Wattwil,Switzerland,April l,2025-The art of re-orientation runs through Heberlein's l90-year companyhistory.Georg Philipp Heberlein and his descendants ranan exemplary family business with roots in yarn dyeing.Itd...Wattwil,Switzerland,April l,2025-The art of re-orientation runs through Heberlein's l90-year companyhistory.Georg Philipp Heberlein and his descendants ranan exemplary family business with roots in yarn dyeing.Itdeveloped into a corporate group and ultimately became ahighly spectalised company that is regarded as the world'sleading provider of air interlacing and air texturing jets forsynthetic continuous filament yarns.展开更多
Visitors are flocking to China’s first immersive tourist area recreating everyday life as it appeared in the Tang Dynasty,to embrace the past and understand the importance of culture and tradition.
The Hehuang Valley,situated in the northeastern section of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,represents the upper reaches of the Yellow River(Fig.1A).It is a significant geographic region of origin for numerous Neolithic cult...The Hehuang Valley,situated in the northeastern section of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,represents the upper reaches of the Yellow River(Fig.1A).It is a significant geographic region of origin for numerous Neolithic cultures,including the Majiayao,Zongri,and Qijia cultures(Dong et al.,2013).展开更多
Chen Ziming(courtesy name Chen Liangfu)was from Linchuan(present Wuzhou,Jiangxi province).He called himself“old medical recluse”at the old age.Chen was a famous medial scientist of the South Song Dynasty and one of ...Chen Ziming(courtesy name Chen Liangfu)was from Linchuan(present Wuzhou,Jiangxi province).He called himself“old medical recluse”at the old age.Chen was a famous medial scientist of the South Song Dynasty and one of the founders of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)gynecology.He had served as a teacher of the highest rank at the Mingdao Academy in Jiankang Prefecture(present Nanjing,Jiangsu province).He is the author of the Com-plete Compendium of Fine Formulas for Women(Fu Ren Da Quan Liang Fang),Essence of External Medicine(Wai Ke Jing Yao),etc.He came from a family skilled in TCM.展开更多
The unbreakable doll performance at Tang Dynasty Night City has become extremely popular,sparking a wave of enthusiasm online.In the performance,actors dressed in elegant Tang Dynasty attire appear as if they have ste...The unbreakable doll performance at Tang Dynasty Night City has become extremely popular,sparking a wave of enthusiasm online.In the performance,actors dressed in elegant Tang Dynasty attire appear as if they have stepped out of a historical painting,gracefully dancing on the unbreakable doll apparatus.Every gesture and expression exudes the unparalleled elegance of the Tang Dynasty.This paper primarily analyzes the mechanical principles behind the Tang Dynasty Night City’s Unbreakable Doll Performance,starting with structural design to examine its mechanical principles and summarize its dynamic mechanical control mechanisms.展开更多
The Tang Dynasty was a great time for poetry.Since then,China has drawn global attention for its rich culture.Time flows,but Tang poetry still shines like bright stars in the sky.Today,let's get to know two of its...The Tang Dynasty was a great time for poetry.Since then,China has drawn global attention for its rich culture.Time flows,but Tang poetry still shines like bright stars in the sky.Today,let's get to know two of its most famous poets!展开更多
Xizang has been an integral part of Chinese territory since ancient times.During the Qing Dynasty,the central government further strengthened its governance over Xizang,with management measures in local administration...Xizang has been an integral part of Chinese territory since ancient times.During the Qing Dynasty,the central government further strengthened its governance over Xizang,with management measures in local administration,military,religion,economy,and culture gradually being perfected and implemented.展开更多
In contemporary China,some domestic films are deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture,contributing to more and more excellent film&TV programs,among which,the styling inspired by animal patterns on Late Shang...In contemporary China,some domestic films are deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture,contributing to more and more excellent film&TV programs,among which,the styling inspired by animal patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware has given strong vitality to the film&TV programs.This paper is intended to compile and understand the cultural value and artistic features of the patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware as well as its value in the traditional pattern application.It provides certain references regarding the role of film&TV styling in the inheritance and application of traditional patterns,if we analyze the cognition and status quo of the Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware patterns in the contemporary film&TV styling,and if we go deep into its artistic value and its application within such makeup design and identify the problems and laws in current design cases.Such analysis also provides a way of thinking for the application of traditional patterns in current film&TV costume design.展开更多
The Sluice Gate with Freight Carts is the earliest extant scroll in China that depicted a water mill.It was drawn during the early or middle Northern Song dynasty and was possibly a true portrayal of the West Water Mi...The Sluice Gate with Freight Carts is the earliest extant scroll in China that depicted a water mill.It was drawn during the early or middle Northern Song dynasty and was possibly a true portrayal of the West Water Mill Office.The copresence of a banquet scene of the Northern Song dynasty’s scholar-officials and a water mill both suggests a realistic reproduction of a specific scene and indicates the significance of the water mill as a cultural space.The Northern Song dynasty’s government-operated water mills were especially noticeable in the Capital Circuit京畿路,whose center was Dongjing东京.The basic development path of government-operated water mills in the inner and outer city of Dongjing was first from grain processing,which supplied the needs of the imperial palace,to tea processing,in which the governmental commercial capital also participated.Regarding city space and the use of water sources,the development spread from the north of the city to the south.Other prefectures outside Dongjing also had government-operated water mills—some brought income that could be used as official fiscal expenditure,including military expenditure,and were used to satisfy the need of local people’s livelihood,while some were used to serve the monopoly policy of tea and demonstrate the benevolent governance of local officials.In the Northern Song dynasty,the water mill was no longer merely a production site;rather,it was also a cultural space that integrated a natural background and artificial ingenuity.Closely related to the hosting of emperors and the garden making,sightseeing,feasting,and drinking of scholar-officials,along with the festival activities of locals,the water mill in the Northern Song dynasty was of great cultural significance.展开更多
A well⁃preserved ancient stone arch bridge dating back to the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)has been uncovered in Songxi County,East China's Fujian Province,amid China's ongoing fourth national cultural relic census,...A well⁃preserved ancient stone arch bridge dating back to the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)has been uncovered in Songxi County,East China's Fujian Province,amid China's ongoing fourth national cultural relic census,China News Service reported.The discovery was made during an on⁃site in⁃spection in Songxi,according to He Lixing.展开更多
The medical education of the Song dynasty constitutes a pivotal aspect within the broader framework of ancient Chinese medical education. The advent of the imperial examination system coincided with the emergence of a...The medical education of the Song dynasty constitutes a pivotal aspect within the broader framework of ancient Chinese medical education. The advent of the imperial examination system coincided with the emergence of a medical examination system, which served as the cornerstone for the subsequent evolution of medical education. According to historical records, the Song government established dedicated medical departments, along with comprehensive systems encompassing medical professors, students, and examinations. By examining extant medical historical documents, such as Tai Yi Ju Zhu Ke Cheng Wen Ge(《太医局诸科程文格》 Examination Answers and Standards of the Imperial Medical Bureau), researchers and readers can obtain a comprehensive understanding of the medical system that prevailed in the Song dynasty. While the intricate details of medical education during this era are not explicitly documented in historical records, modern researchers have the opportunity to uncover the entire view of medical education, particularly the medical examination system, through rigorous analysis of these extant historical medical documents. Such studies offer valuable insights into the developmental trajectory of the ancient Chinese medical examination system and provide crucial references for contemporary medical education. By conducting in-depth literature research and analysis of Tai Yi Ju Zhu Ke Cheng Wen Ge, this study endeavors to reconstruct the authentic scenario of medical examinations in the Song dynasty, as presented in the document, for the benefit of modern readers and researchers.展开更多
The Pingyang ancient woodblock painting“Presenting the Beauty of the Country with the Elegance of the Dynasty”is an important work that cannot be surpassed in the study of the history of Chinese printmaking.This art...The Pingyang ancient woodblock painting“Presenting the Beauty of the Country with the Elegance of the Dynasty”is an important work that cannot be surpassed in the study of the history of Chinese printmaking.This article focuses on the characteristics of the image style of this work,and first combines the process of excavation and discovery of this work to describe its historical background;Secondly,analyze the image information such as the structure and content presented in the work;Finally,the uniqueness of the flat water version production,the distinctive content presented in the work,and the artistic composition of the work were explained,and the importance of studying the work was pointed out.展开更多
This article, by using mathematical expressions, offers a scientific framework for understanding how the grading system of Qing′s structural carpentry determines the design and construction in the grand style timber...This article, by using mathematical expressions, offers a scientific framework for understanding how the grading system of Qing′s structural carpentry determines the design and construction in the grand style timber architecture.The Qing′s grand style timber structure, which is ready for prefabrication and assembly, is extremely hierarchical oriented and significantly standardized. The general procedure in designing a grand style timber structure is to start with the grade that defines the basic module (dou kou); next comes with the number of bracket set (cuan), the number of longitudinal bays and the number of purlins which affect its plan and cross section; thirdly choose a roof type that determines its longitudinal section and the facade as well. A series of formulae are conducted to help depict the layout, cross sectional roof curvature and special longitudinal treatments in 4 sloped and 9 spined roofs respectively.展开更多
By taking gardens in Tang Dynasty which play an important historical role in Chinese garden development history as case study,garden features in Tang Dynasty had been described from the aspects of cultural,ecological ...By taking gardens in Tang Dynasty which play an important historical role in Chinese garden development history as case study,garden features in Tang Dynasty had been described from the aspects of cultural,ecological and planning characteristics,so as to explore the development trace of Tang garden culture,based on which relevant problems in urban planning and construction of Xi'an were discussed;and some countermeasures and suggestions on cultural,ecological and planning construction in the preservation of this ancient city were put forward.展开更多
Based on the discussion of gardens in song dynasty,the artistic characteristics of gardens in southern song dynasty are analyzed from the four perspectives of poetry and painting style,stone piling and water designing...Based on the discussion of gardens in song dynasty,the artistic characteristics of gardens in southern song dynasty are analyzed from the four perspectives of poetry and painting style,stone piling and water designing,architectural form and plant cultivation.The gardens of southern song dynasty embody the regional and cultural characteristics of Jiangnan.The aesthetic appreciation of gardens infl uenced by the style of poetry and painting highlights the artistic characteristics of false or true complement,soft and elegant,and tends to be popularized.Mountain stones are stacked into peaks and waters are designed according to local conditions.The architectural forms are strewn at random,exquisite and elegant.Landscape plants present varying sceneries with changing view-points,and naming echo with scenes to enhance the artistic value of landscape.It is hoped that the status of garden art of southern song dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifi cally and objectively through the research,and some reliable theoretical basis can be provided for modern garden design.展开更多
Toungoo Dynasty was a powerful feudal regime in the history of Burma.Upon the rise of Toungoo Dynasty,it sought to extend territory by arms,starting to have wars with the Empire Ming(China),Ayutthaya Dynasty(Siam/Thai...Toungoo Dynasty was a powerful feudal regime in the history of Burma.Upon the rise of Toungoo Dynasty,it sought to extend territory by arms,starting to have wars with the Empire Ming(China),Ayutthaya Dynasty(Siam/Thailand)and Lan Xang(Laos).The war between Burma and Siam lasted for more than two centuries,from 1548 to 1810.However,from strategy view,the whole Burmese-Siamese War was the game between China(Ming and Qing Dynasties)and Burma(Toungoo and Konbaung Dynasties).In the whole process,most of the fierce battles took place in the 16th century,the inception phase of the war.So,the 16th century was a very important period for us if we want to have a research on the military force of Toungoo Dynasty.展开更多
The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and c...The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and cultural development. In the feudal autocratic rule, any system implemented by the state will have an important influence on all aspects of the whole society~ especially it is related with the imperial examination system of education and talents. Once it becomes a ＂basic national policy＂ , the role in social development is incalculable. This paper takes the relationship between imperial examination system and Tang and Song prose development as the breakthrough point, analyzing the influence of thesis writing of imperial examination on the prose in Tang and Song Dynasty and ＂Eight great men in Tang and Song Dynasty＂ .展开更多
To understand historical human-induced land cover change and its climatic effects, it is necessary to create historical land use datasets with explicit spatial information. Using the taxes-cropland area and number of ...To understand historical human-induced land cover change and its climatic effects, it is necessary to create historical land use datasets with explicit spatial information. Using the taxes-cropland area and number of families compiled from historical documents, we estimated the real cropland area and populations within each Lu （a province-level political region in the Northern Song Dynasty） in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty （AD1004-1085）. The estimations were accomplished through analyzing the contemporary policies of tax, population and agricultural development. Then, we converted the political region-based cropland area to geographically explicit grid cell-based fractional cropland at the cell size of 60 km by 60 km. The conversion was based on calculating cultivation suitability of each grid cell using the topographic slope, altitude and population density as the independent variables. As a result, the total area of cropland within the Northern Song territory in the 1070s was estimated to be about 720 million mu （Chinese area unit, 1 mu = 666.7 m2）, of which 40.1% and 59.9% oc- curred in the north and south respectively. The population was estimated to be about 87.2 million, of which 38.7% and 61.3% were in the north and south respectively, and per capita cropland area was about 8.2 mu. The national mean reclamation ratio （i.e. ratio of cropland area to total land area; RRA hereafter for short） was bout 16.6%. The plain areas, such as the North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Guanzhong Plain, plains surrounding the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake and Sichuan Basin, had a higher RRA, being mostly over 40%; while the hilly and mountainous areas, such as south of Nanling Mountains, the southwest regions （excluding the Chengdu Plain）, Loess Plateau and south- east coastal regions, had a lower RRA, being less than 20%. Moreover, RRA varied with topographic slope and altitude. In the areas of low altitude （~〈250 m）, middle altitude （250-100 m） and high altitude （1000-3500 m）, there were 443 million, 215 million and 64 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 27.5%, 12.6% and 7.2% respectively. In the areas of flat slope, gentle slope, medium slope and steep slope, there were 116 million, 456 million, 144 million and 2 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 34.6%, 20.7%, 8.5% and 2.3% respectively.展开更多
In 2012,a lacquer figure was unearthed from the Han dynasty tomb(188 BC-87 BC) at Chengdu Laoguanshan.The lines intaglioed on the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure were similar to the meridians.Objective:To investigate ...In 2012,a lacquer figure was unearthed from the Han dynasty tomb(188 BC-87 BC) at Chengdu Laoguanshan.The lines intaglioed on the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure were similar to the meridians.Objective:To investigate the relationship between the lines on this Laoguanshan lacquer figure and the regular meridians so as to explore the development of meridian system in ancient China.Methods:Based on collecting the photos of the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure and the representative acupuncture classics,the double evidence method(combining the unearthed relics/literature and extant literature) was performed to investigate the relationship between the lines on this Laoguanshan lacquer figure and the regular meridians.Furthermore,the development of regular meridians theory was analyzed from the number,distribution,direction and branches.Results:The routes of the 28 longitudinal white lines on the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure are similar to the regular meridians in the ancient literature including Huángdì Nèijīng 《黄帝内经》 Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic).The number,distribution and branches of the meridians intaglioed on the Laoguanshan lacquer figure suggested the evolution of the regular-meridian system from the eleven-meridian system to the twelve-meridian system.Conclusions:The meridian system of Laoguanshan lacquer figure was a link connecting the preceding and the following.The Laoguanshan lacquer figure played an important role in the development of the early meridian theory.展开更多
文摘Wattwil,Switzerland,April l,2025-The art of re-orientation runs through Heberlein's l90-year companyhistory.Georg Philipp Heberlein and his descendants ranan exemplary family business with roots in yarn dyeing.Itdeveloped into a corporate group and ultimately became ahighly spectalised company that is regarded as the world'sleading provider of air interlacing and air texturing jets forsynthetic continuous filament yarns.
文摘Visitors are flocking to China’s first immersive tourist area recreating everyday life as it appeared in the Tang Dynasty,to embrace the past and understand the importance of culture and tradition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372017 and 42072018)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022CXTD24)。
文摘The Hehuang Valley,situated in the northeastern section of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,represents the upper reaches of the Yellow River(Fig.1A).It is a significant geographic region of origin for numerous Neolithic cultures,including the Majiayao,Zongri,and Qijia cultures(Dong et al.,2013).
文摘Chen Ziming(courtesy name Chen Liangfu)was from Linchuan(present Wuzhou,Jiangxi province).He called himself“old medical recluse”at the old age.Chen was a famous medial scientist of the South Song Dynasty and one of the founders of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)gynecology.He had served as a teacher of the highest rank at the Mingdao Academy in Jiankang Prefecture(present Nanjing,Jiangsu province).He is the author of the Com-plete Compendium of Fine Formulas for Women(Fu Ren Da Quan Liang Fang),Essence of External Medicine(Wai Ke Jing Yao),etc.He came from a family skilled in TCM.
文摘The unbreakable doll performance at Tang Dynasty Night City has become extremely popular,sparking a wave of enthusiasm online.In the performance,actors dressed in elegant Tang Dynasty attire appear as if they have stepped out of a historical painting,gracefully dancing on the unbreakable doll apparatus.Every gesture and expression exudes the unparalleled elegance of the Tang Dynasty.This paper primarily analyzes the mechanical principles behind the Tang Dynasty Night City’s Unbreakable Doll Performance,starting with structural design to examine its mechanical principles and summarize its dynamic mechanical control mechanisms.
文摘The Tang Dynasty was a great time for poetry.Since then,China has drawn global attention for its rich culture.Time flows,but Tang poetry still shines like bright stars in the sky.Today,let's get to know two of its most famous poets!
文摘Xizang has been an integral part of Chinese territory since ancient times.During the Qing Dynasty,the central government further strengthened its governance over Xizang,with management measures in local administration,military,religion,economy,and culture gradually being perfected and implemented.
基金supported by the Education and Teaching Reform Program,Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology.
文摘In contemporary China,some domestic films are deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture,contributing to more and more excellent film&TV programs,among which,the styling inspired by animal patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware has given strong vitality to the film&TV programs.This paper is intended to compile and understand the cultural value and artistic features of the patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware as well as its value in the traditional pattern application.It provides certain references regarding the role of film&TV styling in the inheritance and application of traditional patterns,if we analyze the cognition and status quo of the Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware patterns in the contemporary film&TV styling,and if we go deep into its artistic value and its application within such makeup design and identify the problems and laws in current design cases.Such analysis also provides a way of thinking for the application of traditional patterns in current film&TV costume design.
文摘The Sluice Gate with Freight Carts is the earliest extant scroll in China that depicted a water mill.It was drawn during the early or middle Northern Song dynasty and was possibly a true portrayal of the West Water Mill Office.The copresence of a banquet scene of the Northern Song dynasty’s scholar-officials and a water mill both suggests a realistic reproduction of a specific scene and indicates the significance of the water mill as a cultural space.The Northern Song dynasty’s government-operated water mills were especially noticeable in the Capital Circuit京畿路,whose center was Dongjing东京.The basic development path of government-operated water mills in the inner and outer city of Dongjing was first from grain processing,which supplied the needs of the imperial palace,to tea processing,in which the governmental commercial capital also participated.Regarding city space and the use of water sources,the development spread from the north of the city to the south.Other prefectures outside Dongjing also had government-operated water mills—some brought income that could be used as official fiscal expenditure,including military expenditure,and were used to satisfy the need of local people’s livelihood,while some were used to serve the monopoly policy of tea and demonstrate the benevolent governance of local officials.In the Northern Song dynasty,the water mill was no longer merely a production site;rather,it was also a cultural space that integrated a natural background and artificial ingenuity.Closely related to the hosting of emperors and the garden making,sightseeing,feasting,and drinking of scholar-officials,along with the festival activities of locals,the water mill in the Northern Song dynasty was of great cultural significance.
文摘A well⁃preserved ancient stone arch bridge dating back to the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)has been uncovered in Songxi County,East China's Fujian Province,amid China's ongoing fourth national cultural relic census,China News Service reported.The discovery was made during an on⁃site in⁃spection in Songxi,according to He Lixing.
文摘The medical education of the Song dynasty constitutes a pivotal aspect within the broader framework of ancient Chinese medical education. The advent of the imperial examination system coincided with the emergence of a medical examination system, which served as the cornerstone for the subsequent evolution of medical education. According to historical records, the Song government established dedicated medical departments, along with comprehensive systems encompassing medical professors, students, and examinations. By examining extant medical historical documents, such as Tai Yi Ju Zhu Ke Cheng Wen Ge(《太医局诸科程文格》 Examination Answers and Standards of the Imperial Medical Bureau), researchers and readers can obtain a comprehensive understanding of the medical system that prevailed in the Song dynasty. While the intricate details of medical education during this era are not explicitly documented in historical records, modern researchers have the opportunity to uncover the entire view of medical education, particularly the medical examination system, through rigorous analysis of these extant historical medical documents. Such studies offer valuable insights into the developmental trajectory of the ancient Chinese medical examination system and provide crucial references for contemporary medical education. By conducting in-depth literature research and analysis of Tai Yi Ju Zhu Ke Cheng Wen Ge, this study endeavors to reconstruct the authentic scenario of medical examinations in the Song dynasty, as presented in the document, for the benefit of modern readers and researchers.
文摘The Pingyang ancient woodblock painting“Presenting the Beauty of the Country with the Elegance of the Dynasty”is an important work that cannot be surpassed in the study of the history of Chinese printmaking.This article focuses on the characteristics of the image style of this work,and first combines the process of excavation and discovery of this work to describe its historical background;Secondly,analyze the image information such as the structure and content presented in the work;Finally,the uniqueness of the flat water version production,the distinctive content presented in the work,and the artistic composition of the work were explained,and the importance of studying the work was pointed out.
文摘This article, by using mathematical expressions, offers a scientific framework for understanding how the grading system of Qing′s structural carpentry determines the design and construction in the grand style timber architecture.The Qing′s grand style timber structure, which is ready for prefabrication and assembly, is extremely hierarchical oriented and significantly standardized. The general procedure in designing a grand style timber structure is to start with the grade that defines the basic module (dou kou); next comes with the number of bracket set (cuan), the number of longitudinal bays and the number of purlins which affect its plan and cross section; thirdly choose a roof type that determines its longitudinal section and the facade as well. A series of formulae are conducted to help depict the layout, cross sectional roof curvature and special longitudinal treatments in 4 sloped and 9 spined roofs respectively.
文摘By taking gardens in Tang Dynasty which play an important historical role in Chinese garden development history as case study,garden features in Tang Dynasty had been described from the aspects of cultural,ecological and planning characteristics,so as to explore the development trace of Tang garden culture,based on which relevant problems in urban planning and construction of Xi'an were discussed;and some countermeasures and suggestions on cultural,ecological and planning construction in the preservation of this ancient city were put forward.
文摘Based on the discussion of gardens in song dynasty,the artistic characteristics of gardens in southern song dynasty are analyzed from the four perspectives of poetry and painting style,stone piling and water designing,architectural form and plant cultivation.The gardens of southern song dynasty embody the regional and cultural characteristics of Jiangnan.The aesthetic appreciation of gardens infl uenced by the style of poetry and painting highlights the artistic characteristics of false or true complement,soft and elegant,and tends to be popularized.Mountain stones are stacked into peaks and waters are designed according to local conditions.The architectural forms are strewn at random,exquisite and elegant.Landscape plants present varying sceneries with changing view-points,and naming echo with scenes to enhance the artistic value of landscape.It is hoped that the status of garden art of southern song dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifi cally and objectively through the research,and some reliable theoretical basis can be provided for modern garden design.
文摘Toungoo Dynasty was a powerful feudal regime in the history of Burma.Upon the rise of Toungoo Dynasty,it sought to extend territory by arms,starting to have wars with the Empire Ming(China),Ayutthaya Dynasty(Siam/Thailand)and Lan Xang(Laos).The war between Burma and Siam lasted for more than two centuries,from 1548 to 1810.However,from strategy view,the whole Burmese-Siamese War was the game between China(Ming and Qing Dynasties)and Burma(Toungoo and Konbaung Dynasties).In the whole process,most of the fierce battles took place in the 16th century,the inception phase of the war.So,the 16th century was a very important period for us if we want to have a research on the military force of Toungoo Dynasty.
文摘The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and cultural development. In the feudal autocratic rule, any system implemented by the state will have an important influence on all aspects of the whole society~ especially it is related with the imperial examination system of education and talents. Once it becomes a ＂basic national policy＂ , the role in social development is incalculable. This paper takes the relationship between imperial examination system and Tang and Song prose development as the breakthrough point, analyzing the influence of thesis writing of imperial examination on the prose in Tang and Song Dynasty and ＂Eight great men in Tang and Song Dynasty＂ .
基金China Global Change Research Program,No.2010CB950102No.2010CB950901National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.40971061
文摘To understand historical human-induced land cover change and its climatic effects, it is necessary to create historical land use datasets with explicit spatial information. Using the taxes-cropland area and number of families compiled from historical documents, we estimated the real cropland area and populations within each Lu （a province-level political region in the Northern Song Dynasty） in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty （AD1004-1085）. The estimations were accomplished through analyzing the contemporary policies of tax, population and agricultural development. Then, we converted the political region-based cropland area to geographically explicit grid cell-based fractional cropland at the cell size of 60 km by 60 km. The conversion was based on calculating cultivation suitability of each grid cell using the topographic slope, altitude and population density as the independent variables. As a result, the total area of cropland within the Northern Song territory in the 1070s was estimated to be about 720 million mu （Chinese area unit, 1 mu = 666.7 m2）, of which 40.1% and 59.9% oc- curred in the north and south respectively. The population was estimated to be about 87.2 million, of which 38.7% and 61.3% were in the north and south respectively, and per capita cropland area was about 8.2 mu. The national mean reclamation ratio （i.e. ratio of cropland area to total land area; RRA hereafter for short） was bout 16.6%. The plain areas, such as the North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Guanzhong Plain, plains surrounding the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake and Sichuan Basin, had a higher RRA, being mostly over 40%; while the hilly and mountainous areas, such as south of Nanling Mountains, the southwest regions （excluding the Chengdu Plain）, Loess Plateau and south- east coastal regions, had a lower RRA, being less than 20%. Moreover, RRA varied with topographic slope and altitude. In the areas of low altitude （~〈250 m）, middle altitude （250-100 m） and high altitude （1000-3500 m）, there were 443 million, 215 million and 64 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 27.5%, 12.6% and 7.2% respectively. In the areas of flat slope, gentle slope, medium slope and steep slope, there were 116 million, 456 million, 144 million and 2 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 34.6%, 20.7%, 8.5% and 2.3% respectively.
基金Supported by the Youth Project of National Social Science Fund of China:14CKG008the Project of Chengdu Science and Technology:2014-RK00-00078-ZFthe Project of Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:2014K091。
文摘In 2012,a lacquer figure was unearthed from the Han dynasty tomb(188 BC-87 BC) at Chengdu Laoguanshan.The lines intaglioed on the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure were similar to the meridians.Objective:To investigate the relationship between the lines on this Laoguanshan lacquer figure and the regular meridians so as to explore the development of meridian system in ancient China.Methods:Based on collecting the photos of the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure and the representative acupuncture classics,the double evidence method(combining the unearthed relics/literature and extant literature) was performed to investigate the relationship between the lines on this Laoguanshan lacquer figure and the regular meridians.Furthermore,the development of regular meridians theory was analyzed from the number,distribution,direction and branches.Results:The routes of the 28 longitudinal white lines on the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure are similar to the regular meridians in the ancient literature including Huángdì Nèijīng 《黄帝内经》 Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic).The number,distribution and branches of the meridians intaglioed on the Laoguanshan lacquer figure suggested the evolution of the regular-meridian system from the eleven-meridian system to the twelve-meridian system.Conclusions:The meridian system of Laoguanshan lacquer figure was a link connecting the preceding and the following.The Laoguanshan lacquer figure played an important role in the development of the early meridian theory.
