewage from a school campus for over a one-year monitoring period. The raw sewage was prepared and fed into the first anaerobic tank and second tank by 60% and 40%, respectively. This novel process could decrease chemical oxygen demand with the dichromate method by 89%-96%, suspended solids by 91%-97%, and total phosphorus by 91%-97%. The denitrification was satisfactory in the second stage soil trench, so the removals of TN as well as ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） reached 68%-75% and 96% 99%, respectively. It appeared that the removal efficiency of TN in this two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was more effective than that in the single stage soil infiltration system. The effluent met the discharge standard for the sewage treatment plant （GB18918-2002） of China.
