The accelerated decline of Arctic sea ice since the 1980s has paradoxically amplified greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions through increased shipping activities in this ecologically vulnerable region.This study investigates h...The accelerated decline of Arctic sea ice since the 1980s has paradoxically amplified greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions through increased shipping activities in this ecologically vulnerable region.This study investigates how to reconcile the decarbonization of Arctic shipping with conflicting environmental,economic,and geopolitical interests.Through systematic literature review and interest-balancing analysis,our findings identify three systemic barriers:(1)inadequate adaptation of International Maritime Organization(IMO)regulations to Arctic-specific environmental risks,(2)fragmented enforcement mechanisms among Arctic and non-Arctic States,and(3)technological limitations in clean fuel adoption for ice-class vessels.To address these challenges,a tripartite governance framework is proposed.First,legally binding amendments to International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships(MARPOL)Annex VI introducing Arctic-specific Energy Efficiency eXisting ship Index(EEXI)standards and extending energy efficiency regulations to fishing vessels.Second,a phased fuel transition prioritizing liquefied natural gas(LNG)and methanol,followed by hydrogen-ammonia synthetics.Third,enhanced multilateral cooperation through an Arctic Climate Shipping Alliance to coordinate joint research and development in cold-adapted technologies and ice-route optimization.By integrating United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)obligations with IMO Polar Code implementation,this study advances a dynamic interest-balancing framework for policymakers,offering actionable pathways to achieve Paris Agreement targets while safeguarding Arctic ecosystems.展开更多
Developing low-carbon and efficient power systems is critical for energy security in the global warming context.We address this issue by focusing on the productivity impact of a decarbonization policy in China’s ther...Developing low-carbon and efficient power systems is critical for energy security in the global warming context.We address this issue by focusing on the productivity impact of a decarbonization policy in China’s thermal power sector—namely,the“Constructing Large Units and Restricting Small Ones”(CLRS)initiative.Utilizing a resource misallocation model,we construct a new theoretical framework to distinguish between technical and allocative efficiency and analyze productivity using plant-level data.The results indicate that the CLRS policy has significantly improved the allocative and technical efficiency of China’s coal-fired power sector,thereby ensuring power security.The closure of outdated and highly distorted small coal-fired units,which have been replaced by technologically advanced large units,primarily drives the enhanced efficiency.The policy’s effects are most pronounced in large-scale power plants and those with high coal combustion efficiency.Furthermore,a comparison of power plants’productivity distribution before and after policy implementation reveals that the CLRS policy not only enhances capital productivity in the coal-fired power sector but also increases rational labor allocation.Our findings have important policy implications for developing countries vis-à-vis building efficient and stable power systems amid climate change.展开更多
This study investigates the disparities in the deployment of photovoltaic(PV)technology for carbon emissions reduction across different nations,highlighting the mismatch between countries with high economic capacity a...This study investigates the disparities in the deployment of photovoltaic(PV)technology for carbon emissions reduction across different nations,highlighting the mismatch between countries with high economic capacity and those where PV installation would maximize global decarbonization benefits.This mismatch is discussed based on three key factors influencing decarbonization via PV technology:per capita gross domestic product;carbon intensity of the energy system;and solar resource availability.Current PV deployment is predominantly concentrated in economically advanced countries,and does not coincide with regions where the environmental and economic impact of such installations would be most significant.Through a series of thought experiments,it is demonstrated how alternative prioritization strategies could significantly reduce global carbon emissions.Argument is put forward for a globally coordinated approach to PV deployment,particularly targeting high-impact sunbelt regions,to enhance the efficacy of decarbonization efforts and promote equitable energy access.The study underscores the need for international policies that support sustainable energy transitions in economically less developed regions through workforce development and assistance with the activation of capital.展开更多
A crystalline sapphire （Al2O3） boule （Ф10 × 80mm^3） grown by the temperature gradient technique （TGT） is a bit colored due to carbon volatilization from the graphite heater at high temperatures and the abs...A crystalline sapphire （Al2O3） boule （Ф10 × 80mm^3） grown by the temperature gradient technique （TGT） is a bit colored due to carbon volatilization from the graphite heater at high temperatures and the absorption of transitional metal inclusions in the raw material. The sapphire becomes colorless and transparent after decolorization and decarbonization in successive annealings in air and hydrogen at high temperatures. The quality, optical transmissivity,and homogeneity of the sapphire are remarkably improved.展开更多
On the basis of understanding the principle of rotary triboelectrostatic separation, dynamic analysis of charged fly ash particles aimed at determining the key factors and separation experiments to improve decarboniza...On the basis of understanding the principle of rotary triboelectrostatic separation, dynamic analysis of charged fly ash particles aimed at determining the key factors and separation experiments to improve decarbonization efficiency had been carried out Variables of electrode plate voltage and corrected wind speed are the key factors which affect the decarbonization efficiency on the separation of fly ash, The results of separation experiments show that:(1) With the plate voltage increasing, the efficiency of decarbonization continuously rises and in its selected range, the optimal voltage level is 45 KV;(2) The corrected wind speed can impact the efficiency of decarbonization significantly: with the speed increasing, the efficiency of decarbonization shows a trend of first decline, then increase and decrease again, and in its selected range, the optimal speed is 2.0 m/s. This study is of significance for the improvement of rotary triboelectrostatic separation performance and its decarbonization separation efficiency.展开更多
The basic principle of fly ash triboelectrification is analysed. The mineral electrical index and test method are introduced. The electric difference of different mineral composition of fly ash is discussed by analysi...The basic principle of fly ash triboelectrification is analysed. The mineral electrical index and test method are introduced. The electric difference of different mineral composition of fly ash is discussed by analysis of chemical and mineral composition of fly ash in Xinwen power plant. The dielectric constant and charge-mass ratio of carbon and ash of fly ash are tested. Combined with the experimental study on rotary triboelectrostatic separation, the charged characteristic of fly ash particles with different size is gained. The results show that the dielectric constant of fly ash with different grain size decreased with the decrease of particle size, which lead to the poor electrical conductivity, Thus it can be seen that par- ticle size plays a leading role in conductivity, The charge of carbon and ash with each size increased with the decreased of particle size; and the charge-mass ratio between carbon and ash with the same size lar- ger with the decrease of size, which indicated that the finer particle size, the more favorable for triboelec- trification separation. In the same conditions, the best decarburization effect is realized when the particle size ranges from 0.038 to 0.074 ram, whose decarbonization rate and efficiency index reached 38.93% and 120.83% respectively.展开更多
Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-...Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-Mediterranean backbone grid can hedge the profound evolution of regional power generation,transmission,and consumption.To date,only Turkey and the Maghreb countries(i.e.,Morocco,Algeria,and Tunisia)are connected with the Continental European Synchronous Area.Other south-and east-shore countries have insufficient interconnection infrastructures and synchronization difficulties that have proven to be major hurdles to the implementation of large-scale solar and wind projects and achievement of climate goals.This study analyzes the current trans-boundary grid interconnections and power and carbon emission portfolios in the Mediterranean region.To align with the recently launched new climate target‘Fit for 55’program and the accelerated large-scale renewables target,a holistic review of projected trans-Mediterranean grids and their market,technical,and financial obstacles of implementation was conducted.For south-and east-shore countries,major legal and regulatory barriers encompassing non-liberalized market structure,regulation gaps of taxation and transmission tariffs,and the private sector’s access rights need to be removed.Enhancement of domestic grids,substations,and harmonized grid codes and frequency,voltage,and communication technology standards among all trans-Mediterranean countries are physical prerequisites for implementing the Trans-Mediterranean Electricity Market.In addition,the mobilization of capital instruments along with private and international investments is indispensable for the realization of supranational transmission projects.As the final section of the decarbonization roadmap,the development of electric appliances,equipment,and vehicles with higher efficiency is inevitable in the decarbonized building,transportation,and industry sectors.展开更多
Decarbonization is a critical issue for peaking CO_(2) emissions of energy-intensive industries,such as the iron and steel industry.The decarbonization options of China’s ironmaking and steelmaking sector were discus...Decarbonization is a critical issue for peaking CO_(2) emissions of energy-intensive industries,such as the iron and steel industry.The decarbonization options of China’s ironmaking and steelmaking sector were discussed based on a systematic three-dimensional low-carbon analysis from the aspects of resource utilization(Y),energy utilization(Q),and energy cleanliness which is evaluated by a process general emission factor(PGEF)on all the related processes,including the current blast furnace(BF)-basic oxygen furnace(BOF)integrated process and the specific sub-processes,as well as the electric arc furnace(EAF)process,typical direct reduction(DR)process,and smelting reduction(SR)process.The study indicates that the three-dimensional aspects,particularly the energy structure,should be comprehensively considered to quantitatively evaluate the decarbonization road map based on novel technologies or processes.Promoting scrap utilization(improvement of Y)and the substitution of carbon-based energy(improvement of PGEF)in particular is critical.In terms of process scale,promoting the development of the scrap-based EAF or DR-EAF process is highly encouraged because of their lower PGEF.The three-dimensional method is expected to extend to other processes or industries,such as the cement production and thermal electricity generation industries.展开更多
Yanbei project of Schlumberger Copower Oilfield Engineering Co.,Ltd.-natural gas purification plant decarbonization unit is equipped with two sets of decarbonization systems(parallel operation).The two sets of systems...Yanbei project of Schlumberger Copower Oilfield Engineering Co.,Ltd.-natural gas purification plant decarbonization unit is equipped with two sets of decarbonization systems(parallel operation).The two sets of systems adopt two tower process,full lean liquid circulation regeneration process,one tower absorption(absorption pressure 5.4mpag),one tower regeneration(regeneration temperature 95℃-110℃),purified natural gas carbon dioxide content≤2.5vol%,single set The treatment capacity is 2300 KM3/d.This paper introduces the problems existing in the decarbonization solution of the decarbonization unit in the natural gas purification plant in recent three years,analyzes the causes of pollutants affecting the quality of the decarbonization solution,and probes into the control measures for the pollution of the decarbonization solution,so as to provide reference.展开更多
The aqueous fluids within subducted slabs have the potential to influence the form of carbonate presence and the carbon cycling process.Experiments were performed on resistive heating diamond anvil cell using siderite...The aqueous fluids within subducted slabs have the potential to influence the form of carbonate presence and the carbon cycling process.Experiments were performed on resistive heating diamond anvil cell using siderite crystals and grains with water under conditions of pressure as high as 11.4 GPa and temperatures reaching up to 530℃.These experiments aimed to simulate geological reactions that may occur within a depth range of 340 km in subducted slabs.Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor the reactions and microscale phenomena within the sample chamber as pressure and temperature increase.The recovered products were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The results indicate that at 0.8 GPa and 108℃,a Fischer-Tropsch Type(FTT)reaction occurred on the sample surface,resulting in the formation of organic compound formaldehyde,followed by the observation of formic acid.At higher pressure and temperature(3.5 GPa,420℃),the formation ofγ-Fe_(2)O_(3)andγ-FeOOH was observed on the sample surface,accompanied by the release of CO_(2)and H_(2).Transmission electron microscope analysis of the quenched product powders indicated that the generated iron oxides were consistent with the phases observed at high pressure and temperature conditions.High pressure and temperature dissolution experiments of siderite in water reveal that carbon may be released into the mantle wedge entirely in the form of CO_(2)in warm subducted slabs and cold subducted slabs that subduct to depths of 75 km.The released CO_(2)participates in the carbon cycle of the island arc volcanic systems in the upper mantle at depths of 70-120 km and accelerates the transfer of subducted carbon to the Earth’s surface.展开更多
Microwave is an efficient and clean energy input mode.It is easy to integrate into the chemical industry to promote electrification and assist in decarbonization.The important characteristic of microwave heating is th...Microwave is an efficient and clean energy input mode.It is easy to integrate into the chemical industry to promote electrification and assist in decarbonization.The important characteristic of microwave heating is that the entire process volume can be heated internally,while the components with high dielectric loss can be heated selectively and rapidly.Microwave heating initiates very different mechanisms from conventional thermal approaches and can lead to dramatically different results[1].In the background of the“Dual Carbon”goal,microwave technology has an enormous potential to be applied to various fields,mainly chemical engineering,the metallurgical industry and material synthesis.展开更多
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,power generation and the associated CO_(2)emissions in major countries have experienced a decline and rebound.Knowledge on how an economic crisis affects the emission dynami...Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,power generation and the associated CO_(2)emissions in major countries have experienced a decline and rebound.Knowledge on how an economic crisis affects the emission dynamics of the power sector would help alleviate the emission rebound in the post-COVID-19 era.In this study,we investigate the mechanism by which the 2008 global financial crisis sways the dynamics of power decarbonization.The method couples the logarithmic mean Divisia index(LMDI)and environmentally extended input-output analysis.Results show that,from 2009 to 2011,global power generation increased rapidly at a rate higher than that of GDP,and the related CO_(2)emissions and the emission intensity of global electricity supply also rebounded;the rapid economic growth in fossil power-dominated countries(e.g.,China,the United States,and India)was the main reason for the growth of electricity related CO_(2)emissions;and the fixed capital formation was identified as the major driver of the rebound in global electricity consumption.Lessons from the 2008 financial crisis can provide insights for achieving a low-carbon recovery after the COVID-19 crisis,and specific measures have been proposed,for example,setting electricity consumption standards for infrastructure construction projects to reduce electricity consumption induced by the fixed capital formation,and attaching energy efficiency labels and carbon footprint labels to metal products(e.g.,iron and steel,aluminum,and fabricated metal products),large quantities of which are used for fixed capital formation.展开更多
Building-Integrated photovoltaics(BIPV)have emerged as a promising sustainable energy solution,relying on accurate energy production predictions and effective decarbonization strategies for efficient deployment.This p...Building-Integrated photovoltaics(BIPV)have emerged as a promising sustainable energy solution,relying on accurate energy production predictions and effective decarbonization strategies for efficient deployment.This paper presents a novel approach that combines photogrammetry and deep learning techniques to address the problem of BIPV decarbonization.The method is called BIM-AITIZATION referring to the integration of BIM data,AI techniques,and automation principles.It integrates photogrammetric data into practical BIM parameters.In addition,it enhances the precision and reliability of PV energy prediction by using artificial intelligence strategies.The primary aim of this approach is to offer advanced,data-driven energy forecasts and BIPV decarbonization while fully automating the underlying process.To achieve this,the first step is to capture point cloud data of the building through photogrammetric acquisition.This data undergoes preprocessing to identify and remove unwanted points,followed by plan segmentation to extract the plan facade.After that,a meteorological dataset is assembled,incorporating various attributes that influence energy production,including solar irradiance parameters as well as BIM parameters.Finally,machine and deep learning techniques are used for accurate photovoltaic energy predictions and the automation of the entire process.Extensive experiments are conducted,including multiple tests aimed at assessing the performance of diverse machine learning models.The objective is to identify the most suitable model for our specific application.Furthermore,a comparative analysis is undertaken,comparing the performance of the proposed model against that of various established BIPV software tools.The outcomes reveal that the proposed approach surpasses existing software solutions in both accuracy and precision.To extend its applicability,the approach is evaluated using a building case study,demonstrating its ability to generalize effectively to new building data.展开更多
The weather-dependent uncertainty of wind and solar power generation presents a challenge to the balancing of power generation and demand in highly renewable electricity systems.Battery energy storage can provide flex...The weather-dependent uncertainty of wind and solar power generation presents a challenge to the balancing of power generation and demand in highly renewable electricity systems.Battery energy storage can provide flexibility to firm up the variability of renewables and to respond to the increased load demand under decarbonization scenarios.This paper explores how the battery energy storage capacity requirement for compressed-air energy storage(CAES)will grow as the load demand increases.Here we used an idealized lowest-cost optimization model to study the response of highly renewable electricity systems to the increasing load demand of California under deep decarbonization.Results show that providing bulk CAES to the zero-emission power system offers substantial benefits,but it cannot fully compensate for the 100%variability of highly renewable power systems.The capacity requirement of CAES increases by≤33.3%with a 1.5 times increase in the load demand and by≤50%with a two-times increase in the load demand.In this analysis,a zero-emission electricity system operating at current costs becomes more cost-effective when there is firm power generation.The least competitive nuclear option plays this role and reduces system costs by 16.4%,curtails the annual main node by 36.8%,and decreases the CAES capacity requirements by≤80.7%in the case of a double-load demand.While CAES has potential in addressing renewable variability,its widespread deployment is constrained by geographical,societal,and economic factors.Therefore,if California is aiming for an energy system that is reliant on wind and solar power,then an additional dispatchable power source other than CAES or similar load flexibility is necessary.To fully harness the benefits of bulk CAES,the development and implementation of cost-effective approaches are crucial in significantly reducing system costs.展开更多
This study proposes a conceptual design of green hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane electrolysis powered by a floating solar photovoltaic system.The system contributes to industrial decarbonization in wh...This study proposes a conceptual design of green hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane electrolysis powered by a floating solar photovoltaic system.The system contributes to industrial decarbonization in which hydrogen blending with natural gas is proposed as an approach to smooth the energy transition.The proposed design addresses the challenge of supplying a continuous flow-rate of green hydrogen,which is typically demanded by industrial end users.This study particularly considers a realistic area required for the installation of a floating solar photovoltaic system.To enable the green hydrogen production of 7.5 million standard cubic feet per day,the required structure includes the floating solar photovoltaic system and Li-ion batteries with the nominal capacities of 518.4 megawatts and 780.8 megawatt-hours.This is equivalent to the requirement for 1524765 photovoltaic modules and 3718 Li-ion batteries.The assessment confirms the technical viability of the proposed concept of green hydrogen production,transportation and blending.While the present commercialization is hindered by economics due to a high green hydrogen production cost of USD 26.95 per kg,this green hydrogen pathway is expected to be competitive with grey hydrogen produced via coal gasification and via natural gas steam reforming by 2043 and 2047,respectively.展开更多
With the global economy undergoing decarbonization and a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation,supply chain security risks have become increasingly prominent.Major countries are shifting t...With the global economy undergoing decarbonization and a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation,supply chain security risks have become increasingly prominent.Major countries are shifting their focus toward critical minerals,beyond traditional common minerals such as iron and copper.The trend is especially notable regarding minerals considered essential for strategically important emerging industries.展开更多
AIM:To analyze the environmental impact of patient travel for cataract surgery at a German ophthalmology center.METHODS:All cataract surgeries performed between October 23 and October 27,2023,were analyzed,and all pat...AIM:To analyze the environmental impact of patient travel for cataract surgery at a German ophthalmology center.METHODS:All cataract surgeries performed between October 23 and October 27,2023,were analyzed,and all patient records were reviewed for follow-up visits.All travel distances were calculated,and the associated emissions were quantified.Additionally,patients’utilization of geographically closer branch practices for follow-up care was evaluated,along with the corresponding effects on travel-related emissions.RESULTS:A total of 69 patients underwent unilateral cataract surgery.The average one-way travel distance was 40.1 km(24.9 mi;SD=23.6 km).Corresponding emissions were 1284.8 kg of greenhouse gas(GHG),2.477 kg of nitrogen oxides,and 0.101 kg of particulates.All patients attended at least two follow-up visits.Conducting followup visits at branch practices reduced travel distance by 49.1%.The associated GHG emissions from all travel were 1984.3 kg.Emissions from follow-up visits were 54.4%higher than those from the surgery itself.Total GHG emissions amounted to 3269.1 kg,with an average of 47.4 kg of GHG per patient for all travel associated with cataract surgery.CONCLUSION:A dense network of branch practices contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of cataract surgery-related patient travel;however,the development of digital health approaches for follow-up care is necessary to further optimize the environmental sustainability of cataract surgery.展开更多
In the grand tapestry of the global energy transition,the quest for scalable hydrogen economies emerges as a pivotal thread,weaving together the dual imperatives of decarbonization and industrial pragmatism.Yet,in its...In the grand tapestry of the global energy transition,the quest for scalable hydrogen economies emerges as a pivotal thread,weaving together the dual imperatives of decarbonization and industrial pragmatism.Yet,in its present form,hydrogen production remains deeply entwined with carbon emissions.展开更多
The world is endowed with a tremendous amount of coal resources,which are unevenly distributed in a few nations.While sustainable energy resources are being developed and deployed,fossil fuels dominate the current wor...The world is endowed with a tremendous amount of coal resources,which are unevenly distributed in a few nations.While sustainable energy resources are being developed and deployed,fossil fuels dominate the current world energy consumption.Thus,low-carbon clean technologies,like underground coal gasification(UCG),ought to play a vital role in energy supply and ensuring energy security in the foreseeable future.This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the world's development of UCG for enhanced hydrogen production.It is revealed that the world has an active interest in decarbonizing the coal industry for hydrogen-oriented research in the context of UCG.While research is ongoing in multiple coal-rich nations,China dominates the world's efforts in both industrial-scale UCG pilots and laboratory experiments.A variety of coal ranks were tested in UCG for enhanced hydrogen output,and the possibilities of linking UCG with other prospective technologies had been proposed and critically scrutinized.Moreover,it is found that transborder collaborations are in dire need to propel a faster commercialization of UCG in an ever-more carbon-conscious world.Furthermore,governmental and financial support is necessary to incentivize further UCG development for large-scale hydrogen production.展开更多
Decarbonization of energy economy is nowadays a topical theme,and several pathways are under discussion.Gaseous fuels have a fundamental role for this transition,and the production of low carbon-impact fuels is necess...Decarbonization of energy economy is nowadays a topical theme,and several pathways are under discussion.Gaseous fuels have a fundamental role for this transition,and the production of low carbon-impact fuels is necessary to deal with this challenge.The generation of renewable hydrogen is a trusted solution since this energy vector can be promptly produced from electricity and injected into the existing natural gas infrastructure,granting storage capacity and easy transportation.This scenario will lead,in the near future,to hydrogen enrichment of natural gas,whose impact on the infrastructures is being actively studied.The effect on end-user devices such as domestic gas boilers,instead,is still little analyzed and tested,but is fundamental to be assessed.The aim of this research is to generate knowledge on the effect of hydrogen enrichment on the widely used premixed boilers:the investigations include pollutant emissions,efficiency,flashback and explosion hazard,control system and materials selection.A model for calculating several parameters related to combustion of hydrogen enriched natural gas is presented.Guidelines for the design of new components are provided,and an insight is given on the maximum hydrogen blending bearable by the current boilers.展开更多
基金supported by the Major Research Projects of the National Social Science Fund of China(NSFC,Grant no.23VHQ015).
文摘The accelerated decline of Arctic sea ice since the 1980s has paradoxically amplified greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions through increased shipping activities in this ecologically vulnerable region.This study investigates how to reconcile the decarbonization of Arctic shipping with conflicting environmental,economic,and geopolitical interests.Through systematic literature review and interest-balancing analysis,our findings identify three systemic barriers:(1)inadequate adaptation of International Maritime Organization(IMO)regulations to Arctic-specific environmental risks,(2)fragmented enforcement mechanisms among Arctic and non-Arctic States,and(3)technological limitations in clean fuel adoption for ice-class vessels.To address these challenges,a tripartite governance framework is proposed.First,legally binding amendments to International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships(MARPOL)Annex VI introducing Arctic-specific Energy Efficiency eXisting ship Index(EEXI)standards and extending energy efficiency regulations to fishing vessels.Second,a phased fuel transition prioritizing liquefied natural gas(LNG)and methanol,followed by hydrogen-ammonia synthetics.Third,enhanced multilateral cooperation through an Arctic Climate Shipping Alliance to coordinate joint research and development in cold-adapted technologies and ice-route optimization.By integrating United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)obligations with IMO Polar Code implementation,this study advances a dynamic interest-balancing framework for policymakers,offering actionable pathways to achieve Paris Agreement targets while safeguarding Arctic ecosystems.
基金supported by the Chengdu Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project[Grant No.2022C05]National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.71904158].
文摘Developing low-carbon and efficient power systems is critical for energy security in the global warming context.We address this issue by focusing on the productivity impact of a decarbonization policy in China’s thermal power sector—namely,the“Constructing Large Units and Restricting Small Ones”(CLRS)initiative.Utilizing a resource misallocation model,we construct a new theoretical framework to distinguish between technical and allocative efficiency and analyze productivity using plant-level data.The results indicate that the CLRS policy has significantly improved the allocative and technical efficiency of China’s coal-fired power sector,thereby ensuring power security.The closure of outdated and highly distorted small coal-fired units,which have been replaced by technologically advanced large units,primarily drives the enhanced efficiency.The policy’s effects are most pronounced in large-scale power plants and those with high coal combustion efficiency.Furthermore,a comparison of power plants’productivity distribution before and after policy implementation reveals that the CLRS policy not only enhances capital productivity in the coal-fired power sector but also increases rational labor allocation.Our findings have important policy implications for developing countries vis-à-vis building efficient and stable power systems amid climate change.
基金supported by the Helmholtz Association within the framework of the innovation platform“Solar TAP”[Az:714-62150-3/1(2023)]co-funded by the European Union(ERC,C2C-PV,project number 101088359)。
文摘This study investigates the disparities in the deployment of photovoltaic(PV)technology for carbon emissions reduction across different nations,highlighting the mismatch between countries with high economic capacity and those where PV installation would maximize global decarbonization benefits.This mismatch is discussed based on three key factors influencing decarbonization via PV technology:per capita gross domestic product;carbon intensity of the energy system;and solar resource availability.Current PV deployment is predominantly concentrated in economically advanced countries,and does not coincide with regions where the environmental and economic impact of such installations would be most significant.Through a series of thought experiments,it is demonstrated how alternative prioritization strategies could significantly reduce global carbon emissions.Argument is put forward for a globally coordinated approach to PV deployment,particularly targeting high-impact sunbelt regions,to enhance the efficacy of decarbonization efforts and promote equitable energy access.The study underscores the need for international policies that support sustainable energy transitions in economically less developed regions through workforce development and assistance with the activation of capital.
文摘A crystalline sapphire （Al2O3） boule （Ф10 × 80mm^3） grown by the temperature gradient technique （TGT） is a bit colored due to carbon volatilization from the graphite heater at high temperatures and the absorption of transitional metal inclusions in the raw material. The sapphire becomes colorless and transparent after decolorization and decarbonization in successive annealings in air and hydrogen at high temperatures. The quality, optical transmissivity,and homogeneity of the sapphire are remarkably improved.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51274200)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20130095110010)
文摘On the basis of understanding the principle of rotary triboelectrostatic separation, dynamic analysis of charged fly ash particles aimed at determining the key factors and separation experiments to improve decarbonization efficiency had been carried out Variables of electrode plate voltage and corrected wind speed are the key factors which affect the decarbonization efficiency on the separation of fly ash, The results of separation experiments show that:(1) With the plate voltage increasing, the efficiency of decarbonization continuously rises and in its selected range, the optimal voltage level is 45 KV;(2) The corrected wind speed can impact the efficiency of decarbonization significantly: with the speed increasing, the efficiency of decarbonization shows a trend of first decline, then increase and decrease again, and in its selected range, the optimal speed is 2.0 m/s. This study is of significance for the improvement of rotary triboelectrostatic separation performance and its decarbonization separation efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51274200 and 51221462)
文摘The basic principle of fly ash triboelectrification is analysed. The mineral electrical index and test method are introduced. The electric difference of different mineral composition of fly ash is discussed by analysis of chemical and mineral composition of fly ash in Xinwen power plant. The dielectric constant and charge-mass ratio of carbon and ash of fly ash are tested. Combined with the experimental study on rotary triboelectrostatic separation, the charged characteristic of fly ash particles with different size is gained. The results show that the dielectric constant of fly ash with different grain size decreased with the decrease of particle size, which lead to the poor electrical conductivity, Thus it can be seen that par- ticle size plays a leading role in conductivity, The charge of carbon and ash with each size increased with the decreased of particle size; and the charge-mass ratio between carbon and ash with the same size lar- ger with the decrease of size, which indicated that the finer particle size, the more favorable for triboelec- trification separation. In the same conditions, the best decarburization effect is realized when the particle size ranges from 0.038 to 0.074 ram, whose decarbonization rate and efficiency index reached 38.93% and 120.83% respectively.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41701232).
文摘Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-Mediterranean backbone grid can hedge the profound evolution of regional power generation,transmission,and consumption.To date,only Turkey and the Maghreb countries(i.e.,Morocco,Algeria,and Tunisia)are connected with the Continental European Synchronous Area.Other south-and east-shore countries have insufficient interconnection infrastructures and synchronization difficulties that have proven to be major hurdles to the implementation of large-scale solar and wind projects and achievement of climate goals.This study analyzes the current trans-boundary grid interconnections and power and carbon emission portfolios in the Mediterranean region.To align with the recently launched new climate target‘Fit for 55’program and the accelerated large-scale renewables target,a holistic review of projected trans-Mediterranean grids and their market,technical,and financial obstacles of implementation was conducted.For south-and east-shore countries,major legal and regulatory barriers encompassing non-liberalized market structure,regulation gaps of taxation and transmission tariffs,and the private sector’s access rights need to be removed.Enhancement of domestic grids,substations,and harmonized grid codes and frequency,voltage,and communication technology standards among all trans-Mediterranean countries are physical prerequisites for implementing the Trans-Mediterranean Electricity Market.In addition,the mobilization of capital instruments along with private and international investments is indispensable for the realization of supranational transmission projects.As the final section of the decarbonization roadmap,the development of electric appliances,equipment,and vehicles with higher efficiency is inevitable in the decarbonized building,transportation,and industry sectors.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy,China(Project Code:41603006).
文摘Decarbonization is a critical issue for peaking CO_(2) emissions of energy-intensive industries,such as the iron and steel industry.The decarbonization options of China’s ironmaking and steelmaking sector were discussed based on a systematic three-dimensional low-carbon analysis from the aspects of resource utilization(Y),energy utilization(Q),and energy cleanliness which is evaluated by a process general emission factor(PGEF)on all the related processes,including the current blast furnace(BF)-basic oxygen furnace(BOF)integrated process and the specific sub-processes,as well as the electric arc furnace(EAF)process,typical direct reduction(DR)process,and smelting reduction(SR)process.The study indicates that the three-dimensional aspects,particularly the energy structure,should be comprehensively considered to quantitatively evaluate the decarbonization road map based on novel technologies or processes.Promoting scrap utilization(improvement of Y)and the substitution of carbon-based energy(improvement of PGEF)in particular is critical.In terms of process scale,promoting the development of the scrap-based EAF or DR-EAF process is highly encouraged because of their lower PGEF.The three-dimensional method is expected to extend to other processes or industries,such as the cement production and thermal electricity generation industries.
文摘Yanbei project of Schlumberger Copower Oilfield Engineering Co.,Ltd.-natural gas purification plant decarbonization unit is equipped with two sets of decarbonization systems(parallel operation).The two sets of systems adopt two tower process,full lean liquid circulation regeneration process,one tower absorption(absorption pressure 5.4mpag),one tower regeneration(regeneration temperature 95℃-110℃),purified natural gas carbon dioxide content≤2.5vol%,single set The treatment capacity is 2300 KM3/d.This paper introduces the problems existing in the decarbonization solution of the decarbonization unit in the natural gas purification plant in recent three years,analyzes the causes of pollutants affecting the quality of the decarbonization solution,and probes into the control measures for the pollution of the decarbonization solution,so as to provide reference.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Project of China(Grant No.2023YFF0804100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 42102030,12074141,and 12274168)+3 种基金supported by Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Project(Grants No.20210402054GH and No.20220101011JC)the Program for Jilin University Science and Technology Innovative Research Team(Grant No.2021-TD-05)National Major Science Facility Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility Achievement Transformation Platform Construction(2021FGWCXNLJSKJ01)supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272041).
文摘The aqueous fluids within subducted slabs have the potential to influence the form of carbonate presence and the carbon cycling process.Experiments were performed on resistive heating diamond anvil cell using siderite crystals and grains with water under conditions of pressure as high as 11.4 GPa and temperatures reaching up to 530℃.These experiments aimed to simulate geological reactions that may occur within a depth range of 340 km in subducted slabs.Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor the reactions and microscale phenomena within the sample chamber as pressure and temperature increase.The recovered products were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The results indicate that at 0.8 GPa and 108℃,a Fischer-Tropsch Type(FTT)reaction occurred on the sample surface,resulting in the formation of organic compound formaldehyde,followed by the observation of formic acid.At higher pressure and temperature(3.5 GPa,420℃),the formation ofγ-Fe_(2)O_(3)andγ-FeOOH was observed on the sample surface,accompanied by the release of CO_(2)and H_(2).Transmission electron microscope analysis of the quenched product powders indicated that the generated iron oxides were consistent with the phases observed at high pressure and temperature conditions.High pressure and temperature dissolution experiments of siderite in water reveal that carbon may be released into the mantle wedge entirely in the form of CO_(2)in warm subducted slabs and cold subducted slabs that subduct to depths of 75 km.The released CO_(2)participates in the carbon cycle of the island arc volcanic systems in the upper mantle at depths of 70-120 km and accelerates the transfer of subducted carbon to the Earth’s surface.
文摘Microwave is an efficient and clean energy input mode.It is easy to integrate into the chemical industry to promote electrification and assist in decarbonization.The important characteristic of microwave heating is that the entire process volume can be heated internally,while the components with high dielectric loss can be heated selectively and rapidly.Microwave heating initiates very different mechanisms from conventional thermal approaches and can lead to dramatically different results[1].In the background of the“Dual Carbon”goal,microwave technology has an enormous potential to be applied to various fields,mainly chemical engineering,the metallurgical industry and material synthesis.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72222014,72074138,72074136,and 71904125)the Taishan Scholars Program,and the Major Project of National Social Science Fund of China(22&ZD108).
文摘Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,power generation and the associated CO_(2)emissions in major countries have experienced a decline and rebound.Knowledge on how an economic crisis affects the emission dynamics of the power sector would help alleviate the emission rebound in the post-COVID-19 era.In this study,we investigate the mechanism by which the 2008 global financial crisis sways the dynamics of power decarbonization.The method couples the logarithmic mean Divisia index(LMDI)and environmentally extended input-output analysis.Results show that,from 2009 to 2011,global power generation increased rapidly at a rate higher than that of GDP,and the related CO_(2)emissions and the emission intensity of global electricity supply also rebounded;the rapid economic growth in fossil power-dominated countries(e.g.,China,the United States,and India)was the main reason for the growth of electricity related CO_(2)emissions;and the fixed capital formation was identified as the major driver of the rebound in global electricity consumption.Lessons from the 2008 financial crisis can provide insights for achieving a low-carbon recovery after the COVID-19 crisis,and specific measures have been proposed,for example,setting electricity consumption standards for infrastructure construction projects to reduce electricity consumption induced by the fixed capital formation,and attaching energy efficiency labels and carbon footprint labels to metal products(e.g.,iron and steel,aluminum,and fabricated metal products),large quantities of which are used for fixed capital formation.
基金This work was supported by CESI EST and the GRAND EST region.The authors are very grateful to Mourad ZGHAL for fruitful discussions and Benoit DESTENAY(Teacher&responsible in charge of education at CESI school of engineering),Pierre BALLESTER,Cemal OCAKTAN,Oussama OUSSOUS and SOW Mame-Cheikh for technical assistance.The authors are grateful to GBAGUIDI HAORE Sevi(Teacher&responsible in charge of education at CESI school of engineering)and energy expert for his excellent technical support on the subject of the energy decarbonization of buildings.We would like to thank Ophéa-Eurométropole Habitat Strasbourg for allowing us to have the energy production data for these buildings.
文摘Building-Integrated photovoltaics(BIPV)have emerged as a promising sustainable energy solution,relying on accurate energy production predictions and effective decarbonization strategies for efficient deployment.This paper presents a novel approach that combines photogrammetry and deep learning techniques to address the problem of BIPV decarbonization.The method is called BIM-AITIZATION referring to the integration of BIM data,AI techniques,and automation principles.It integrates photogrammetric data into practical BIM parameters.In addition,it enhances the precision and reliability of PV energy prediction by using artificial intelligence strategies.The primary aim of this approach is to offer advanced,data-driven energy forecasts and BIPV decarbonization while fully automating the underlying process.To achieve this,the first step is to capture point cloud data of the building through photogrammetric acquisition.This data undergoes preprocessing to identify and remove unwanted points,followed by plan segmentation to extract the plan facade.After that,a meteorological dataset is assembled,incorporating various attributes that influence energy production,including solar irradiance parameters as well as BIM parameters.Finally,machine and deep learning techniques are used for accurate photovoltaic energy predictions and the automation of the entire process.Extensive experiments are conducted,including multiple tests aimed at assessing the performance of diverse machine learning models.The objective is to identify the most suitable model for our specific application.Furthermore,a comparative analysis is undertaken,comparing the performance of the proposed model against that of various established BIPV software tools.The outcomes reveal that the proposed approach surpasses existing software solutions in both accuracy and precision.To extend its applicability,the approach is evaluated using a building case study,demonstrating its ability to generalize effectively to new building data.
文摘The weather-dependent uncertainty of wind and solar power generation presents a challenge to the balancing of power generation and demand in highly renewable electricity systems.Battery energy storage can provide flexibility to firm up the variability of renewables and to respond to the increased load demand under decarbonization scenarios.This paper explores how the battery energy storage capacity requirement for compressed-air energy storage(CAES)will grow as the load demand increases.Here we used an idealized lowest-cost optimization model to study the response of highly renewable electricity systems to the increasing load demand of California under deep decarbonization.Results show that providing bulk CAES to the zero-emission power system offers substantial benefits,but it cannot fully compensate for the 100%variability of highly renewable power systems.The capacity requirement of CAES increases by≤33.3%with a 1.5 times increase in the load demand and by≤50%with a two-times increase in the load demand.In this analysis,a zero-emission electricity system operating at current costs becomes more cost-effective when there is firm power generation.The least competitive nuclear option plays this role and reduces system costs by 16.4%,curtails the annual main node by 36.8%,and decreases the CAES capacity requirements by≤80.7%in the case of a double-load demand.While CAES has potential in addressing renewable variability,its widespread deployment is constrained by geographical,societal,and economic factors.Therefore,if California is aiming for an energy system that is reliant on wind and solar power,then an additional dispatchable power source other than CAES or similar load flexibility is necessary.To fully harness the benefits of bulk CAES,the development and implementation of cost-effective approaches are crucial in significantly reducing system costs.
基金funded by the Osaka Gas Foundation of International Cultural Exchange Year 2022/2023(PKS-1813/UN2.F4.D/PPM.00.00/2022).
文摘This study proposes a conceptual design of green hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane electrolysis powered by a floating solar photovoltaic system.The system contributes to industrial decarbonization in which hydrogen blending with natural gas is proposed as an approach to smooth the energy transition.The proposed design addresses the challenge of supplying a continuous flow-rate of green hydrogen,which is typically demanded by industrial end users.This study particularly considers a realistic area required for the installation of a floating solar photovoltaic system.To enable the green hydrogen production of 7.5 million standard cubic feet per day,the required structure includes the floating solar photovoltaic system and Li-ion batteries with the nominal capacities of 518.4 megawatts and 780.8 megawatt-hours.This is equivalent to the requirement for 1524765 photovoltaic modules and 3718 Li-ion batteries.The assessment confirms the technical viability of the proposed concept of green hydrogen production,transportation and blending.While the present commercialization is hindered by economics due to a high green hydrogen production cost of USD 26.95 per kg,this green hydrogen pathway is expected to be competitive with grey hydrogen produced via coal gasification and via natural gas steam reforming by 2043 and 2047,respectively.
文摘With the global economy undergoing decarbonization and a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation,supply chain security risks have become increasingly prominent.Major countries are shifting their focus toward critical minerals,beyond traditional common minerals such as iron and copper.The trend is especially notable regarding minerals considered essential for strategically important emerging industries.
文摘AIM:To analyze the environmental impact of patient travel for cataract surgery at a German ophthalmology center.METHODS:All cataract surgeries performed between October 23 and October 27,2023,were analyzed,and all patient records were reviewed for follow-up visits.All travel distances were calculated,and the associated emissions were quantified.Additionally,patients’utilization of geographically closer branch practices for follow-up care was evaluated,along with the corresponding effects on travel-related emissions.RESULTS:A total of 69 patients underwent unilateral cataract surgery.The average one-way travel distance was 40.1 km(24.9 mi;SD=23.6 km).Corresponding emissions were 1284.8 kg of greenhouse gas(GHG),2.477 kg of nitrogen oxides,and 0.101 kg of particulates.All patients attended at least two follow-up visits.Conducting followup visits at branch practices reduced travel distance by 49.1%.The associated GHG emissions from all travel were 1984.3 kg.Emissions from follow-up visits were 54.4%higher than those from the surgery itself.Total GHG emissions amounted to 3269.1 kg,with an average of 47.4 kg of GHG per patient for all travel associated with cataract surgery.CONCLUSION:A dense network of branch practices contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of cataract surgery-related patient travel;however,the development of digital health approaches for follow-up care is necessary to further optimize the environmental sustainability of cataract surgery.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22225902)the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2022YFE0115900)。
文摘In the grand tapestry of the global energy transition,the quest for scalable hydrogen economies emerges as a pivotal thread,weaving together the dual imperatives of decarbonization and industrial pragmatism.Yet,in its present form,hydrogen production remains deeply entwined with carbon emissions.
基金funded by PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentThe support of Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,University of Calgary and Reservoir Simulation Group is gratefully acknowledged+1 种基金supported by NSERC/Energi Simulation,AITF(iCore),IBM Thomas J.Watson Research Center,and the Energi Simulation/Frank and Sarah Meyer Collaboration Centre for Visualization and Simulationsupport provided by WestGrid and Compute Canada Calcul Canada.
文摘The world is endowed with a tremendous amount of coal resources,which are unevenly distributed in a few nations.While sustainable energy resources are being developed and deployed,fossil fuels dominate the current world energy consumption.Thus,low-carbon clean technologies,like underground coal gasification(UCG),ought to play a vital role in energy supply and ensuring energy security in the foreseeable future.This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the world's development of UCG for enhanced hydrogen production.It is revealed that the world has an active interest in decarbonizing the coal industry for hydrogen-oriented research in the context of UCG.While research is ongoing in multiple coal-rich nations,China dominates the world's efforts in both industrial-scale UCG pilots and laboratory experiments.A variety of coal ranks were tested in UCG for enhanced hydrogen output,and the possibilities of linking UCG with other prospective technologies had been proposed and critically scrutinized.Moreover,it is found that transborder collaborations are in dire need to propel a faster commercialization of UCG in an ever-more carbon-conscious world.Furthermore,governmental and financial support is necessary to incentivize further UCG development for large-scale hydrogen production.
文摘Decarbonization of energy economy is nowadays a topical theme,and several pathways are under discussion.Gaseous fuels have a fundamental role for this transition,and the production of low carbon-impact fuels is necessary to deal with this challenge.The generation of renewable hydrogen is a trusted solution since this energy vector can be promptly produced from electricity and injected into the existing natural gas infrastructure,granting storage capacity and easy transportation.This scenario will lead,in the near future,to hydrogen enrichment of natural gas,whose impact on the infrastructures is being actively studied.The effect on end-user devices such as domestic gas boilers,instead,is still little analyzed and tested,but is fundamental to be assessed.The aim of this research is to generate knowledge on the effect of hydrogen enrichment on the widely used premixed boilers:the investigations include pollutant emissions,efficiency,flashback and explosion hazard,control system and materials selection.A model for calculating several parameters related to combustion of hydrogen enriched natural gas is presented.Guidelines for the design of new components are provided,and an insight is given on the maximum hydrogen blending bearable by the current boilers.
