This work contributes to the theoretical foundation for pricing in data markets and offers practical insights for managing digital data exchanges in the era of big data.We propose a structured pricing model for data e...This work contributes to the theoretical foundation for pricing in data markets and offers practical insights for managing digital data exchanges in the era of big data.We propose a structured pricing model for data exchanges transitioning from quasi-public to marketoriented operations.To address the complex dynamics among data exchanges,suppliers,and consumers,the authors develop a threestage Stackelberg game framework.In this model,the data exchange acts as a leader setting transaction commission rates,suppliers are intermediate leaders determining unit prices,and consumers are followers making purchasing decisions.Two pricing strategies are examined:the Independent Pricing Approach(IPA)and the novel Perfectly Competitive Pricing Approach(PCPA),which accounts for competition among data providers.Using backward induction,the study derives subgame-perfect equilibria and proves the existence and uniqueness of Stackelberg equilibria under both approaches.Extensive numerical simulations are carried out in the model,demonstrating that PCPA enhances data demander utility,encourages supplier competition,increases transaction volume,and improves the overall profitability and sustainability of data exchanges.Social welfare analysis further confirms PCPA’s superiority in promoting efficient and fair data markets.展开更多
The growth of the Internet of Things(IoT)equipment business encourages the collection of large sizes of data.IoT data is being regarded as a new digital asset which contains valuable information.As a result,IoT data t...The growth of the Internet of Things(IoT)equipment business encourages the collection of large sizes of data.IoT data is being regarded as a new digital asset which contains valuable information.As a result,IoT data transactions are gaining in popularity,and data markets are starting to emerge.To support the smooth flow of data transactions,several academics offer market models and pricing techniques from various perspectives.However,the factors considered in the pricing model are still not comprehensive enough,and the willingness to sell of data providers has been ignored.Therefore,this paper investigates the pricing and profit maximization problems for the IoT data market who considers the willingness of data providers as well as data quality when purchasing data.Firstly,we analyze the factors that impact data providers’willingness to sell and give a definition of the willingness function.Secondly,we propose a data quality evaluation method and define a joint utility function based on data size and data quality.In addition,we build the profit function model of data market and give theoretical analysis.Finally,numerical experiments demonstrate that the suggested pricing mechanism can benefit the data market participants the most.展开更多
In the era of big data,there is an urgent need to establish data trading markets for effectively releasing the tremendous value of the drastically explosive data.Data security and data pricing,however,are still widely...In the era of big data,there is an urgent need to establish data trading markets for effectively releasing the tremendous value of the drastically explosive data.Data security and data pricing,however,are still widely regarded as major challenges in this respect,which motivate this research on the novel multi-blockchain based framework for data trading markets and their associated pricing mechanisms.In this context,data recording and trading are conducted separately within two separate blockchains:the data blockchain(DChain) and the value blockchain(VChain).This enables the establishment of two-layer data trading markets to manage initial data trading in the primary market and subsequent data resales in the secondary market.Moreover,pricing mechanisms are then proposed to protect these markets against strategic trading behaviors and balance the payoffs of both suppliers and users.Specifically,in regular data trading on VChain-S2D,two auction models are employed according to the demand scale,for dealing with users’ strategic bidding.The incentive-compatible Vickrey-Clarke-Groves(VCG)model is deployed to the low-demand trading scenario,while the nearly incentive-compatible monopolistic price(MP) model is utilized for the high-demand trading scenario.With temporary data trading on VChain-D2S,a reverse auction mechanism namely two-stage obscure selection(TSOS) is designed to regulate both suppliers’ quoting and users’ valuation strategies.Furthermore,experiments are carried out to demonstrate the strength of this research in enhancing data security and trading efficiency.展开更多
The most common way to analyze economics data is to use statistics software and spreadsheets.The paper presents opportunities of modern Geographical Information System （GIS） for analysis of marketing, statistical, a...The most common way to analyze economics data is to use statistics software and spreadsheets.The paper presents opportunities of modern Geographical Information System （GIS） for analysis of marketing, statistical, and macroeconomic data. It considers existing tools and models and their applications in various sectors. The advantage is that the statistical data could be combined with geographic views, maps and also additional data derived from the GIS. As a result, a programming system is developed, using GIS for analysis of marketing, statistical, macroeconomic data, and risk assessment in real time and prevention. The system has been successfully implemented as web-based software application designed for use with a variety of hardware platforms （mobile devices, laptops, and desktop computers）. The software is mainly written in the programming language Python, which offers a better structure and supports for the development of large applications. Optimization of the analysis, visualization of macroeconomic, and statistical data by region for different business research are achieved. The system is designed with Geographical Information System for settlements in their respective countries and regions. Information system integration with external software packages for statistical calculations and analysis is implemented in order to share data analyzing, processing, and forecasting. Technologies and processes for loading data from different sources and tools for data analysis are developed. The successfully developed system allows implementation of qualitative data analysis.展开更多
Energy Internet is deeply integrated by Internet concept, information technology and energy industry, and Energy Internet Big Data are one of core technologies that achieve energy-information-economic interconnection ...Energy Internet is deeply integrated by Internet concept, information technology and energy industry, and Energy Internet Big Data are one of core technologies that achieve energy-information-economic interconnection and improve the development and evolution of Energy Internet. This paper describes the concept and characteristics of Energy Internet Big Data, and feasibility of applying Energy Internet Big Data to integrated energy market. On this basis, as for integrated energy market and multi-subjects of Energy Internet, typical application and technical system based on Energy Internet Big Data in integrated energy market is put forward, which provides a reference for the analysis and decision of integrated energy market in Energy Internet.展开更多
The aviation industry is a sector that is developing, changing and growing every day in terms of technological and legal framework. There are generally three factors that enable airlines to hold on to the market. Thes...The aviation industry is a sector that is developing, changing and growing every day in terms of technological and legal framework. There are generally three factors that enable airlines to hold on to the market. These factors are safety, service quality and price. Airline companies can analyze the customers in the market with a focus on price and quality and develop a business model according to their expectations. For example, business class and economy class passenger expectations are different from each other, so the service and price to be offered to them will be different. However, all customers have one common expectation and that is safety. No matter how high quality the service is or how cheap the price is, no one wants to fly with an airline or plane that is not safe. From an airline company’s point of view, an accident or breakdown of one of the company’s aircraft can cause irreparable image loss and financial damage. If we look at past examples, we see that there are many airline companies or maintenance organizations that could not recover after an accident and went bankrupt. Safety is an indispensable factor. Therefore, there is a unit in the sector called the safety management system (SMS), which collects data by taking a proactive and reactive approach. The way and purpose of the safety management system is to take a proactive approach to recognize and prevent unsafe situations before they cause accidents or breakdowns, or to take a reactive approach to find the causes of accidents and breakdowns that have occurred as a result of certain factors and to take the necessary measures to prevent the same situations from happening again in the sector. The field of data mining, which is necessary to predict the future behavior of customers in the field of marketing, is an area that marketing also values. In this study, data mining studies to ensure safety in the aviation industry and the security of customer information in marketing will be emphasized, firstly, the concept and importance of data mining will be mentioned.展开更多
Activity data and emission factors are critical for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and devising effective climate change mitigation strategies. This study developed the activity data and emission factor in the Fo...Activity data and emission factors are critical for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and devising effective climate change mitigation strategies. This study developed the activity data and emission factor in the Forestry and Other Land Use Change (FOLU) subsector in Malawi. The results indicate that “forestland to cropland,” and “wetland to cropland,” were the major land use changes from the year 2000 to the year 2022. The forestland steadily declined at a rate of 13,591 ha (0.5%) per annum. Similarly, grassland declined at the rate of 1651 ha (0.5%) per annum. On the other hand, cropland, wetland, and settlements steadily increased at the rate of 8228 ha (0.14%);5257 ha (0.17%);and 1941 ha (8.1%) per annum, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that the “grassland to forestland” changes were higher than the “forestland to grassland” changes, suggesting that forest regrowth was occurring. On the emission factor, the results interestingly indicate that there was a significant increase in carbon sequestration in the FOLU subsector from the year 2011 to 2022. Carbon sequestration increased annually by 13.66 ± 0.17 tCO<sub>2</sub> e/ha/yr (4.6%), with an uncertainty of 2.44%. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is potential for a Carbon market in Malawi.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 12171158,12371474 and 12571510]Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[grant number 2025ECNU-WLJC006].
文摘This work contributes to the theoretical foundation for pricing in data markets and offers practical insights for managing digital data exchanges in the era of big data.We propose a structured pricing model for data exchanges transitioning from quasi-public to marketoriented operations.To address the complex dynamics among data exchanges,suppliers,and consumers,the authors develop a threestage Stackelberg game framework.In this model,the data exchange acts as a leader setting transaction commission rates,suppliers are intermediate leaders determining unit prices,and consumers are followers making purchasing decisions.Two pricing strategies are examined:the Independent Pricing Approach(IPA)and the novel Perfectly Competitive Pricing Approach(PCPA),which accounts for competition among data providers.Using backward induction,the study derives subgame-perfect equilibria and proves the existence and uniqueness of Stackelberg equilibria under both approaches.Extensive numerical simulations are carried out in the model,demonstrating that PCPA enhances data demander utility,encourages supplier competition,increases transaction volume,and improves the overall profitability and sustainability of data exchanges.Social welfare analysis further confirms PCPA’s superiority in promoting efficient and fair data markets.
基金Supported by the Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China(21YJCZH197)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(2020L0252)。
文摘The growth of the Internet of Things(IoT)equipment business encourages the collection of large sizes of data.IoT data is being regarded as a new digital asset which contains valuable information.As a result,IoT data transactions are gaining in popularity,and data markets are starting to emerge.To support the smooth flow of data transactions,several academics offer market models and pricing techniques from various perspectives.However,the factors considered in the pricing model are still not comprehensive enough,and the willingness to sell of data providers has been ignored.Therefore,this paper investigates the pricing and profit maximization problems for the IoT data market who considers the willingness of data providers as well as data quality when purchasing data.Firstly,we analyze the factors that impact data providers’willingness to sell and give a definition of the willingness function.Secondly,we propose a data quality evaluation method and define a joint utility function based on data size and data quality.In addition,we build the profit function model of data market and give theoretical analysis.Finally,numerical experiments demonstrate that the suggested pricing mechanism can benefit the data market participants the most.
基金partially supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR (0050/2020/A1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62103411, 72171230)。
文摘In the era of big data,there is an urgent need to establish data trading markets for effectively releasing the tremendous value of the drastically explosive data.Data security and data pricing,however,are still widely regarded as major challenges in this respect,which motivate this research on the novel multi-blockchain based framework for data trading markets and their associated pricing mechanisms.In this context,data recording and trading are conducted separately within two separate blockchains:the data blockchain(DChain) and the value blockchain(VChain).This enables the establishment of two-layer data trading markets to manage initial data trading in the primary market and subsequent data resales in the secondary market.Moreover,pricing mechanisms are then proposed to protect these markets against strategic trading behaviors and balance the payoffs of both suppliers and users.Specifically,in regular data trading on VChain-S2D,two auction models are employed according to the demand scale,for dealing with users’ strategic bidding.The incentive-compatible Vickrey-Clarke-Groves(VCG)model is deployed to the low-demand trading scenario,while the nearly incentive-compatible monopolistic price(MP) model is utilized for the high-demand trading scenario.With temporary data trading on VChain-D2S,a reverse auction mechanism namely two-stage obscure selection(TSOS) is designed to regulate both suppliers’ quoting and users’ valuation strategies.Furthermore,experiments are carried out to demonstrate the strength of this research in enhancing data security and trading efficiency.
文摘The most common way to analyze economics data is to use statistics software and spreadsheets.The paper presents opportunities of modern Geographical Information System （GIS） for analysis of marketing, statistical, and macroeconomic data. It considers existing tools and models and their applications in various sectors. The advantage is that the statistical data could be combined with geographic views, maps and also additional data derived from the GIS. As a result, a programming system is developed, using GIS for analysis of marketing, statistical, macroeconomic data, and risk assessment in real time and prevention. The system has been successfully implemented as web-based software application designed for use with a variety of hardware platforms （mobile devices, laptops, and desktop computers）. The software is mainly written in the programming language Python, which offers a better structure and supports for the development of large applications. Optimization of the analysis, visualization of macroeconomic, and statistical data by region for different business research are achieved. The system is designed with Geographical Information System for settlements in their respective countries and regions. Information system integration with external software packages for statistical calculations and analysis is implemented in order to share data analyzing, processing, and forecasting. Technologies and processes for loading data from different sources and tools for data analysis are developed. The successfully developed system allows implementation of qualitative data analysis.
文摘Energy Internet is deeply integrated by Internet concept, information technology and energy industry, and Energy Internet Big Data are one of core technologies that achieve energy-information-economic interconnection and improve the development and evolution of Energy Internet. This paper describes the concept and characteristics of Energy Internet Big Data, and feasibility of applying Energy Internet Big Data to integrated energy market. On this basis, as for integrated energy market and multi-subjects of Energy Internet, typical application and technical system based on Energy Internet Big Data in integrated energy market is put forward, which provides a reference for the analysis and decision of integrated energy market in Energy Internet.
文摘The aviation industry is a sector that is developing, changing and growing every day in terms of technological and legal framework. There are generally three factors that enable airlines to hold on to the market. These factors are safety, service quality and price. Airline companies can analyze the customers in the market with a focus on price and quality and develop a business model according to their expectations. For example, business class and economy class passenger expectations are different from each other, so the service and price to be offered to them will be different. However, all customers have one common expectation and that is safety. No matter how high quality the service is or how cheap the price is, no one wants to fly with an airline or plane that is not safe. From an airline company’s point of view, an accident or breakdown of one of the company’s aircraft can cause irreparable image loss and financial damage. If we look at past examples, we see that there are many airline companies or maintenance organizations that could not recover after an accident and went bankrupt. Safety is an indispensable factor. Therefore, there is a unit in the sector called the safety management system (SMS), which collects data by taking a proactive and reactive approach. The way and purpose of the safety management system is to take a proactive approach to recognize and prevent unsafe situations before they cause accidents or breakdowns, or to take a reactive approach to find the causes of accidents and breakdowns that have occurred as a result of certain factors and to take the necessary measures to prevent the same situations from happening again in the sector. The field of data mining, which is necessary to predict the future behavior of customers in the field of marketing, is an area that marketing also values. In this study, data mining studies to ensure safety in the aviation industry and the security of customer information in marketing will be emphasized, firstly, the concept and importance of data mining will be mentioned.
文摘Activity data and emission factors are critical for estimating greenhouse gas emissions and devising effective climate change mitigation strategies. This study developed the activity data and emission factor in the Forestry and Other Land Use Change (FOLU) subsector in Malawi. The results indicate that “forestland to cropland,” and “wetland to cropland,” were the major land use changes from the year 2000 to the year 2022. The forestland steadily declined at a rate of 13,591 ha (0.5%) per annum. Similarly, grassland declined at the rate of 1651 ha (0.5%) per annum. On the other hand, cropland, wetland, and settlements steadily increased at the rate of 8228 ha (0.14%);5257 ha (0.17%);and 1941 ha (8.1%) per annum, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that the “grassland to forestland” changes were higher than the “forestland to grassland” changes, suggesting that forest regrowth was occurring. On the emission factor, the results interestingly indicate that there was a significant increase in carbon sequestration in the FOLU subsector from the year 2011 to 2022. Carbon sequestration increased annually by 13.66 ± 0.17 tCO<sub>2</sub> e/ha/yr (4.6%), with an uncertainty of 2.44%. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is potential for a Carbon market in Malawi.
