Lacustrine deposits exposed at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China, have yielded superbly preserved vertebrate fossils. The fossil beds were first misinterpreted as of Early Cretaceous age, based on alleged occurrences of...Lacustrine deposits exposed at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China, have yielded superbly preserved vertebrate fossils. The fossil beds were first misinterpreted as of Early Cretaceous age, based on alleged occurrences of key fossils of the Jehol Biota. Compelling evidence revealed by more rigorous research involving regional biostratigraphy, radiometric dating, and paleontology supports the Middle Jurassic age of the fossil beds. Despite the awesome evidence for the Middle Jurassic age of the Daohugou beds, the age dispute has been resurrected recently by invoking an overturned stratigraphic sequence. A careful review of the data, however, found no evidence that this sequence has been overturned. In addition, many of the assumptions, on which the conjecture of the fossil beds being post- Middle Jurassic is imprudently based, are self-contradictory or otherwise misleading. Thus, the post- Middle Jurassic age of the Daohugou beds as an unfounded conclusion can readily be dismissed.展开更多
The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Co...The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus sp. nov., Asiephialtites lini sp. nov., Praeproapocritus vulgatus gen. et sp. nov., Sinaulacogastrinus solidus gen. et sp. nov., Sinevania speciosa gen. et sp. nov., Eonevania robusta gen. et sp. nov., Kuafua polyneura gen. et sp. nov. （all from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou）, as wall as Kuafuidae fam. nov. including Kuafua gen. nov. as wall as Arthrogaster Rasnitsyn, 1975, and Leptogastrella Rasnitsyn, 1975 from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan.展开更多
LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating is applied to volcanic rocks overlying and underlying the Salamander-bearing bed in the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng in Inner Mongola and Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping in ...LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating is applied to volcanic rocks overlying and underlying the Salamander-bearing bed in the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng in Inner Mongola and Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping in western Liaoning. The results indicate that the youngest age of the rocks in Daohugou of Ningcheng is 158 Ma, and the oldest one is 164 Ma. Synthesized researches indicate that the salamander-bearing beds in Daohugou of Ningcheng, Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping were developed in the same period. The Daohugou beds were formed in the geological age of 164-158 Ma of the middle-late Jurassic. Whilst, the Daohugou beds and its corrdative strata should correspond to the Tiaojishan Formation （or Lanqi Formation） of the middle Jurassic in northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning Province, based on the disconformity between the Daohugou beds and its overlaying beds of the Tuchengzi Formation of Late Jurassic and the Jehol Beds of early Cretaceous, and the disconformity between the Daohugou Beds and its underlying Jiulongshan Formation, which is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, shale with coal and thin coal beds.展开更多
The present paper is devoted to an overview on fossil Coleoptera studied from Inner Mongolia, Daohugou （Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation） and Liaoning （Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation） depo...The present paper is devoted to an overview on fossil Coleoptera studied from Inner Mongolia, Daohugou （Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation） and Liaoning （Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation） deposited in Chinese collections. As a result, species of the tribe Sperchopsini and Hydrophilini from Hydrophilidae, families and subfamilies Silphidae, Syndesinae from Lucanidae, Pleocomidae, Trogidae, Trogissitidae, Pyrochroidae, Diaperinae from Tenebrionidae, and Cerambycidae were first registered in the Mesozoic and some families were defined as new. It was shown that many superfamilies represented in the Recent Fauna were formed within the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The materials examined confirm the hypothesis that Cucujiformian beetles are a younger group than other infraordera of Polyphaga （Staphyliniformia and Elateriformia） and, therefore, they appeared in the fossil record only in the late Mesozoic. It was shown and confirmed that most superfamilies appeared in the fossil records before Cucujoidea. The synonymy of Notocupes Ponomarenko, 1964; Sinocupes Lin, 1976, syn. nov.; Amblomma Tan, Ren et Liu 2005, syn. nov.; Euryomma Tan, Ren et Shih, 2006, syn. nov., non Stein, 1899 and Ovatocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov.; synonymy of Tetraphalerus Waterhouse, 1901 and Odontomma Tan, Ren et Ge 2006, syn. nov.; and synonymy of Priacmopsis Ponomarenko, 1966 and Latocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov. are proposed. Sinorhombocoleus papposus Tan et Ren, 2009 is transferred from the family Rhombocoleidae to Schizophoridae. Cervicatinius complanus Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 and Forticatinius elegans Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 are transferred from the family Catiniidae （suborder Archostemata） to superfamily Cleroidea （suborder Polyphaga： first among the family Peltidae and second as a closely related group to the latter family）. The family Parandrexidae is transferred from the superfamily Cucujoidea to Cleroidea. The ecological circumstances of the past ecosystems and hypotheses of historical development of the order Coleoptera are discussed. The age of faunas examined is considered. The list of the taxa described from Daohugou and Liaonlng is compiled.展开更多
Schizolepis daohugouensis sp. nov. is described from the Jurassic sediments of Daohugou flora, from Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The female cone is slender, cylindrical in shape, seed sca...Schizolepis daohugouensis sp. nov. is described from the Jurassic sediments of Daohugou flora, from Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The female cone is slender, cylindrical in shape, seed scale complexes are loosely and helically arranged on the cone axis at intervals of 3-5 mm. The seed scales are bilobed and divided almost from the base; the scales have no evident petiole but an articulation at the region of attachment to the cone axis. Each lobe of the seed scales is oval in shape, widest at the lower middle part; lobes are obtusely pointed with entire margins. Bract scale is fan shaped. Based on the records of Schizolepis, this is the first report of the occurrence of female cone of Schizolepis with the seed scales, the winged seeds and vegetative branches preserved together in the Jurassic deposits. The new discovery provides evidence that confirms the phylogenetic position of Schizolepis to the extant Pinaceae.展开更多
Diverse caddis flies are recently collected from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou fauna in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, northern China, and different types of caddis cases have been reported in the same locality. A n...Diverse caddis flies are recently collected from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou fauna in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, northern China, and different types of caddis cases have been reported in the same locality. A new species of caddisfly, Liadotaulius daohugouensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated; the establishment is based on a well-preserved isolated forewing collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou. The family status of Liadotaulius is discussed on the basis of new material and is referred to the family Philopotamidae. The Daohugou fauna continues to provide new data for studying the early evolution of Trichoptera.展开更多
A new genus and species Palaeodermapteron dicranum gen. et sp. nov. of the subfamily Dermapterinae and family Dermapteridae is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia in Ch...A new genus and species Palaeodermapteron dicranum gen. et sp. nov. of the subfamily Dermapterinae and family Dermapteridae is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia in China. This article documents the earliest record of fossil earwig, extending the earwig existence to the Middle Jurassic. Detailed description and illustration of the specimen along with a brief review of the subfamily Dermapterinae are given. Evolutional trend of earwig morphology and its associated living environment are also discussed.展开更多
Abstract Jurassonurus amoenus, a new genus and species of Siphlonuridae s. I. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of the Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, Ch...Abstract Jurassonurus amoenus, a new genus and species of Siphlonuridae s. I. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of the Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. The new species is estab- lished by more than 20 imago and subimago specimens in relatively good condition. Detailed description and illustration of the specimens along with a review of fossil Siphlonuridae s. I. are given. Comparing with two known dominant nymph species Fuyous gregarious Zhang and Kluge, 2007 and Shantous lacustri Zhang and Kluge, 2007 from the same locality, we could not find any relationship among them. The new species is another dominant species in Daohugou beds.展开更多
The Middle Jurassic Daohugou Biota has yielded very rich fossil plants, vertebrates, and inver tebrates. The particularly famous fossil insects are represented by at least 24 orders, revealing one of the most diverse ...The Middle Jurassic Daohugou Biota has yielded very rich fossil plants, vertebrates, and inver tebrates. The particularly famous fossil insects are represented by at least 24 orders, revealing one of the most diverse Mesozoic insect communities. Among them, the occurrence of Emhioptera, Mantophasma- todea, and Siphonaptera increased respectively as supported by fossil evidence from Daohugou. Moreover, the early co-evolution of ectoparasites and their hosts may be analyzed by the presence of various giant fleas and the co-occurred potential hosts such as mammals, feather dinosaurs, and pterosaurs from Daohugou.展开更多
The northeastern Chinese Yanliao Biota （sometimes called the Daohugou Biota） comprises numerous, frequently spectacular fossils of non-marine organisms, occurring in Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in western Liaoning,...The northeastern Chinese Yanliao Biota （sometimes called the Daohugou Biota） comprises numerous, frequently spectacular fossils of non-marine organisms, occurring in Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in western Liaoning, northern Hebei, and southeastern Inner Mongolia. The biota lasted for about 10 million years, divided into two phases： the Bathonian-Callovian Daohugou phase （about 168-164 million years ago） and the Oxfordian Linglongta phase （164-159 million years ago）. The Yanliao fossils are often taphonomically exceptional （many vertebrate skeletons, for example, are complete and accompanied by preserved integumentary features）, and not only are taxonomically diverse but also include the oldest known representatives of many groups of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. These fossils have provided significant new information regarding the origins and early evolution of such clades as fleas, birds, and mammals, in addition to the evolution of some major biological structures such as feathers, and have demonstrated the existence of a complex terrestrial ecosystem in northeast China around the time of the Middle-Late Jurassic boundary.展开更多
Three well-preserved fossil species ofParandrexis longicornis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov., P. agilis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov. and P. oblongis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov. are described and illustrated from the late Middle Ju...Three well-preserved fossil species ofParandrexis longicornis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov., P. agilis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov. and P. oblongis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov. are described and illustrated from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. These new species are distinguished from other described species of Parandrexis by body size, head dimension （ratio of length to width）, pronotum shape, and antennal characters. Based on new morphological data, we emend the generic diagnosis. These findings support the sexual size dimorphism of parandrexids and suggest a gymnosperm sap feeding habit by Parandrexis.展开更多
Two new genera with two new species of sawflies, Cathayxyela extensa gen. et sp. nov. and Aequixyela immensa gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of southeastern Inner Mongolia, China, are ...Two new genera with two new species of sawflies, Cathayxyela extensa gen. et sp. nov. and Aequixyela immensa gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of southeastern Inner Mongolia, China, are assigned to the subfamily Xyelinae （Hymenoptera, Xyelidae）. Cathayxyela gen. nov. can be distinguished by the third antennal article longer than the head; mesoprescutum and mesoscutellum nearly equal in length; the forewing with Sc meeting C before the junction of 1-M and 1- Rs; a weak and narrow pterostigma; and 3-Cu at least 1.5 times longer than the lm-cu. Aequixyela gen. nov. is characterized by the third antennal article nearly as long as the head; the forewing with Rs＋M approximately equal to 2-Rs in length; 2m-cu inclined toward the wing base and nearly reaching the middle of cell 3rm; lm-cu as long as the 2-Cu and 3-Cu; and the cell 2cua of regular hexagonal shape.展开更多
Adults of the aquatic coptoclavid beetles （Coleoptera： Adephaga： Dytiscoidea）, described from four Middle Jurassic fossil localities in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning in northeastern China, are attributed to Daohugou...Adults of the aquatic coptoclavid beetles （Coleoptera： Adephaga： Dytiscoidea）, described from four Middle Jurassic fossil localities in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning in northeastern China, are attributed to Daohugounectes primitives Wang, Ponomarenko and Zhang, 2009, which was previously proposed after study of larvae. The generic name Timarchopsis Brauer, Redtenbacber and Ganglbauer, 1889 is proposed as a substitute for the preoccupied and junior homonym Necronectes Ponomarenko, 1977, non Milne-Edwards, 1881. Furthermore, the subfamily name Necronectinae Ponomarenko, 1977 is substituted by the available name Timarchopsinae. Daohugounectes is placed into Timarchopsinae because its adults have long, slightly apically widened tibiae and small femoral plates. The adults of this genus differ from those of other Timarchopsinae in the following features： antennae short and widened in the middle part; basal segments of protarsi not cut apically; metaventrite with a triangular plate. The larvae look like somewhat primitive forms in the subfamily Timarchopsinae. In contrast to these primitive larvae, the adults with some advanced characters can be regarded as among the most advanced forms in the subfamily Timarchopsinae, and probably represent a transition between the Timarchopsinae and Charanoscaphinae. Such mosaic evolution within Daohugounectes indicates that the evolutionary process of aquatic beetles is far more complex than previously thought.展开更多
Since Holcorpa maculosa was first described in 1878, it has attracted lots of attention due to its extremely elongate abdominal segments from the sixth to the eighth. Fossil records of family Holcorpidae are very rare...Since Holcorpa maculosa was first described in 1878, it has attracted lots of attention due to its extremely elongate abdominal segments from the sixth to the eighth. Fossil records of family Holcorpidae are very rare, comprising two species in one genus represented by three fossil specimens, resulting in limited knowledge on the structure and function of holcorpid＇s unique male organ, as well as its evolutionary relationship with other scorpionflies. Herein we describe a new genus with a new species, Conicholcorpa stigmosa gen. et sp. nov., of the Holcorpidae from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation near Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China. This is the first holcorpid documented from the Daohugou locality, albeit two previously reported species with extremely elongate male organs but deemed as Family Incertae sedis. C. stigmosa gen. et sp. nov. is the earliest holcorpid hitherto, extending its existence from the Early Eocene to the Middle Jurassic by 114 million years and providing one more early case of presenting exaggerated male body parts for sexual display and/or selection. Our analysis supports the sister relationship between Holcorpidae and Orthophlebiidae. Our results not only enhance our knowledge of the morphology of Holcorpidae but also elucidate the relationship of known species of this family.展开更多
Two new species,Cretolimonia excelsa sp.nov.and Mesotipula gloriosa sp.nov.,in Limoniidae of Diptera are described and illustrated,based on three fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings.These specimens were co...Two new species,Cretolimonia excelsa sp.nov.and Mesotipula gloriosa sp.nov.,in Limoniidae of Diptera are described and illustrated,based on three fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings.These specimens were collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou,Inner Mongolia,China.These are the first fossil records of these two genera from China.展开更多
A distinctive pattern of oviposition lesions occurs on a ginkgoalean seed, Yimaia capituliformis,which likely was inflicted by a kalligrammatid lacewing with a long,sword-like,plant-piercing ovipositor.This newly reco...A distinctive pattern of oviposition lesions occurs on a ginkgoalean seed, Yimaia capituliformis,which likely was inflicted by a kalligrammatid lacewing with a long,sword-like,plant-piercing ovipositor.This newly recorded oviposition type,DT272, occurs in the 165 million-year-old Jiulongshan Formation,of Middle Jurassic age,in Northeastern China.DT272 consists from three to seven,approximately equally spaced lesions with surrounding callus tissue,the fabricator of which targeted fleshy outer and inner tissues ofa ginkgophyte fruit.This distinctive damage also is known from the fleshy attachment pad surfaces of basal bennettitalean bracts.Examination of the life history of this probable ginkgoalean-kalligrammatid oviposition interaction indicates that the spacing of the eggs in substrate tissues disfavored inter-larval contact,but little cart be said of defense and counterdefense strategies between the plant host and the newly hatched imrnatures.展开更多
A new species of a new genus, Atopderma ellipta gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Because of poor preservation, the placement of these spe...A new species of a new genus, Atopderma ellipta gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Because of poor preservation, the placement of these specimens is contentious, either Dermaptera or Coleoptera. However, we are inclined to attribute them to Dermaptera based on differences of five key characters. Detailed description and illustration of the specimens are given. Possible reasons for lacking good and complete abdomen preservation are also discussed.展开更多
基金The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （grant #40272006, 30430100, 30370184）RFDP of the Chinese Ministry of Education, and RCQJ Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education. Thanks are given to Prof. R. C. Fox （University of Alberta） for reading and improving the manuscript.
文摘Lacustrine deposits exposed at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China, have yielded superbly preserved vertebrate fossils. The fossil beds were first misinterpreted as of Early Cretaceous age, based on alleged occurrences of key fossils of the Jehol Biota. Compelling evidence revealed by more rigorous research involving regional biostratigraphy, radiometric dating, and paleontology supports the Middle Jurassic age of the fossil beds. Despite the awesome evidence for the Middle Jurassic age of the Daohugou beds, the age dispute has been resurrected recently by invoking an overturned stratigraphic sequence. A careful review of the data, however, found no evidence that this sequence has been overturned. In addition, many of the assumptions, on which the conjecture of the fossil beds being post- Middle Jurassic is imprudently based, are self-contradictory or otherwise misleading. Thus, the post- Middle Jurassic age of the Daohugou beds as an unfounded conclusion can readily be dismissed.
基金supported by NSFC(40872015)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-154),and,for ARP,in part by the integrative program"Origin and Evolution of the Biosphere"of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
文摘The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus sp. nov., Asiephialtites lini sp. nov., Praeproapocritus vulgatus gen. et sp. nov., Sinaulacogastrinus solidus gen. et sp. nov., Sinevania speciosa gen. et sp. nov., Eonevania robusta gen. et sp. nov., Kuafua polyneura gen. et sp. nov. （all from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou）, as wall as Kuafuidae fam. nov. including Kuafua gen. nov. as wall as Arthrogaster Rasnitsyn, 1975, and Leptogastrella Rasnitsyn, 1975 from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan.
文摘LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating is applied to volcanic rocks overlying and underlying the Salamander-bearing bed in the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng in Inner Mongola and Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping in western Liaoning. The results indicate that the youngest age of the rocks in Daohugou of Ningcheng is 158 Ma, and the oldest one is 164 Ma. Synthesized researches indicate that the salamander-bearing beds in Daohugou of Ningcheng, Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping were developed in the same period. The Daohugou beds were formed in the geological age of 164-158 Ma of the middle-late Jurassic. Whilst, the Daohugou beds and its corrdative strata should correspond to the Tiaojishan Formation （or Lanqi Formation） of the middle Jurassic in northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning Province, based on the disconformity between the Daohugou beds and its overlaying beds of the Tuchengzi Formation of Late Jurassic and the Jehol Beds of early Cretaceous, and the disconformity between the Daohugou Beds and its underlying Jiulongshan Formation, which is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, shale with coal and thin coal beds.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40872022)Nature Science Foundation of Beijing(No. 5082002)the PHR(IHLB) Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education and the Programme of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences"Origin and Evolution of Biosphere"and Russian Foundation of Basic Research(grants 07- 04-92105-GFEN_a and 09-04-00789-a)
文摘The present paper is devoted to an overview on fossil Coleoptera studied from Inner Mongolia, Daohugou （Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation） and Liaoning （Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation） deposited in Chinese collections. As a result, species of the tribe Sperchopsini and Hydrophilini from Hydrophilidae, families and subfamilies Silphidae, Syndesinae from Lucanidae, Pleocomidae, Trogidae, Trogissitidae, Pyrochroidae, Diaperinae from Tenebrionidae, and Cerambycidae were first registered in the Mesozoic and some families were defined as new. It was shown that many superfamilies represented in the Recent Fauna were formed within the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The materials examined confirm the hypothesis that Cucujiformian beetles are a younger group than other infraordera of Polyphaga （Staphyliniformia and Elateriformia） and, therefore, they appeared in the fossil record only in the late Mesozoic. It was shown and confirmed that most superfamilies appeared in the fossil records before Cucujoidea. The synonymy of Notocupes Ponomarenko, 1964; Sinocupes Lin, 1976, syn. nov.; Amblomma Tan, Ren et Liu 2005, syn. nov.; Euryomma Tan, Ren et Shih, 2006, syn. nov., non Stein, 1899 and Ovatocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov.; synonymy of Tetraphalerus Waterhouse, 1901 and Odontomma Tan, Ren et Ge 2006, syn. nov.; and synonymy of Priacmopsis Ponomarenko, 1966 and Latocupes Tan et Ren, 2006, syn. nov. are proposed. Sinorhombocoleus papposus Tan et Ren, 2009 is transferred from the family Rhombocoleidae to Schizophoridae. Cervicatinius complanus Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 and Forticatinius elegans Tan, Ren et Shih, 2007 are transferred from the family Catiniidae （suborder Archostemata） to superfamily Cleroidea （suborder Polyphaga： first among the family Peltidae and second as a closely related group to the latter family）. The family Parandrexidae is transferred from the superfamily Cucujoidea to Cleroidea. The ecological circumstances of the past ecosystems and hypotheses of historical development of the order Coleoptera are discussed. The age of faunas examined is considered. The list of the taxa described from Daohugou and Liaonlng is compiled.
基金supported by the China Geological Survey (No. 1212010911047 and 1212010811057)the support from the Ministry Science Technology of the People's Republic of China (Grant 2006FY120300-12)
文摘Schizolepis daohugouensis sp. nov. is described from the Jurassic sediments of Daohugou flora, from Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The female cone is slender, cylindrical in shape, seed scale complexes are loosely and helically arranged on the cone axis at intervals of 3-5 mm. The seed scales are bilobed and divided almost from the base; the scales have no evident petiole but an articulation at the region of attachment to the cone axis. Each lobe of the seed scales is oval in shape, widest at the lower middle part; lobes are obtusely pointed with entire margins. Bract scale is fan shaped. Based on the records of Schizolepis, this is the first report of the occurrence of female cone of Schizolepis with the seed scales, the winged seeds and vegetative branches preserved together in the Jurassic deposits. The new discovery provides evidence that confirms the phylogenetic position of Schizolepis to the extant Pinaceae.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. KZCX2-YW- QN104)the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB821903)the National Science Foundation of China (grants no.91114201,40632010 and J0930006)
文摘Diverse caddis flies are recently collected from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou fauna in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, northern China, and different types of caddis cases have been reported in the same locality. A new species of caddisfly, Liadotaulius daohugouensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated; the establishment is based on a well-preserved isolated forewing collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou. The family status of Liadotaulius is discussed on the basis of new material and is referred to the family Philopotamidae. The Daohugou fauna continues to provide new data for studying the early evolution of Trichoptera.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31071964,40872022,30811120038)the Nature Science Foundation of Beijing(No.5082002)Scientific Research Key Program and PHR Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education
文摘A new genus and species Palaeodermapteron dicranum gen. et sp. nov. of the subfamily Dermapterinae and family Dermapteridae is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia in China. This article documents the earliest record of fossil earwig, extending the earwig existence to the Middle Jurassic. Detailed description and illustration of the specimen along with a brief review of the subfamily Dermapterinae are given. Evolutional trend of earwig morphology and its associated living environment are also discussed.
基金We sincerely thank Dr. N.J. Kluge, （Department of Entomology, Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, Russia） for sending his papers to us. Our research has been supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30430100）, the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing （No. 5082002）, the Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Under the Jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality and the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences ＂The origin and evolution of the biosphere＂.
文摘Abstract Jurassonurus amoenus, a new genus and species of Siphlonuridae s. I. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of the Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. The new species is estab- lished by more than 20 imago and subimago specimens in relatively good condition. Detailed description and illustration of the specimens along with a review of fossil Siphlonuridae s. I. are given. Comparing with two known dominant nymph species Fuyous gregarious Zhang and Kluge, 2007 and Shantous lacustri Zhang and Kluge, 2007 from the same locality, we could not find any relationship among them. The new species is another dominant species in Daohugou beds.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB821903)Outstanding Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK 2012049)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91114201)
文摘The Middle Jurassic Daohugou Biota has yielded very rich fossil plants, vertebrates, and inver tebrates. The particularly famous fossil insects are represented by at least 24 orders, revealing one of the most diverse Mesozoic insect communities. Among them, the occurrence of Emhioptera, Mantophasma- todea, and Siphonaptera increased respectively as supported by fossil evidence from Daohugou. Moreover, the early co-evolution of ectoparasites and their hosts may be analyzed by the presence of various giant fleas and the co-occurred potential hosts such as mammals, feather dinosaurs, and pterosaurs from Daohugou.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41120124002)the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB821900)
文摘The northeastern Chinese Yanliao Biota （sometimes called the Daohugou Biota） comprises numerous, frequently spectacular fossils of non-marine organisms, occurring in Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in western Liaoning, northern Hebei, and southeastern Inner Mongolia. The biota lasted for about 10 million years, divided into two phases： the Bathonian-Callovian Daohugou phase （about 168-164 million years ago） and the Oxfordian Linglongta phase （164-159 million years ago）. The Yanliao fossils are often taphonomically exceptional （many vertebrate skeletons, for example, are complete and accompanied by preserved integumentary features）, and not only are taxonomically diverse but also include the oldest known representatives of many groups of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. These fossils have provided significant new information regarding the origins and early evolution of such clades as fleas, birds, and mammals, in addition to the evolution of some major biological structures such as feathers, and have demonstrated the existence of a complex terrestrial ecosystem in northeast China around the time of the Middle-Late Jurassic boundary.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2012CB821906)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31230065,41272006)+1 种基金Great Wall Scholar and KEY project of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (KZ201310028033)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT13081)
文摘Three well-preserved fossil species ofParandrexis longicornis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov., P. agilis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov. and P. oblongis Lu, Shih ＆ Ren sp. nov. are described and illustrated from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. These new species are distinguished from other described species of Parandrexis by body size, head dimension （ratio of length to width）, pronotum shape, and antennal characters. Based on new morphological data, we emend the generic diagnosis. These findings support the sexual size dimorphism of parandrexids and suggest a gymnosperm sap feeding habit by Parandrexis.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2012CB821906)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31230065,41272006)+2 种基金KEY project of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KZ201310028033)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT13081)APR,by the Presidium RAS Program"Origin of biosphere and evolution of the geo-biological system"
文摘Two new genera with two new species of sawflies, Cathayxyela extensa gen. et sp. nov. and Aequixyela immensa gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of southeastern Inner Mongolia, China, are assigned to the subfamily Xyelinae （Hymenoptera, Xyelidae）. Cathayxyela gen. nov. can be distinguished by the third antennal article longer than the head; mesoprescutum and mesoscutellum nearly equal in length; the forewing with Sc meeting C before the junction of 1-M and 1- Rs; a weak and narrow pterostigma; and 3-Cu at least 1.5 times longer than the lm-cu. Aequixyela gen. nov. is characterized by the third antennal article nearly as long as the head; the forewing with Rs＋M approximately equal to 2-Rs in length; 2m-cu inclined toward the wing base and nearly reaching the middle of cell 3rm; lm-cu as long as the 2-Cu and 3-Cu; and the cell 2cua of regular hexagonal shape.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40872015, J0630967)the Major Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2006CB806400)Grant RFFI 07-04-92105-GFEN_a, Program of the Russian Academy of Sciences"Evolution of Biosphere"
文摘Adults of the aquatic coptoclavid beetles （Coleoptera： Adephaga： Dytiscoidea）, described from four Middle Jurassic fossil localities in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning in northeastern China, are attributed to Daohugounectes primitives Wang, Ponomarenko and Zhang, 2009, which was previously proposed after study of larvae. The generic name Timarchopsis Brauer, Redtenbacber and Ganglbauer, 1889 is proposed as a substitute for the preoccupied and junior homonym Necronectes Ponomarenko, 1977, non Milne-Edwards, 1881. Furthermore, the subfamily name Necronectinae Ponomarenko, 1977 is substituted by the available name Timarchopsinae. Daohugounectes is placed into Timarchopsinae because its adults have long, slightly apically widened tibiae and small femoral plates. The adults of this genus differ from those of other Timarchopsinae in the following features： antennae short and widened in the middle part; basal segments of protarsi not cut apically; metaventrite with a triangular plate. The larvae look like somewhat primitive forms in the subfamily Timarchopsinae. In contrast to these primitive larvae, the adults with some advanced characters can be regarded as among the most advanced forms in the subfamily Timarchopsinae, and probably represent a transition between the Timarchopsinae and Charanoscaphinae. Such mosaic evolution within Daohugounectes indicates that the evolutionary process of aquatic beetles is far more complex than previously thought.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 31672323,31230065 and 41688103)
文摘Since Holcorpa maculosa was first described in 1878, it has attracted lots of attention due to its extremely elongate abdominal segments from the sixth to the eighth. Fossil records of family Holcorpidae are very rare, comprising two species in one genus represented by three fossil specimens, resulting in limited knowledge on the structure and function of holcorpid＇s unique male organ, as well as its evolutionary relationship with other scorpionflies. Herein we describe a new genus with a new species, Conicholcorpa stigmosa gen. et sp. nov., of the Holcorpidae from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation near Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China. This is the first holcorpid documented from the Daohugou locality, albeit two previously reported species with extremely elongate male organs but deemed as Family Incertae sedis. C. stigmosa gen. et sp. nov. is the earliest holcorpid hitherto, extending its existence from the Early Eocene to the Middle Jurassic by 114 million years and providing one more early case of presenting exaggerated male body parts for sexual display and/or selection. Our analysis supports the sister relationship between Holcorpidae and Orthophlebiidae. Our results not only enhance our knowledge of the morphology of Holcorpidae but also elucidate the relationship of known species of this family.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2012CB821906)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31230065 and 41272006)+1 种基金Great Wall Scholar of Beijing Municipal Commission of EducationProgram for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT13081)
文摘Two new species,Cretolimonia excelsa sp.nov.and Mesotipula gloriosa sp.nov.,in Limoniidae of Diptera are described and illustrated,based on three fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings.These specimens were collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou,Inner Mongolia,China.These are the first fossil records of these two genera from China.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31672323,41688103)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT17R75).
文摘A distinctive pattern of oviposition lesions occurs on a ginkgoalean seed, Yimaia capituliformis,which likely was inflicted by a kalligrammatid lacewing with a long,sword-like,plant-piercing ovipositor.This newly recorded oviposition type,DT272, occurs in the 165 million-year-old Jiulongshan Formation,of Middle Jurassic age,in Northeastern China.DT272 consists from three to seven,approximately equally spaced lesions with surrounding callus tissue,the fabricator of which targeted fleshy outer and inner tissues ofa ginkgophyte fruit.This distinctive damage also is known from the fleshy attachment pad surfaces of basal bennettitalean bracts.Examination of the life history of this probable ginkgoalean-kalligrammatid oviposition interaction indicates that the spacing of the eggs in substrate tissues disfavored inter-larval contact,but little cart be said of defense and counterdefense strategies between the plant host and the newly hatched imrnatures.
文摘A new species of a new genus, Atopderma ellipta gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Because of poor preservation, the placement of these specimens is contentious, either Dermaptera or Coleoptera. However, we are inclined to attribute them to Dermaptera based on differences of five key characters. Detailed description and illustration of the specimens are given. Possible reasons for lacking good and complete abdomen preservation are also discussed.
