Water-cooled system have significantly enhanced the power generation efficiency of offshore wind turbines.However,these innovative systems are susceptible to substantial biological fouling,maintenance challenges,and h...Water-cooled system have significantly enhanced the power generation efficiency of offshore wind turbines.However,these innovative systems are susceptible to substantial biological fouling,maintenance challenges,and high upkeep costs.Therefore,the development of a specialized front-end filter tailored for direct current water-cooled system is importance.This involves the integration of dimensionally stable anode(DSA)and nickel alloy cathode,valued for their corrosion resistance in seawater,into a novel front-end filter system for Water-cooled applications.This system has the dual capability of generating hydrogen and chlorine for self-cleaning purposes.Implementing a flushing pulse electrolysis mode,it effectively mitigates electrode failure induced by cathodic calcium and magnesium deposition,thereby significantly prolonging electrode lifespan.Laboratory tests comprising system assembly and performance evaluations were conducted,with the system programmed to operate for 5 minutes every 24 hours under continuous flushing by natural seawater to simulate real-world conditions.After more than 11 months of continuous flushing,observations reveal that the DSA mesh and nickel alloy mesh maintain intact structural integrity and normal functioning.Subsequent 1꞉1 physical prototype Sea trial further validated the soundness of the system design and electrolytic control parameters.展开更多
The anode reaction and current density of the electrowinning of Sb from jamesonite concen- trate have been investigate.High anodic current density seems to be the major reason for high energy consumption,air pollution...The anode reaction and current density of the electrowinning of Sb from jamesonite concen- trate have been investigate.High anodic current density seems to be the major reason for high energy consumption,air pollution by alkaline mists in workshop as well as poor quality of deposition.A series of steps,such as absorption,phase formation,ageing of passivated films etc.,were found to be involved during the anodic passivating process of Fe in NaOH solution. A new anodic material Fe/Ni/Co_3O_4 was developed so as to save the d.c.electric energy over 160 kWh/t of Sb.展开更多
This paper describes the effect of the composition of the oxide films on the properties of electrodes Ti/M<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>y</sub>Sn<sub>z</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (M = Ir o...This paper describes the effect of the composition of the oxide films on the properties of electrodes Ti/M<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>y</sub>Sn<sub>z</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (M = Ir or Ru) prepared by the polymeric precursor method. XRD studies showed that the anodes are formed by solid solutions. The electrodes containing IrO<sub>2</sub> exhibit lower activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. The doping of the electrode surface with SnO<sub>2</sub> improves the catalytic properties of the anodes. However, it should be held in appropriate compositions, because the change in the atomic ratio of this element shows a marked effect on the stability of the oxides. Electrode Ti/Ir<sub>0.2</sub>Ti<sub>0.3</sub>Sn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> has lower lifetime, i.e. 6 hours. The 20% decrease in the stoichiometric amount of SnO<sub>2</sub> increases the time to a value above 70 hours, as observed for Ti/Ir<sub>0.3</sub>Ti<sub>0.4</sub>Sn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Electrode Ti/Ru<sub>0.3</sub>Ti<sub>0.4</sub>Sn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> shows lifetime of 11 hours;therefore IrO<sub>2</sub> is more stable than RuO<sub>2</sub> under the conditions investigated. These results suggest that electrode Ti/Ir<sub>0.3</sub>Ti<sub>0.4</sub>Sn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is promising for different applications, such as water electrolysis, capacitors and organic electrosynthesis.展开更多
Chlorine(Cl2)is one of the most important chemicals produced by the electrolysis of brine solutions and is a key raw material for many areas of industrial chemistry.For nearly half a century,dimensionally stable anode...Chlorine(Cl2)is one of the most important chemicals produced by the electrolysis of brine solutions and is a key raw material for many areas of industrial chemistry.For nearly half a century,dimensionally stable anode(DSA)made from a mixture of RuO_(2) and TiO_(2) solid oxides coated on Ti substrate has been the most widely used electrode for chlorine evolution reaction(CER).In harsh operating environments,the stability of DSAs remains a major challenge greatly affecting their lifetime.The deactivation of DSAs significantly increases the cost of the chlor-alkali industry due to the corrosion of Ru and the formation of the passivation layer TiO_(2).Therefore,it is urgent to develop catalysts with higher activity and stability,which requires a thorough understanding of the deactivation mechanism of DSA catalysts.This paper reviews existing references on the deactivation mechanisms of DSA catalysts,including both experimental and theoretical studies.Studies on how CER selectivity affects electrode stability are also discussed.Furthermore,studies on the effects of the preparation process,elemental composition,and surface/interface structures on the DSA stability and corresponding improvement strategies are summarized.The development of other non-DSA-type catalysts with comparable stability is also reviewed,and future opportunities in this exciting field are also outlined.展开更多
基金Supported by the Project of Design of Anti-corrosion and Anti-fouling Solutions for Offshore Wind Power Water-Cooled Systems(No.E428161)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42176047)。
文摘Water-cooled system have significantly enhanced the power generation efficiency of offshore wind turbines.However,these innovative systems are susceptible to substantial biological fouling,maintenance challenges,and high upkeep costs.Therefore,the development of a specialized front-end filter tailored for direct current water-cooled system is importance.This involves the integration of dimensionally stable anode(DSA)and nickel alloy cathode,valued for their corrosion resistance in seawater,into a novel front-end filter system for Water-cooled applications.This system has the dual capability of generating hydrogen and chlorine for self-cleaning purposes.Implementing a flushing pulse electrolysis mode,it effectively mitigates electrode failure induced by cathodic calcium and magnesium deposition,thereby significantly prolonging electrode lifespan.Laboratory tests comprising system assembly and performance evaluations were conducted,with the system programmed to operate for 5 minutes every 24 hours under continuous flushing by natural seawater to simulate real-world conditions.After more than 11 months of continuous flushing,observations reveal that the DSA mesh and nickel alloy mesh maintain intact structural integrity and normal functioning.Subsequent 1꞉1 physical prototype Sea trial further validated the soundness of the system design and electrolytic control parameters.
文摘The anode reaction and current density of the electrowinning of Sb from jamesonite concen- trate have been investigate.High anodic current density seems to be the major reason for high energy consumption,air pollution by alkaline mists in workshop as well as poor quality of deposition.A series of steps,such as absorption,phase formation,ageing of passivated films etc.,were found to be involved during the anodic passivating process of Fe in NaOH solution. A new anodic material Fe/Ni/Co_3O_4 was developed so as to save the d.c.electric energy over 160 kWh/t of Sb.
文摘This paper describes the effect of the composition of the oxide films on the properties of electrodes Ti/M<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>y</sub>Sn<sub>z</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (M = Ir or Ru) prepared by the polymeric precursor method. XRD studies showed that the anodes are formed by solid solutions. The electrodes containing IrO<sub>2</sub> exhibit lower activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. The doping of the electrode surface with SnO<sub>2</sub> improves the catalytic properties of the anodes. However, it should be held in appropriate compositions, because the change in the atomic ratio of this element shows a marked effect on the stability of the oxides. Electrode Ti/Ir<sub>0.2</sub>Ti<sub>0.3</sub>Sn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> has lower lifetime, i.e. 6 hours. The 20% decrease in the stoichiometric amount of SnO<sub>2</sub> increases the time to a value above 70 hours, as observed for Ti/Ir<sub>0.3</sub>Ti<sub>0.4</sub>Sn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Electrode Ti/Ru<sub>0.3</sub>Ti<sub>0.4</sub>Sn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> shows lifetime of 11 hours;therefore IrO<sub>2</sub> is more stable than RuO<sub>2</sub> under the conditions investigated. These results suggest that electrode Ti/Ir<sub>0.3</sub>Ti<sub>0.4</sub>Sn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is promising for different applications, such as water electrolysis, capacitors and organic electrosynthesis.
文摘Chlorine(Cl2)is one of the most important chemicals produced by the electrolysis of brine solutions and is a key raw material for many areas of industrial chemistry.For nearly half a century,dimensionally stable anode(DSA)made from a mixture of RuO_(2) and TiO_(2) solid oxides coated on Ti substrate has been the most widely used electrode for chlorine evolution reaction(CER).In harsh operating environments,the stability of DSAs remains a major challenge greatly affecting their lifetime.The deactivation of DSAs significantly increases the cost of the chlor-alkali industry due to the corrosion of Ru and the formation of the passivation layer TiO_(2).Therefore,it is urgent to develop catalysts with higher activity and stability,which requires a thorough understanding of the deactivation mechanism of DSA catalysts.This paper reviews existing references on the deactivation mechanisms of DSA catalysts,including both experimental and theoretical studies.Studies on how CER selectivity affects electrode stability are also discussed.Furthermore,studies on the effects of the preparation process,elemental composition,and surface/interface structures on the DSA stability and corresponding improvement strategies are summarized.The development of other non-DSA-type catalysts with comparable stability is also reviewed,and future opportunities in this exciting field are also outlined.
