This paper presents a performance-based methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability and capacity of buildings. The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the HAZUS methodology and the improved ca...This paper presents a performance-based methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability and capacity of buildings. The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the HAZUS methodology and the improved capacity- demand-diagram method. The spectral displacement (Sd) of performance points on a capacity curve is used to estimate the damage level of a building. The relationship between Sd and peak ground acceleration (PGA) is established, and then a new vulnerability function is expressed in terms of PGA. Furthermore, the expected value of the seismic capacity index (SCev) is provided to estimate the seismic capacity of buildings based on the probability distribution of damage levels and the corresponding seismic capacity index. The results indicate that the proposed vulnerability methodology is able to assess seismic damage of a large number of building stock directly and quickly following an earthquake. The SCev provides an effective index to measure the seismic capacity of buildings and illustrate the relationship between the seismic capacity of buildings and seismic action. The estimated result is compared with damage surveys of the cities of Dujiangyan and Jiangyou in the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, revealing that the methodology is acceptable for seismic risk assessment and decision making. The primary reasons for discrepancies between the estimated results and the damage surveys are discussed.展开更多
The extensive damage to buildings caused by the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake has attracted much attention by the international community.Afterthe preliminary scientific investigations on the different affected areas inNepal...The extensive damage to buildings caused by the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake has attracted much attention by the international community.Afterthe preliminary scientific investigations on the different affected areas inNepal,the construction and damage characteristics of five different types of buildings commonly existing in Nepal were discussed and the reasons of their disaster performance were analyzed.Types of buildings investigated include reinforced concrete(RC) frame structures,rubble structures,brick-wood structures,raw soil structures,and brick-wood structures of historic buildings.In addition,the weak links of the seismic design were pointed out,which was very important for the post-earthquake reconstruction and recovery,and gave a preliminary explanations for the damage experienced.展开更多
Following several damaging earthquakes in China, research has been devoted to find the causes of the collapse of reinforced concrete （RC） building sand studying the vulnerability of existing buildings. The Chinese C...Following several damaging earthquakes in China, research has been devoted to find the causes of the collapse of reinforced concrete （RC） building sand studying the vulnerability of existing buildings. The Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings （CCSDB） has evolved over time, however, there is still reported earthquake induced damage of newly designed RC buildings. Thus, to investigate modern Chinese seismic design code, three low-, mid- and high-rise RC frames were designed according to the 2010 CCSDB and the corresponding vulnerability curves were derived by computing a probabilistic seismic demand model （PSDM）.The PSDM was computed by carrying out nonlinear time history analysis using thirty ground motions obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Finally, the PSDM was used to generate fragility curves for immediate occupancy, significant damage, and collapse prevention damage levels. Results of the vulnerability assessment indicate that the seismic demands on the three different frames designed according to the 2010 CCSDB meet the seismic requirements and are almost in the same safety level.展开更多
The outline and typical characteristics of damages to building in Jiangyou city and Anxian county （intensity Ⅷ）, Mianyang city and Deyang city （intensity Ⅶ） are introduced in the paper. The damage ratios, based ...The outline and typical characteristics of damages to building in Jiangyou city and Anxian county （intensity Ⅷ）, Mianyang city and Deyang city （intensity Ⅶ） are introduced in the paper. The damage ratios, based on the sample statistics of multi-story brick buildings together with multi-story brick buildings with RC frame at first story （BBF）, are presented. Then some typical damages, such as horizontal cricks of brick masonry buildings, X-shaped cricks on the walls under windows, the damages to columns, beams and infill walls of frame buildings and the damage to half circle-shaped masonry walls, are discussed.展开更多
In this paper,the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan MS5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional...In this paper,the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan MS5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional model is used to interpret the earthquake damage on buildings in the mega-earthquake area in order to acquire different-level house damage in the Kuzirun village disaster area. In addition,the characteristics of seismic damage on typical buildings are analyzed. The results show that the main collapsed houses in the mega-earthquake area are sand-stone buildings,of which about 39% are sand-stone buildings. Several brick-wood buildings and brick-concrete buildings are seriously damaged,while the buildings with frame structures are mainly slightly damaged,and the houses near the macro-epicenter of the earthquake are all in good conditions. Three-dimensional tilt photography technology can vividly display the scene of earthquake disaster,and can provide significant demonstration in building damage degree together with detailed analysis of disaster situation.展开更多
When firefighters are engaged in search and rescue missions inside a building at a risk of collapse,they have difficulty in field command and rescue because they can only simplymonitor the situation inside the buildin...When firefighters are engaged in search and rescue missions inside a building at a risk of collapse,they have difficulty in field command and rescue because they can only simplymonitor the situation inside the building utilizing old building drawings or robots.To propose an efficient solution for fast search and rescue work of firefighters,this study investigates the generation of up-to-date digital maps for disaster sites by tracking the collapse situation,and identifying the information of obstacles which are risk factors,using an artificial intelligence algorithm based on low-cost robots.Our research separates the floor by using the mask regional convolutional neural network(R-CNN)algorithm,and determines whether the passage is collapsed or not.Then,in the case of a passage that can be searched,the floor pattern of the obstacles that exist on the floor that has not collapsed is analyzed,and obstacles are searched utilizing an image processing algorithm.Here,we can detect various unknown as well as known obstacles.Furthermore,the locations of obstacles can be estimated using the pixel values up to the bounding box of an existing detected obstacle.We conduct experiments using the public datasets collected by Carnegie Mellon university(CMU)and data collected by manipulating a low-cost robot equipped with a smartphone while roaming five buildings in a campus.The collected data have various floor patterns for objectivity and obstacles that are different from one another.Based on these data,the algorithm for detecting unknown obstacles of a verified study and estimating their sizes had an accuracy of 93%,and the algorithm for estimating the distance to obstacles had an error rate of 0.133.Through this process,we tracked collapsed passages and composed up-to-date digital maps for disaster sites that include the information of obstacles that interfere with the search and rescue work.展开更多
Existingfirefighting robots are focused on simple storage orfire sup-pression outside buildings rather than detection or recognition.Utilizing a large number of robots using expensive equipment is challenging.This study ...Existingfirefighting robots are focused on simple storage orfire sup-pression outside buildings rather than detection or recognition.Utilizing a large number of robots using expensive equipment is challenging.This study aims to increase the efficiency of search and rescue operations and the safety offirefigh-ters by detecting and identifying the disaster site by recognizing collapsed areas,obstacles,and rescuers on-site.A fusion algorithm combining a camera and three-dimension light detection and ranging(3D LiDAR)is proposed to detect and loca-lize the interiors of disaster sites.The algorithm detects obstacles by analyzingfloor segmentation and edge patterns using a mask regional convolutional neural network(mask R-CNN)features model based on the visual data collected from a parallelly connected camera and 3D LiDAR.People as objects are detected using you only look once version 4(YOLOv4)in the image data to localize persons requiring rescue.The point cloud data based on 3D LiDAR cluster the objects using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise(DBSCAN)clustering algorithm and estimate the distance to the actual object using the center point of the clustering result.The proposed artificial intelligence(AI)algorithm was verified based on individual sensors using a sensor-mounted robot in an actual building to detectfloor surfaces,atypical obstacles,and persons requiring rescue.Accordingly,the fused AI algorithm was comparatively verified.展开更多
Spatial seismic vulnerability assessments are primally conducted at the community and grid level,using heuristic and empirical approaches.Building-based spatial statistical vulnerability models are rare because of dat...Spatial seismic vulnerability assessments are primally conducted at the community and grid level,using heuristic and empirical approaches.Building-based spatial statistical vulnerability models are rare because of data limitations.Generating open-access spatial inventories that document seismic damage and building attributes and test their effectiveness in assessing damage would promote the advancement of spatial vulnerability assessment.The 2022 Mw 6.7 Luding earthquake in the western Sichuan Province of China provides an opportunity to validate this approach.The local government urgently dispatched experts to survey building damage,marking all buildings with damage class stickers.In this work,we sampled 2889 buildings as GPS points and documented the damage classes and building attributes,including structure type,number of floors,and age.A polygon-based digital inventory was generated by digitizing the rooftops of the sampled buildings and importing the attributes.Statistical regressions were created by plotting damage against shaking intensity and PGA,and Random Forest modeling was carried out considering not only buildings and seismic parameters but also environmental factors.The result indicates that statistical regressions have notable uncertainties,and the Random Forest model shows a≥79%accuracy.Topographical factors showed notable importance in the Random Forest modeling.This work provides an open-access seismic building damage inventory and demonstrates its potential for damage prediction and vulnerability assessment.展开更多
A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were sei...A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.展开更多
Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake in...Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake intensities, a comparison between the observed building damage, and the three earthquake performance objectives and seismic conceptual design principles specified by the national ＂Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001,＂ was carried out. Actual damage and predicted damage for a given earthquake level for different types of structures is compared. Discussions on seismic conceptual design principles, with respect to multiple defense lines, strong column-weak beam, link beam of shear walls, ductility detailing of masonry structures, exits and staircases, and nonstructural elements, etc. are carried out. Suggestions for improving the seismic design of structures are also proposed. It is concluded that the seismic performance objectives for three earthquake levels, i.e., ＂no failure under minor earthquake level, ＂＂repairable damage under moderate earthquake level＂ and ＂no collapse under major earthquake level＂ can be achieved if seismic design principles are carried out by strictly following the code requirements and ensuring construction quality.展开更多
The seismic vulnerability index(Kg) is a parameter that depends on the dynamic properties of soil. With this parameter, it is possible to evaluate the vulnerability of a point-based site under strong ground motion. Si...The seismic vulnerability index(Kg) is a parameter that depends on the dynamic properties of soil. With this parameter, it is possible to evaluate the vulnerability of a point-based site under strong ground motion. Since it is related to the natural vibration period and amplification factor, the parameter can be calculated for both soil and structure. In this study, HVSR microtremor measurements are recorded at more than 200 points in the Van region to generate a seismic vulnerability index map. After generating the map, it is determined that the hazard potential and seismic vulnerability index is high at the sites close to Van Lake and at the densely populated city center. Damage information of the buildings investigated after the 2011 Van earthquakes(Mw = 7.1) are placed on the seismic vulnerability index map and it is realized that there may be a correlation between the damage and the seismic vulnerability index. There is a high correlation, approximately 80 percent, between the damage rate map based on the damaged building data and the K_g values. In addition, vulnerability indexes of buildings are calculated and the effect of local soil conditions and building properties on the damage levels are determined. From the results of this study and the site observations after the 2011 Van earthquakes, it is found that structural damage is not only structure-dependent but is also related to the dynamic behavior of soil layers and local soil conditions.展开更多
The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused huge casualties, economic losses, and building damages , which are analyzed. The results show that damages of houses designed according to the current seismic code were sig...The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused huge casualties, economic losses, and building damages , which are analyzed. The results show that damages of houses designed according to the current seismic code were significantly smaller than those without such design, suggesting that the code has achieved the desired goal of seismic fortification. Buildings of different kinds of structures showed large differences in damages ： Houses with steel-frames and shear walls or steel structures suffered the least damages ; those with frames or with brick-and-concrete structures suffered more; old cottages, the most.展开更多
Building collapse is a significant cause of earthquake-related casualties; therefore, the rapid assessment of buildings damage is important for emergency management and rescue. Airborne light detection and ranging （L...Building collapse is a significant cause of earthquake-related casualties; therefore, the rapid assessment of buildings damage is important for emergency management and rescue. Airborne light detection and ranging （LiDAR） can acquire point cloud data in combination with height values, which in turn provides detailed information on building damage. However, the most previous approaches have used optical images and LiDAR data, or pre- and post-earthquake LiDAR data, to derive building damage information. This study applied surface normal algorithms to extract the degree of building damage. In this method, the angle between the surface normal and zenith （0） is used to identify damaged parts of a building, while the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean absolute deviation （σ/δ） of θ is used to obtain the degree of building damage. Quantitative analysis of 85 individual buildings with different roof types （i.e., flat top or pitched roofs） was conducted, and the results confirm that post-earthquake single LiDAR data are not affected by roof shape. Furthermore, the results confirm that θ is correlated to building damage, and that σ/δ represents an effective index to identify the degree of building damage.展开更多
As in many parts of the world, long-term excessive extraction of groundwater has caused significant land-surface sub- sidence in the residential areas of Datun coal mining district in East China. The recorded maximum ...As in many parts of the world, long-term excessive extraction of groundwater has caused significant land-surface sub- sidence in the residential areas of Datun coal mining district in East China. The recorded maximum level of subsidence in the area since 1976 to 2006 is 863 mm, and the area with an accumulative subsidence more than 200 mm has reached 33.1 km2 by the end of 2006. Over ten cases of building crack due to ground subsidence have already been observed. Spatial variation in ground subsi- dence often leads to a corresponding pattern of ground deformation. Buildings and underground infrastructures have been under a higher risk of damage in locations with greater differential ground deformation. Governmental guideline in China classifies build- ing damages into four different levels, based on the observable measures such as the width of wall crack, the degree of door and window deformation, the degree of wall inclination and the degree of structural destruction. Building damage level (BDL) is esti- mated by means of ground deformation analysis in terms of variations in slope gradient and curvature. Ground deformation analysis in terms of variations in slope gradient has shown that the areas of BDL III and BDL II sites account for about 0.013 km2 and 0.284 km2 respectively in 2006, and the predicted areas of BDL (define this first) III and II sites will be about 0.029 km2 and 0.423 km2 respectively by 2010. The situation is getting worse as subsidence continues. That calls for effective strategies for subsidence miti- gation and damage reduction, in terms of sustainable groundwater extraction, enhanced monitoring and the establishment of early warning systems.展开更多
This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of a damaged nine story building in Sendal during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Dynamic hysteresis characteristic is investigated. The system identification using the ext...This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of a damaged nine story building in Sendal during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Dynamic hysteresis characteristic is investigated. The system identification using the extended Kalman filter determined the amplitude dependency of natural frequency and damping factor, which are consistent with damage feature. Occurrence of partial uplifting in the transverse direction is suggested by the induced higher harmonics based on the wavelet analysis. Historical change of the amplitude dependent dynamic characteristics is also discussed based on the long-term monitoring data from microtremor level to strong motion level.展开更多
This paper provides an overview of the ideas and methods of the assessment of seismic intensity based on remote sensing and describes the models used to assess the remote sensing based synthetic seismic damage index a...This paper provides an overview of the ideas and methods of the assessment of seismic intensity based on remote sensing and describes the models used to assess the remote sensing based synthetic seismic damage index and seismic intensity. With the data of damage information extracted from the high-resolution aerial images in the earthquake-stricken areas( Jiegu town,Yushu city,Qinghai) of the 2010 MS7. 1 Yushu earthquake,and the data obtained through post-earthquake field investigation,the seismic damage degree and seismic intensity have been estimated. The analysis of the results shows that the seismic intensity in Yushu city is estimated as IX through the RS assessment method,which is consistent with the result estimated according to the ground surveys. The results are discussed in the last part of the paper and indicate that the RS techniques are expected to be one of the main methods used to estimate the seismic intensity values in the emergency stage.展开更多
After the Wenchuan earthquake,The Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM)performed an extensive and comprehensive damage survey of the large area affected by the earthquake.Seismic codes in China were revised and upda...After the Wenchuan earthquake,The Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM)performed an extensive and comprehensive damage survey of the large area affected by the earthquake.Seismic codes in China were revised and updated after the catastrophic 1976 Tangshan earthquake.However,until the Wenchuan earthquake the seismic code provisions were not tested by a large earthquake.Some 5000 buildings,exposed to intensities VI to XI,were investigated in great detail immediately after the earthquake.The investigation and the surveys covered both seismically designed(fortified)buildings and non-code compliant buildings.In the process a comprehensive and documented database of building performance was compiled,which would be very valuable for further research,improvement of the seismic code,improvement of the construction practices,and disaster mitigation planning and management.The database dominantly contains the most prevalent structural types in the region:1)reinforced and un-reinforced masonry structures;2)masonry buildings with reinforced frame in the lower stories,and 3)reinforced concrete frame structures.Observed damage characteristics of various structural types were studied and documented,damage patterns analyzed,and corresponding damage probability matrices derived from the data collected during this survey.It is our hope that this investigation and the published material will be utilized for the revision of the seismic codes,leading to a higher level of life safety and damage reduction in future earthquakes.展开更多
A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the"5.12"Wenchuan earthquake.Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings,seismic design codes have been upd...A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the"5.12"Wenchuan earthquake.Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings,seismic design codes have been updated.This paper briefly summarizes some of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the"Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions GB50223-2008"and"Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001."The definition of seismic fortification class for buildings has been revisited,and as a result,the seismic classifications for schools,hospitals and other buildings that hold large populations such as evacuation shelters and information centers have been upgraded in the GB50223-2008 Code.The main aspects of the revised GB50011-2001 code include:(a)modification of the seismic intensity specified for the Provinces of Sichuan,Shanxi and Gansu;(b)basic conceptual design for retaining walls and building foundations in mountainous areas;(c)regularity of building configuration;(d)integration of masonry structures and precast RC floors;(e)requirements for calculating and detailing stair shafts;and(f)limiting the use of single-bay RC frame structures.Some significant examples of damage in the epicenter areas are provided as a reference in the discussion on the consequences of collapse,the importance of duplicate structural systems,and the integration of RC and masonry structures.展开更多
Different to pixel-based and object-based image recognition,a larger perspective based on the scene can improve the efficiency of assessing large-scale building damage.However,the complexity of disaster scenes and the...Different to pixel-based and object-based image recognition,a larger perspective based on the scene can improve the efficiency of assessing large-scale building damage.However,the complexity of disaster scenes and the scarcity of datasets are major challenges in identifying building damage.To address these challenges,the Cross ConvTransformer model is proposed to classify and evaluate the degree of damage to buildings using aerial images taken after earthquake.We employ Conv-Embedding and Conv-Projection to extract features from the images.The integration of convolution and Transformer reduces the computational burden of the model while enhancing its feature extraction capabilities.Furthermore,the two branch Conv-Transformer architecture with global and local attention is designed,allowing each branch to focus on global and local features respectively.The crossattention fusion module merges feature information from the two branches to enrich classification features.At last,we utilize aerial images captured during the Beichuan and Yushu earthquakes as both the training and test sets to assess the model.The proposed Cross Conv-Transformer model improved classification accuracy by 4.7%and 2.1%compared to the ViT and EfficientNet.The results show that the Cross Conv-Transformer model could significantly reduces misclassification between severely and moderately damaged categories.展开更多
Building damage maps after disasters can help us to better manage the rescue operations.Researchers have used Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)data for extracting the building damage maps.For producing building damag...Building damage maps after disasters can help us to better manage the rescue operations.Researchers have used Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)data for extracting the building damage maps.For producing building damage maps from LiDAR data in a rapid manner,it is necessary to understand the effectiveness of features and classifiers.However,there is no comprehensive study on the performance of features and classifiers in identifying damaged areas.In this study,the effectiveness of three texture extraction methods and three fuzzy systems for producing the building damage maps was investigated.In the proposed method,at first,a pre-processing stage was utilized to apply essential processes on post-event LiDAR data.Second,textural features were extracted from the pre-processed LiDAR data.Third,fuzzy inference systems were generated to make a relation between the extracted textural features of buildings and their damage extents.The proposed method was tested across three areas over the 2010 Haiti earthquake.Three building damage maps with overall accuracies of 75.0%,78.1%and 61.4%were achieved.Based on outcomes,the fuzzy inference systems were stronger than random forest,bagging,boosting and support vector machine classifiers for detecting damaged buildings.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.50908216Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.20070420878
文摘This paper presents a performance-based methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability and capacity of buildings. The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the HAZUS methodology and the improved capacity- demand-diagram method. The spectral displacement (Sd) of performance points on a capacity curve is used to estimate the damage level of a building. The relationship between Sd and peak ground acceleration (PGA) is established, and then a new vulnerability function is expressed in terms of PGA. Furthermore, the expected value of the seismic capacity index (SCev) is provided to estimate the seismic capacity of buildings based on the probability distribution of damage levels and the corresponding seismic capacity index. The results indicate that the proposed vulnerability methodology is able to assess seismic damage of a large number of building stock directly and quickly following an earthquake. The SCev provides an effective index to measure the seismic capacity of buildings and illustrate the relationship between the seismic capacity of buildings and seismic action. The estimated result is compared with damage surveys of the cities of Dujiangyan and Jiangyou in the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, revealing that the methodology is acceptable for seismic risk assessment and decision making. The primary reasons for discrepancies between the estimated results and the damage surveys are discussed.
基金National Science&Technology Pillar Program No.2015BAK17B00Seismic Industry Research Special Fund under Grant No.201508026
文摘The extensive damage to buildings caused by the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake has attracted much attention by the international community.Afterthe preliminary scientific investigations on the different affected areas inNepal,the construction and damage characteristics of five different types of buildings commonly existing in Nepal were discussed and the reasons of their disaster performance were analyzed.Types of buildings investigated include reinforced concrete(RC) frame structures,rubble structures,brick-wood structures,raw soil structures,and brick-wood structures of historic buildings.In addition,the weak links of the seismic design were pointed out,which was very important for the post-earthquake reconstruction and recovery,and gave a preliminary explanations for the damage experienced.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.51108105,90815029,50938006 Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China Under Grant No.20094410120002+3 种基金 Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.90815027Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period Under Grant No.2009BAJ28B03Fund for High School in Guangzhou (10A057)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science(2011KB15)
文摘Following several damaging earthquakes in China, research has been devoted to find the causes of the collapse of reinforced concrete （RC） building sand studying the vulnerability of existing buildings. The Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings （CCSDB） has evolved over time, however, there is still reported earthquake induced damage of newly designed RC buildings. Thus, to investigate modern Chinese seismic design code, three low-, mid- and high-rise RC frames were designed according to the 2010 CCSDB and the corresponding vulnerability curves were derived by computing a probabilistic seismic demand model （PSDM）.The PSDM was computed by carrying out nonlinear time history analysis using thirty ground motions obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Finally, the PSDM was used to generate fragility curves for immediate occupancy, significant damage, and collapse prevention damage levels. Results of the vulnerability assessment indicate that the seismic demands on the three different frames designed according to the 2010 CCSDB meet the seismic requirements and are almost in the same safety level.
基金supported by Public Service Research Project of Quality Inspection Field under Grant No. 10-110 Public Service Research Project of Earthquake Field under Grant No. 200708005.
文摘The outline and typical characteristics of damages to building in Jiangyou city and Anxian county （intensity Ⅷ）, Mianyang city and Deyang city （intensity Ⅶ） are introduced in the paper. The damage ratios, based on the sample statistics of multi-story brick buildings together with multi-story brick buildings with RC frame at first story （BBF）, are presented. Then some typical damages, such as horizontal cricks of brick masonry buildings, X-shaped cricks on the walls under windows, the damages to columns, beams and infill walls of frame buildings and the damage to half circle-shaped masonry walls, are discussed.
基金sponsored by the National Key R&D Program(2017YFC150090501)Seismological Science and Technology Spark Program(XH20052)。
文摘In this paper,the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan MS5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional model is used to interpret the earthquake damage on buildings in the mega-earthquake area in order to acquire different-level house damage in the Kuzirun village disaster area. In addition,the characteristics of seismic damage on typical buildings are analyzed. The results show that the main collapsed houses in the mega-earthquake area are sand-stone buildings,of which about 39% are sand-stone buildings. Several brick-wood buildings and brick-concrete buildings are seriously damaged,while the buildings with frame structures are mainly slightly damaged,and the houses near the macro-epicenter of the earthquake are all in good conditions. Three-dimensional tilt photography technology can vividly display the scene of earthquake disaster,and can provide significant demonstration in building damage degree together with detailed analysis of disaster situation.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2020R1I1A3068274),Received by Junho Ahn.https://www.nrf.re.kr/This research was funded by Korea Transportation Science and Technology Promotion Agency(No.21QPWO-B152223-03),Received by Chulsu Kim.https://www.kaia.re.kr/.
文摘When firefighters are engaged in search and rescue missions inside a building at a risk of collapse,they have difficulty in field command and rescue because they can only simplymonitor the situation inside the building utilizing old building drawings or robots.To propose an efficient solution for fast search and rescue work of firefighters,this study investigates the generation of up-to-date digital maps for disaster sites by tracking the collapse situation,and identifying the information of obstacles which are risk factors,using an artificial intelligence algorithm based on low-cost robots.Our research separates the floor by using the mask regional convolutional neural network(R-CNN)algorithm,and determines whether the passage is collapsed or not.Then,in the case of a passage that can be searched,the floor pattern of the obstacles that exist on the floor that has not collapsed is analyzed,and obstacles are searched utilizing an image processing algorithm.Here,we can detect various unknown as well as known obstacles.Furthermore,the locations of obstacles can be estimated using the pixel values up to the bounding box of an existing detected obstacle.We conduct experiments using the public datasets collected by Carnegie Mellon university(CMU)and data collected by manipulating a low-cost robot equipped with a smartphone while roaming five buildings in a campus.The collected data have various floor patterns for objectivity and obstacles that are different from one another.Based on these data,the algorithm for detecting unknown obstacles of a verified study and estimating their sizes had an accuracy of 93%,and the algorithm for estimating the distance to obstacles had an error rate of 0.133.Through this process,we tracked collapsed passages and composed up-to-date digital maps for disaster sites that include the information of obstacles that interfere with the search and rescue work.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2020R1I1A3068274),Received by Junho Ahn.https://www.nrf.re.kr/supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA)by the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport under Grant(No.22QPWO-C152223-04),Received by Chulsu Kim.https://www.kaia.re.kr/.
文摘Existingfirefighting robots are focused on simple storage orfire sup-pression outside buildings rather than detection or recognition.Utilizing a large number of robots using expensive equipment is challenging.This study aims to increase the efficiency of search and rescue operations and the safety offirefigh-ters by detecting and identifying the disaster site by recognizing collapsed areas,obstacles,and rescuers on-site.A fusion algorithm combining a camera and three-dimension light detection and ranging(3D LiDAR)is proposed to detect and loca-lize the interiors of disaster sites.The algorithm detects obstacles by analyzingfloor segmentation and edge patterns using a mask regional convolutional neural network(mask R-CNN)features model based on the visual data collected from a parallelly connected camera and 3D LiDAR.People as objects are detected using you only look once version 4(YOLOv4)in the image data to localize persons requiring rescue.The point cloud data based on 3D LiDAR cluster the objects using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise(DBSCAN)clustering algorithm and estimate the distance to the actual object using the center point of the clustering result.The proposed artificial intelligence(AI)algorithm was verified based on individual sensors using a sensor-mounted robot in an actual building to detectfloor surfaces,atypical obstacles,and persons requiring rescue.Accordingly,the fused AI algorithm was comparatively verified.
基金supported by Mission No. 9 "Geological Environment and Hazards" (2019QZKK0900) of "The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research" projectNational Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42101087)
文摘Spatial seismic vulnerability assessments are primally conducted at the community and grid level,using heuristic and empirical approaches.Building-based spatial statistical vulnerability models are rare because of data limitations.Generating open-access spatial inventories that document seismic damage and building attributes and test their effectiveness in assessing damage would promote the advancement of spatial vulnerability assessment.The 2022 Mw 6.7 Luding earthquake in the western Sichuan Province of China provides an opportunity to validate this approach.The local government urgently dispatched experts to survey building damage,marking all buildings with damage class stickers.In this work,we sampled 2889 buildings as GPS points and documented the damage classes and building attributes,including structure type,number of floors,and age.A polygon-based digital inventory was generated by digitizing the rooftops of the sampled buildings and importing the attributes.Statistical regressions were created by plotting damage against shaking intensity and PGA,and Random Forest modeling was carried out considering not only buildings and seismic parameters but also environmental factors.The result indicates that statistical regressions have notable uncertainties,and the Random Forest model shows a≥79%accuracy.Topographical factors showed notable importance in the Random Forest modeling.This work provides an open-access seismic building damage inventory and demonstrates its potential for damage prediction and vulnerability assessment.
文摘A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.
文摘Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake intensities, a comparison between the observed building damage, and the three earthquake performance objectives and seismic conceptual design principles specified by the national ＂Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001,＂ was carried out. Actual damage and predicted damage for a given earthquake level for different types of structures is compared. Discussions on seismic conceptual design principles, with respect to multiple defense lines, strong column-weak beam, link beam of shear walls, ductility detailing of masonry structures, exits and staircases, and nonstructural elements, etc. are carried out. Suggestions for improving the seismic design of structures are also proposed. It is concluded that the seismic performance objectives for three earthquake levels, i.e., ＂no failure under minor earthquake level, ＂＂repairable damage under moderate earthquake level＂ and ＂no collapse under major earthquake level＂ can be achieved if seismic design principles are carried out by strictly following the code requirements and ensuring construction quality.
基金Supported by:Scientific Research Projects Office of Van YüzüncüYil University Project Number 2015-MIM-B259
文摘The seismic vulnerability index(Kg) is a parameter that depends on the dynamic properties of soil. With this parameter, it is possible to evaluate the vulnerability of a point-based site under strong ground motion. Since it is related to the natural vibration period and amplification factor, the parameter can be calculated for both soil and structure. In this study, HVSR microtremor measurements are recorded at more than 200 points in the Van region to generate a seismic vulnerability index map. After generating the map, it is determined that the hazard potential and seismic vulnerability index is high at the sites close to Van Lake and at the densely populated city center. Damage information of the buildings investigated after the 2011 Van earthquakes(Mw = 7.1) are placed on the seismic vulnerability index map and it is realized that there may be a correlation between the damage and the seismic vulnerability index. There is a high correlation, approximately 80 percent, between the damage rate map based on the damaged building data and the K_g values. In addition, vulnerability indexes of buildings are calculated and the effect of local soil conditions and building properties on the damage levels are determined. From the results of this study and the site observations after the 2011 Van earthquakes, it is found that structural damage is not only structure-dependent but is also related to the dynamic behavior of soil layers and local soil conditions.
基金supported by the Institute of Seismology,China Earthquake Administration ( IS200826056)
文摘The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused huge casualties, economic losses, and building damages , which are analyzed. The results show that damages of houses designed according to the current seismic code were significantly smaller than those without such design, suggesting that the code has achieved the desired goal of seismic fortification. Buildings of different kinds of structures showed large differences in damages ： Houses with steel-frames and shear walls or steel structures suffered the least damages ; those with frames or with brick-and-concrete structures suffered more; old cottages, the most.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41404046)the World Bank GFDRR group for providing financial support to acquire the data
文摘Building collapse is a significant cause of earthquake-related casualties; therefore, the rapid assessment of buildings damage is important for emergency management and rescue. Airborne light detection and ranging （LiDAR） can acquire point cloud data in combination with height values, which in turn provides detailed information on building damage. However, the most previous approaches have used optical images and LiDAR data, or pre- and post-earthquake LiDAR data, to derive building damage information. This study applied surface normal algorithms to extract the degree of building damage. In this method, the angle between the surface normal and zenith （0） is used to identify damaged parts of a building, while the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean absolute deviation （σ/δ） of θ is used to obtain the degree of building damage. Quantitative analysis of 85 individual buildings with different roof types （i.e., flat top or pitched roofs） was conducted, and the results confirm that post-earthquake single LiDAR data are not affected by roof shape. Furthermore, the results confirm that θ is correlated to building damage, and that σ/δ represents an effective index to identify the degree of building damage.
文摘As in many parts of the world, long-term excessive extraction of groundwater has caused significant land-surface sub- sidence in the residential areas of Datun coal mining district in East China. The recorded maximum level of subsidence in the area since 1976 to 2006 is 863 mm, and the area with an accumulative subsidence more than 200 mm has reached 33.1 km2 by the end of 2006. Over ten cases of building crack due to ground subsidence have already been observed. Spatial variation in ground subsi- dence often leads to a corresponding pattern of ground deformation. Buildings and underground infrastructures have been under a higher risk of damage in locations with greater differential ground deformation. Governmental guideline in China classifies build- ing damages into four different levels, based on the observable measures such as the width of wall crack, the degree of door and window deformation, the degree of wall inclination and the degree of structural destruction. Building damage level (BDL) is esti- mated by means of ground deformation analysis in terms of variations in slope gradient and curvature. Ground deformation analysis in terms of variations in slope gradient has shown that the areas of BDL III and BDL II sites account for about 0.013 km2 and 0.284 km2 respectively in 2006, and the predicted areas of BDL (define this first) III and II sites will be about 0.029 km2 and 0.423 km2 respectively by 2010. The situation is getting worse as subsidence continues. That calls for effective strategies for subsidence miti- gation and damage reduction, in terms of sustainable groundwater extraction, enhanced monitoring and the establishment of early warning systems.
文摘This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of a damaged nine story building in Sendal during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Dynamic hysteresis characteristic is investigated. The system identification using the extended Kalman filter determined the amplitude dependency of natural frequency and damping factor, which are consistent with damage feature. Occurrence of partial uplifting in the transverse direction is suggested by the induced higher harmonics based on the wavelet analysis. Historical change of the amplitude dependent dynamic characteristics is also discussed based on the long-term monitoring data from microtremor level to strong motion level.
基金sponsored by the International Corporation Program of Ministry of Science and Technology,PRC(2009DFA21610)
文摘This paper provides an overview of the ideas and methods of the assessment of seismic intensity based on remote sensing and describes the models used to assess the remote sensing based synthetic seismic damage index and seismic intensity. With the data of damage information extracted from the high-resolution aerial images in the earthquake-stricken areas( Jiegu town,Yushu city,Qinghai) of the 2010 MS7. 1 Yushu earthquake,and the data obtained through post-earthquake field investigation,the seismic damage degree and seismic intensity have been estimated. The analysis of the results shows that the seismic intensity in Yushu city is estimated as IX through the RS assessment method,which is consistent with the result estimated according to the ground surveys. The results are discussed in the last part of the paper and indicate that the RS techniques are expected to be one of the main methods used to estimate the seismic intensity values in the emergency stage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50938006)the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Project)(Grant No.2007CB714205)the Special Research in Chi-nese Seismological Industry(Grant No.200708041)
文摘After the Wenchuan earthquake,The Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM)performed an extensive and comprehensive damage survey of the large area affected by the earthquake.Seismic codes in China were revised and updated after the catastrophic 1976 Tangshan earthquake.However,until the Wenchuan earthquake the seismic code provisions were not tested by a large earthquake.Some 5000 buildings,exposed to intensities VI to XI,were investigated in great detail immediately after the earthquake.The investigation and the surveys covered both seismically designed(fortified)buildings and non-code compliant buildings.In the process a comprehensive and documented database of building performance was compiled,which would be very valuable for further research,improvement of the seismic code,improvement of the construction practices,and disaster mitigation planning and management.The database dominantly contains the most prevalent structural types in the region:1)reinforced and un-reinforced masonry structures;2)masonry buildings with reinforced frame in the lower stories,and 3)reinforced concrete frame structures.Observed damage characteristics of various structural types were studied and documented,damage patterns analyzed,and corresponding damage probability matrices derived from the data collected during this survey.It is our hope that this investigation and the published material will be utilized for the revision of the seismic codes,leading to a higher level of life safety and damage reduction in future earthquakes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.50439010NSFC and Korea Science and Engineering Foundation Under Grant No.50811140341
文摘A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the"5.12"Wenchuan earthquake.Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings,seismic design codes have been updated.This paper briefly summarizes some of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the"Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions GB50223-2008"and"Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001."The definition of seismic fortification class for buildings has been revisited,and as a result,the seismic classifications for schools,hospitals and other buildings that hold large populations such as evacuation shelters and information centers have been upgraded in the GB50223-2008 Code.The main aspects of the revised GB50011-2001 code include:(a)modification of the seismic intensity specified for the Provinces of Sichuan,Shanxi and Gansu;(b)basic conceptual design for retaining walls and building foundations in mountainous areas;(c)regularity of building configuration;(d)integration of masonry structures and precast RC floors;(e)requirements for calculating and detailing stair shafts;and(f)limiting the use of single-bay RC frame structures.Some significant examples of damage in the epicenter areas are provided as a reference in the discussion on the consequences of collapse,the importance of duplicate structural systems,and the integration of RC and masonry structures.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China[2019YFE0127400]KAKENHI[19K20309].
文摘Different to pixel-based and object-based image recognition,a larger perspective based on the scene can improve the efficiency of assessing large-scale building damage.However,the complexity of disaster scenes and the scarcity of datasets are major challenges in identifying building damage.To address these challenges,the Cross ConvTransformer model is proposed to classify and evaluate the degree of damage to buildings using aerial images taken after earthquake.We employ Conv-Embedding and Conv-Projection to extract features from the images.The integration of convolution and Transformer reduces the computational burden of the model while enhancing its feature extraction capabilities.Furthermore,the two branch Conv-Transformer architecture with global and local attention is designed,allowing each branch to focus on global and local features respectively.The crossattention fusion module merges feature information from the two branches to enrich classification features.At last,we utilize aerial images captured during the Beichuan and Yushu earthquakes as both the training and test sets to assess the model.The proposed Cross Conv-Transformer model improved classification accuracy by 4.7%and 2.1%compared to the ViT and EfficientNet.The results show that the Cross Conv-Transformer model could significantly reduces misclassification between severely and moderately damaged categories.
文摘Building damage maps after disasters can help us to better manage the rescue operations.Researchers have used Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)data for extracting the building damage maps.For producing building damage maps from LiDAR data in a rapid manner,it is necessary to understand the effectiveness of features and classifiers.However,there is no comprehensive study on the performance of features and classifiers in identifying damaged areas.In this study,the effectiveness of three texture extraction methods and three fuzzy systems for producing the building damage maps was investigated.In the proposed method,at first,a pre-processing stage was utilized to apply essential processes on post-event LiDAR data.Second,textural features were extracted from the pre-processed LiDAR data.Third,fuzzy inference systems were generated to make a relation between the extracted textural features of buildings and their damage extents.The proposed method was tested across three areas over the 2010 Haiti earthquake.Three building damage maps with overall accuracies of 75.0%,78.1%and 61.4%were achieved.Based on outcomes,the fuzzy inference systems were stronger than random forest,bagging,boosting and support vector machine classifiers for detecting damaged buildings.
