This study explores the thin-layer convective solar drying of Marrubium vulgare L.leaves under conditions typical of sun-rich semi-arid climates.Drying experiments were conducted at three inlet-air temperatures(40℃,5...This study explores the thin-layer convective solar drying of Marrubium vulgare L.leaves under conditions typical of sun-rich semi-arid climates.Drying experiments were conducted at three inlet-air temperatures(40℃,50℃,60℃)and two air velocities(1.5 and 2.5 m·s^(-1))using an indirect solar dryer with auxiliary temperature control.Moisture-ratio data were fitted with eight widely used thin-layer models and evaluated using correlation coefficient(r),root-mean-square error(RMSE),and Akaike information criterion(AIC).A complementary heattransfer analysis based on Reynolds and Prandtl numbers with appropriate Nusselt correlations was used to relate flow regime to drying performance,and an energy balance quantified the relative contributions of solar and auxiliary heat.The logarithmic model consistently achieved the lowest RMSE/AIC with r>0.99 across all conditions.Higher temperature and air velocity significantly reduced drying time during the decreasing-rate period,with no constantrate stage observed.On average,solar input supplied the large majority of the thermal demand,while the auxiliary heater compensated short irradiance drops to maintain setpoints.These findings provide a reproducible dataset and a modelling benchmark for M.vulgare leaves,and they support energy-aware design of hybrid solar dryers formedicinal plants in sun-rich regions.展开更多
BACKGROUND Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder with rising prevalence.It is closely related to systemic health and psychological factors,such as sleep and mood disorders,which significantly...BACKGROUND Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder with rising prevalence.It is closely related to systemic health and psychological factors,such as sleep and mood disorders,which significantly impact the quality of life of patients.AIM To explore the correlations between ocular surface function,sleep quality,and anxiety/depression in patients with DED.METHODS This was a cross-sectional investigative study that included 358 patients with DED between January 2022 and January 2025.Ocular surface was assessed using the ocular surface disease index(OSDI),tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining score,and Schirmer I test.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),and Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)were used to evaluate sleep quality and anxiety/depression levels.Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationships.RESULTS The mean PSQI score of the patients was 9.94±2.18;the mean SAS score was 47.30±4.90,and the mean SDS score was 50.08±5.52.These suggested a prevalence of sleep and psychological abnormalities.There was a significant correlation between the indicators of ocular surface function(OSDI,tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining,and Schirmer I test)and PSQI,SAS,and SDS scores(P<0.05).Moreover,multiple regression revealed that age≥50 years(β=1.55,P=0.029),PSQI scores(β=0.58,P<0.001),SAS scores(β=0.17,P=0.017),and SDS scores(β=0.15,P=0.019)were independent predictors of the OSDI scores.CONCLUSION Ocular surface function in patients with DED is closely related to sleep quality and anxiety/depression,emphasizing the need for holistic clinical management.展开更多
BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints...BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.展开更多
In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortabl...In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortable. As a standout in functional textiles, quick-dry fabrics are becoming the top choice for more and more people, thanks to their exceptional moisture-wicking performance and rapid drying capabilities.展开更多
Bananas are highly perishable after harvest,and processing them into dried products is a crucial approach to reducing losses and adding their economic values.To address the inefficiency and prolonged duration of tradi...Bananas are highly perishable after harvest,and processing them into dried products is a crucial approach to reducing losses and adding their economic values.To address the inefficiency and prolonged duration of traditional hot air drying(HAD)and the quality inconsistency associated with single infrared drying(IRD),this study proposed a novel hot air-infrared combined drying(HAD-IRD)strategy.The effects of HAD,IRD,and HAD-IRD on the drying kinetics,color,rehydration capacity,moisture diffusion mechanism,and sensory quality of banana slices were systematically investigated.The parameters of the combined drying process were optimized using an L_(9)(3^(3))orthogonal experimental design.Results indicated that both IRD and HAD-IRD significantly reduced drying time compared to single HAD.While single IRD achieved a rapid drying rate,the lack of effective convective airflow led to potential case-hardening and unstable product quality.In contrast,the HAD-IRD strategy demonstrated a synergistic effect.The optimal parameters were determined as follows:hot air temperature of 70℃,infrared temperature of 60℃,and radiation distance of 16 cm.Under these optimized conditions,HAD-IRD reduced the total drying time by over 70%while simultaneously yielding products with superior color,higher sensory scores,and improved rehydration ratio.This study confirms that HAD-IRD is an efficient and high-quality drying method for banana slices,providing a reliable theoretical foundation and technical solution for the drying of thermosensitive fruits.展开更多
This study evaluated corn kernel drying performance and quality changes using hot air drying(HAD)and infrared drying(ID)across temperatures ranging from 55℃ to 80℃.Optimal drying parameters were determined by using ...This study evaluated corn kernel drying performance and quality changes using hot air drying(HAD)and infrared drying(ID)across temperatures ranging from 55℃ to 80℃.Optimal drying parameters were determined by using the entropy weight method,with drying time,specific energy consumption,damage rate,fatty acids,starch,polyphenols,and flavonoids as indicators.Results demonstrated that ID significantly outperformed HAD,achieving drying times up to 20%shorter and reducing specific energy consumption and kernel damage by up to 79.3%and 66.7%,respectively,while also better preserving quality attributes.Both methods exhibited drying profiles characterized by acceleration,constant,and falling rate periods,although the constant rate phase was distinctly observable only at lower temperatures.The effective moisture diffusivity under ID was consistently higher than that under HAD,with a maximum increase of 20.4%.The optimal drying conditions were HAD at 65℃ and ID at 80℃.A BP model was also developed and it showed better predictive performance and adaptability than classical mathematical models.展开更多
The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused ...The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.展开更多
Based on abnormalities in tear film structure and dynamics,dry eye syndrome is primarily classified into five types:aqueous-deficient,mucin-deficient,evaporative/lipid-deficient,tear dynamics disorder,and mixed type.T...Based on abnormalities in tear film structure and dynamics,dry eye syndrome is primarily classified into five types:aqueous-deficient,mucin-deficient,evaporative/lipid-deficient,tear dynamics disorder,and mixed type.The disease has diverse triggers,commonly including:lacrimal gland dysfunction;meibomian gland dysfunction accelerating tear evaporation;reduced blinking due to prolonged electronic device use;contact lens wear interfering with the tear film;medication side effects;environmental factors;hormonal fluctuations;certain ophthalmic surgeries,for example,LASIK.Treatment requires targeting specific pathogenic mechanisms,with the core focus on controlling inflammation,restoring tear film stability,and improving related gland function.展开更多
This review paper presents an in-depth investigation of the modeling techniques used to study conveyor belt dryers.These techniques are classified into four categories:theoretical modeling,computational fluid dynamics...This review paper presents an in-depth investigation of the modeling techniques used to study conveyor belt dryers.These techniques are classified into four categories:theoretical modeling,computational fluid dynamics(CFD),empirical,and performance under different control strategies.Within the theoretical and CFD categories,the models are further classified as transient and steady state,as well as one-dimensional,two-dimensional,and three-dimensional.The empirical approach involves conducting experimental studies to collect moisture ratio data during the drying process and comparing it with empirical models.The methods of control are divided into classical and advanced controllers,with classical controllers including proportional-integral(PI),proportional-integral-derivative(PID),and quantitative feedback theory(QFT)controllers.Advanced controllers consist of artificial intelligence-based controllers,such as artificial neural networks(ANN),adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems(ANFIS),nonlinear autoregressive exogenous(NARX)models,model predictive control(MPC),and soft sensors.This review elucidated the methodologies and software employed for each modeling technique,as well as their prospective utility in industrial contexts.The utilization of theoretical and CFD methodologies is advantageous in forecasting the dynamics of complex systems.Conversely,empirical techniques serve the purpose of validating theoretical models and procuring data to facilitate model refinement.Controllers play a crucial role in the optimization of the drying process and the attainment of desired outputs.展开更多
This research focuses on developing innovative hybrid solar dryers that combine solar Photovoltaic(PV)and solar thermal systems for sustainable food preservation in Pakistan,addressing the country’s pressing issues o...This research focuses on developing innovative hybrid solar dryers that combine solar Photovoltaic(PV)and solar thermal systems for sustainable food preservation in Pakistan,addressing the country’s pressing issues of high post-harvest losses and unreliable energy sources.The proposed active hybrid solar dryer features a drying cabinet,two Direct Current(DC)fans for forced convection,and a resistive heating element powered by a 180 W solar PV panel.An energy-storing battery ensures continuous supply to the auxiliaries during periods of low solar irradiance,poor weather conditions,or nighttime.Tomatoes,a delicate and in-demand crop,were selected for experimentation due to their high perishability.Three experiments were conducted on the same prototype:natural convection direct solar dryer(NCDSD),forced convection direct solar dryer(FCDSD),and forced convection hybrid solar dryer(FCHSD).Each experiment began with 0.2 kg of tomatoes at 94%moisture content,achieving significant reductions:28.57%with NCDSD,16.667%with FCDSD,and 16.667%with FCHSD.The observed drying rates varied:1.161 kg/h for NCDSD,2.062 kg/h for FCDSD,and 2.8642 kg/h for FCHSD.This study presents a comparative analysis of efficiency,drying rate,and cost-effectiveness,alongside the system’s economic and environmental feasibility.展开更多
The heating area of the material is large and the thermal efficiency is high,but it is n ecessary to control the suitable drying temperature ofdiffere nt medici nal materials to preserve the effective in gredients.D i...The heating area of the material is large and the thermal efficiency is high,but it is n ecessary to control the suitable drying temperature ofdiffere nt medici nal materials to preserve the effective in gredients.D iff ere nt kinds of Chinese medicine need different drying conditions to fulfill good drying requirements.Natural drying in the shade is one of the traditional drying methods,which takes a long time and is easily affected by the weather.The water volatilizes slowly.It is prone to mildew and discoloration during the drying process.However,it can better preserve the volatile oil components of Chinese medicine.The hot-air drying machine has lower requirements.The medicinal materials have a large heating area and high thermal efficiency,but it is necessary to control the appropriate drying temperature of different medicinal materials in order to preserve the active ingredients of the medicinal materials;it is not suitable for medicinal materials that stick and bind easily.The microwave drying method possesses superiority in drying some valuable medicinal materials such as Ren she n(Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng)and Lurong(Co「nu Cervi Pantotrichum),and the effective ingredients are preserved at a high degree;it can also achieve the purpose of killing enzymes and protecting glycosides and have a good bactericidal effect,but it is not suitable for Chinese medicines containing heat-sensitive ingredients,because it will destroy most of the proteins,amino acids,and peptides of Chinese medicine and result in the loss of efficacy.The far-infrared drying method is suitable for drying thin-layer medicinal materials and is friendly to the environment.Freeze-drying can preserve the active ingredients very well and greatly retain the efficacy,but it has obvious limitations in preserving some Chinese medicinal materials that need to kill enzymes and protect glycosides;besides,the cost is relatively high and the drying time is long.展开更多
The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat sto...The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.展开更多
BACKGROUND Dry eye,also known as keratoconjunctival dryness,refers to a group of conditions that lead to eye discomfort and visual dysfunction.Being one of the most common complications of diabetes,it can lead to visi...BACKGROUND Dry eye,also known as keratoconjunctival dryness,refers to a group of conditions that lead to eye discomfort and visual dysfunction.Being one of the most common complications of diabetes,it can lead to vision loss and,in severe cases,blindness in patients with diabetes.AIM To investigate ocular dryness manifestations,assess corneal neuropathy,and identify associated influencing factors in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D)complicated with comorbid dry eye syndrome(DES).METHODS Data from 81 patients with T2D admitted to Xianyang First People’s Hospital between January 2022 and June 2023(18 months)were retrospectively reviewed.Patients were divided into the DES and non-DES groups.Additionally,50 individuals who concurrently underwent medical examinations served as the control group.Standardized assessments were conducted,including evaluations using the standard patient evaluation of eye dryness(SPEED)tool,noninvasive tear film breakup time(NIBUT)analysis,and Schirmer I test(SIt)determination of wetting length.Under a corneal confocal microscope,subbasal corneal neuropathy evaluations were conducted to determine the density,length,number,and tortuosity of the main nerves.Associations among SPEED scores,NIBUT,SIt results,and subbasal corneal neuropathy parameters in the DES group were examined.The DES and non-DES groups were further analyzed for differences in baseline characteristics,and potential risk factors for DES in patients with T2D were identified by multivariate logistic regression modeling.RESULTS The T2D+DES group showed an increase in the SPEED score,along with a decrease in the NIBUT and SIt wetting length,compared with the non-DES and control groups(P<0.05);however,no marked inter-group differences were noted for fluorescein staining test scores between T2D+DES group and DES group.Compared with the non-DES groups,the DES group exhibited reductions in density,length,and number of the main nerves,as well as an increase in nerve tortuosity(all P<0.05),and all these changes were more pronounced in the non-DES group than in the DES group(all P<0.05).In the DES group,the SPEED score demonstrated a significant negative correlation with nerve density and the length and number of the main nerves but a positive correlation with nerve tortuosity.Conversely,both the NIBUT and SIt wetting length showed a positive association with the density and number of the main nerves;however,the SIt wetting length demonstrated an inverse correlation with nerve tortuosity.Multivariate modeling identified several independent risk factors for DES in T2D,such as age,diabetes duration,lacrimal gland dysfunction,and insufficient insulin secretion,as well as fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin.CONCLUSION Patients with T2D are more susceptible to DES.The T2D+DES group exhibited significant reductions in the density,length,and count,along with increased tortuosity,of the main nerve.These corneal nerve changes are also intimately linked to the severity of DES.展开更多
The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of po...The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)droplets using a gold nanoparticle tracer,where the heterogeneous flow field in different regions was illustrated.This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticles at either the center or the edge regions of the droplet exhibit anisotropic kinematic behavior.At early stage,Marangoni backflow causes gold nanoparticles to move towards the edge firstly,and the circles back towards the droplet center after arriving the contact line with a sudden increase in z axis for 10.4μm,indicating the scale of the upward-moving microscopic flow vortices.This phenomenon does not occur in water droplets in the absence of polymers.The gold nanoparticles underwent Brownian-like motion at the center of the PEO droplet or water droplet owing to the low perturbation of the flow field.At the late stage of pinning of the PEO droplets,the motion showed multiple reverses in the direction of the gold nanoparticles,indicating the complexity of the flow field.This study enhances the understanding of the drying dynamics of polymer solution droplets and offers valuable insights into the fabrication of surface materials.展开更多
China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict ...China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict the evaluation efficiency and exploration process of dry hot rocks.This paper is based on the understanding of the geologic features and genesis mechanisms of hot dry rocks in China and abroad.By integrating the main controlling factors of hot dry rock formation,and using index grading and quantification,the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive method is applied to establish an evaluation system and standards for favorable areas of hot dry rocks.The evaluation system is based on four indicators:heat source,thermal channel,thermal reservoir and cap rock.It includes 11 evaluation parameters,including time of magmatic/volcanic activity,depth of molten mass or magma chamber,distribution of discordogenic faults,burial depth of thermal reservoir,cap rock type and thickness,surface thermal anomaly,heat flow,geothermal gradient,Moho depth,Curie depth,Earthquake magnitude and focal depth.Each parameter is divided into 3 levels.Applying this evaluation system to assess hot dry rock in central Inner Mongolia revealed that Class I favorable zones cover approximately 494 km^(2),while Class II favorable zones span about 5.7×10^(4) km^(2).The Jirgalangtu Sag and Honghaershute Sag in the Erlian Basin,along with Reshuitang Town in Keshiketeng Banner,Reshui Town in Ningcheng County,and Reshuitang Town in Aohan Banner of Chifeng City,are identified as Class I favorable zones for hot dry rock resources.These areas are characterized by high-temperature subsurface molten bodies or magma chambers serving as high-quality heat sources,shallow thermal reservoir depths,and overlying thick sedimentary rock layers acting as caprock.The establishment and application of the evaluation system for favorable areas of hot dry rock are expected to provide new approaches and scientific basis for guiding the practice of selecting hot dry rock areas in China.展开更多
Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while bala...Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while balancing yield to maintain sustainable rice production.A japonica upland rice cultivar and a japonica paddy rice cultivar were cultivated in the field with three cultivation methods:plastic film mulching dry cultivation(PFMC),bare dry cultivation(BC),and continuous flooding cultivation(CF)as control.There was no significant difference in upland rice yield between PFMC and BC,nor in paddy rice yield between PFMC and CF.Compared with CF,the two varieties'yields decreased significantly with BC.Dry cultivation,especially PFMC,could decrease the active filling period,chalky rice rate,chalkiness,amylose content,gel consistency,breakdown viscosity,the ratio of glutelin to prolamin,and leaf senescence while increasing water use efficiency,protein components content,setback viscosity,grain starch branching enzyme(Q-enzyme)activity,and average filling rate.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had a lower yield,shorter active filling period,lower chalkiness grain rate and gel consistency,higher amylose content,breakdown viscosity,protein components content,and average filling rate.Grain Q-enzyme activity and grain-filling parameters were closely related to rice quality.Reasonable dry cultivation methods could balance yield and quality,especially by improving rice's nutritional and appearance quality.展开更多
Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial disorder that disturbs ocular surface equilibrium,considerably diminishing quality of life.Present therapies only offer symptomatic alleviation.Stem cell treatment,especially me...Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial disorder that disturbs ocular surface equilibrium,considerably diminishing quality of life.Present therapies only offer symptomatic alleviation.Stem cell treatment,especially mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),has surfaced as a viable approach for tissue regeneration and immunological regulation in DED.Preclinical and early clinical investigations indicate that MSCs can improve lacrimal gland functionality,diminish inflammation,and facilitate corneal regeneration.Nonetheless,obstacles persist in enhancing MSC viability,determining the optimal MSC source,and guaranteeing sustained therapeutic effectiveness.Additional extensive randomized clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of MSC-based therapies for severe DED.展开更多
The performance of an AflaSTOP dryer which utilises biomass energy for drying maize was investigated. The drying behaviour of maize grains in the dryer was also investigated using ten (10) thin-layer mathematical mode...The performance of an AflaSTOP dryer which utilises biomass energy for drying maize was investigated. The drying behaviour of maize grains in the dryer was also investigated using ten (10) thin-layer mathematical models. The models were compared based on coefficient of determination (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>) and Root Mean Square Error (<em>RMSE</em>) values between experimental and predicted moisture ratios. At an average drying air temperature of 50<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and drying air velocity of 2.5 m/s, maize at average moisture content (MC) of 17.5% (wb) was dried to an average MC of 11.5% (wb) in three (3) hours. The drying and thermal efficiency were calculated as 81.1% and 29.6% respectively. Overall, drying took place in the falling rate period. The Logistics model was best to describe the thin-layer drying kinetics of maize in the dryer with <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> value of 0.9902 and <em>RMSE</em> value of 0.04908.展开更多
Particle-to-particle dry graphene coatings on Ni-rich layered oxide materials are proposed for highenergy lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)to mitigate the inherent and engineering challenges related to the electrochemically...Particle-to-particle dry graphene coatings on Ni-rich layered oxide materials are proposed for highenergy lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)to mitigate the inherent and engineering challenges related to the electrochemically fragile surfaces,as well as limiting electrode thickness and density.Utilizing a shear stress-based coating process without supplementary solvent or heat treatment,graphene sheets derived from graphene powder are applied onto the surface of spherical LiNi_(0.89)Co_(0.055)Mn_(0.055)O_(2)(NCM)material.This process achieves a coating thickness equivalent to or fewer than 10 layers of graphene and exposes the basal plane.The graphene-coated material increases particle hardness and mitigates degradation caused by inter-particle pressure,enabling the formation of high-density electrodes without pulverization.In the absence of additional carbon-conducting agents for the high-density composite electrode with a density of 4.0 g cm^(-3),it significantly enhances rate capability,demonstrating more than 5 times improvement by achieving 149.4 mAh g^(-1)at 2 C compared to the bare sample(28.9 mAh g^(-1)).Furthermore,the dry graphene coating enables the high areal capacity of 6.98 mAh cm^(-2).By exposing the basal plane of the graphene coating,the process enhances chemical stability,effectively inhibiting side reactions at the interface and mitigating cycle degradation.展开更多
The study focuses on the creep characteristics of significant yellow sandstone for water conservancy, hydropower, and other waterrelated slope excavation unloading rock-graded loading creep characteristics. It conduct...The study focuses on the creep characteristics of significant yellow sandstone for water conservancy, hydropower, and other waterrelated slope excavation unloading rock-graded loading creep characteristics. It conducts a uniaxial graded loading creep test on yellow sandstone under different pre-peak unloading and wetting-drying cycles. The improved nonlinear Nishihara model was obtained by introducing a nonlinear viscous element with an accelerated creep threshold switch. The sensitivity characteristics of the parameters of the improved creep model were analyzed and a nonlinear creep constitutive model was established, considering the unloading-cyclic intrinsic damage induced by water intrusion. The research results show that:(1)With an increase in the unloading point, the porosity of the rock samples initially decreases and then increases. As the number of cyclic water intrusions rises, the porosity of the rock samples gradually increases, reaching a maximum of 9.58% at an unloading point of 70% uniaxial compression stress(0.7 Rc) after five cycles.(2) Total creep deformation increases with the number of cyclic water intrusions;however, with an increase in the unloading ratio, the original samples show an initial decrease, followed by an increase in creep deformation. With a higher unloading ratio and various instances of cyclic water intrusion, the total creep time of the rock samples,compared to the original samples, is reduced by 21.8%and 23.02%. The creep damage mode gradually changes from shear damage to tensile damage.(3) The sensitivity characteristics of the improved creep model parameters show that transient elasticity modulus E1 is affected by the coupling of unloading and cyclic water intrusion. The viscoelastic modulus E2 and viscous coefficient η1 are mainly affected by unloading and cyclic water intrusion.(4) Based on the strain equivalence principle of damage mechanics, the damage treatment of the parameters in the original model is improved to construct a nonlinear creep constitutive model that considers unloading-cyclic water intrusion damage. A parameter inversion and comparison to the traditional Nishihara model reveal an average relative standard deviation of 0.271%,significantly less than 1%, indicating a more accurate nonlinear creep constitutive model. The research results are crucial for analyzing the long-term stability of water-related steep rocky slopes post-excavation and unloading and for preventing and controlling creep-type landslide disasters.展开更多
文摘This study explores the thin-layer convective solar drying of Marrubium vulgare L.leaves under conditions typical of sun-rich semi-arid climates.Drying experiments were conducted at three inlet-air temperatures(40℃,50℃,60℃)and two air velocities(1.5 and 2.5 m·s^(-1))using an indirect solar dryer with auxiliary temperature control.Moisture-ratio data were fitted with eight widely used thin-layer models and evaluated using correlation coefficient(r),root-mean-square error(RMSE),and Akaike information criterion(AIC).A complementary heattransfer analysis based on Reynolds and Prandtl numbers with appropriate Nusselt correlations was used to relate flow regime to drying performance,and an energy balance quantified the relative contributions of solar and auxiliary heat.The logarithmic model consistently achieved the lowest RMSE/AIC with r>0.99 across all conditions.Higher temperature and air velocity significantly reduced drying time during the decreasing-rate period,with no constantrate stage observed.On average,solar input supplied the large majority of the thermal demand,while the auxiliary heater compensated short irradiance drops to maintain setpoints.These findings provide a reproducible dataset and a modelling benchmark for M.vulgare leaves,and they support energy-aware design of hybrid solar dryers formedicinal plants in sun-rich regions.
文摘BACKGROUND Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder with rising prevalence.It is closely related to systemic health and psychological factors,such as sleep and mood disorders,which significantly impact the quality of life of patients.AIM To explore the correlations between ocular surface function,sleep quality,and anxiety/depression in patients with DED.METHODS This was a cross-sectional investigative study that included 358 patients with DED between January 2022 and January 2025.Ocular surface was assessed using the ocular surface disease index(OSDI),tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining score,and Schirmer I test.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),and Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)were used to evaluate sleep quality and anxiety/depression levels.Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationships.RESULTS The mean PSQI score of the patients was 9.94±2.18;the mean SAS score was 47.30±4.90,and the mean SDS score was 50.08±5.52.These suggested a prevalence of sleep and psychological abnormalities.There was a significant correlation between the indicators of ocular surface function(OSDI,tear film break-up time,fluorescein staining,and Schirmer I test)and PSQI,SAS,and SDS scores(P<0.05).Moreover,multiple regression revealed that age≥50 years(β=1.55,P=0.029),PSQI scores(β=0.58,P<0.001),SAS scores(β=0.17,P=0.017),and SDS scores(β=0.15,P=0.019)were independent predictors of the OSDI scores.CONCLUSION Ocular surface function in patients with DED is closely related to sleep quality and anxiety/depression,emphasizing the need for holistic clinical management.
文摘BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.
文摘In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortable. As a standout in functional textiles, quick-dry fabrics are becoming the top choice for more and more people, thanks to their exceptional moisture-wicking performance and rapid drying capabilities.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 52306124(received by Dan Huang),URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/HHNYjgYKAynqYR7ySxYwzQ(accessed on 01 January 2025)the Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation,grant number kq2402259(received by Shuai Huang),URL:http://kjj.changsha.gov.cn/zfxxgk/tzgg_27202/202501/t20250122_11726939.html(accessed on 01 January 2025)the Regional Joint Funds of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,grant num-ber 2025JJ70463(received by Shuai Huang),URL:https://kjt.hunan.gov.cn/kjt/xxgk/tzgg/tzgg_1/202502/t20250212_33585991.html(accessed on 01 January 2025).
文摘Bananas are highly perishable after harvest,and processing them into dried products is a crucial approach to reducing losses and adding their economic values.To address the inefficiency and prolonged duration of traditional hot air drying(HAD)and the quality inconsistency associated with single infrared drying(IRD),this study proposed a novel hot air-infrared combined drying(HAD-IRD)strategy.The effects of HAD,IRD,and HAD-IRD on the drying kinetics,color,rehydration capacity,moisture diffusion mechanism,and sensory quality of banana slices were systematically investigated.The parameters of the combined drying process were optimized using an L_(9)(3^(3))orthogonal experimental design.Results indicated that both IRD and HAD-IRD significantly reduced drying time compared to single HAD.While single IRD achieved a rapid drying rate,the lack of effective convective airflow led to potential case-hardening and unstable product quality.In contrast,the HAD-IRD strategy demonstrated a synergistic effect.The optimal parameters were determined as follows:hot air temperature of 70℃,infrared temperature of 60℃,and radiation distance of 16 cm.Under these optimized conditions,HAD-IRD reduced the total drying time by over 70%while simultaneously yielding products with superior color,higher sensory scores,and improved rehydration ratio.This study confirms that HAD-IRD is an efficient and high-quality drying method for banana slices,providing a reliable theoretical foundation and technical solution for the drying of thermosensitive fruits.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(project No.2024JJ8037:https://kjt.hunan.gov.cn/kjt/xxgk/tzgg/tzgg_1/202403/t20240311_33144606.html,accessed on 27 October 2025)。
文摘This study evaluated corn kernel drying performance and quality changes using hot air drying(HAD)and infrared drying(ID)across temperatures ranging from 55℃ to 80℃.Optimal drying parameters were determined by using the entropy weight method,with drying time,specific energy consumption,damage rate,fatty acids,starch,polyphenols,and flavonoids as indicators.Results demonstrated that ID significantly outperformed HAD,achieving drying times up to 20%shorter and reducing specific energy consumption and kernel damage by up to 79.3%and 66.7%,respectively,while also better preserving quality attributes.Both methods exhibited drying profiles characterized by acceleration,constant,and falling rate periods,although the constant rate phase was distinctly observable only at lower temperatures.The effective moisture diffusivity under ID was consistently higher than that under HAD,with a maximum increase of 20.4%.The optimal drying conditions were HAD at 65℃ and ID at 80℃.A BP model was also developed and it showed better predictive performance and adaptability than classical mathematical models.
文摘The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.
文摘Based on abnormalities in tear film structure and dynamics,dry eye syndrome is primarily classified into five types:aqueous-deficient,mucin-deficient,evaporative/lipid-deficient,tear dynamics disorder,and mixed type.The disease has diverse triggers,commonly including:lacrimal gland dysfunction;meibomian gland dysfunction accelerating tear evaporation;reduced blinking due to prolonged electronic device use;contact lens wear interfering with the tear film;medication side effects;environmental factors;hormonal fluctuations;certain ophthalmic surgeries,for example,LASIK.Treatment requires targeting specific pathogenic mechanisms,with the core focus on controlling inflammation,restoring tear film stability,and improving related gland function.
基金supported by the AmericanUniversity in Cairo,Egypt.
文摘This review paper presents an in-depth investigation of the modeling techniques used to study conveyor belt dryers.These techniques are classified into four categories:theoretical modeling,computational fluid dynamics(CFD),empirical,and performance under different control strategies.Within the theoretical and CFD categories,the models are further classified as transient and steady state,as well as one-dimensional,two-dimensional,and three-dimensional.The empirical approach involves conducting experimental studies to collect moisture ratio data during the drying process and comparing it with empirical models.The methods of control are divided into classical and advanced controllers,with classical controllers including proportional-integral(PI),proportional-integral-derivative(PID),and quantitative feedback theory(QFT)controllers.Advanced controllers consist of artificial intelligence-based controllers,such as artificial neural networks(ANN),adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems(ANFIS),nonlinear autoregressive exogenous(NARX)models,model predictive control(MPC),and soft sensors.This review elucidated the methodologies and software employed for each modeling technique,as well as their prospective utility in industrial contexts.The utilization of theoretical and CFD methodologies is advantageous in forecasting the dynamics of complex systems.Conversely,empirical techniques serve the purpose of validating theoretical models and procuring data to facilitate model refinement.Controllers play a crucial role in the optimization of the drying process and the attainment of desired outputs.
基金supported by the Ignite National Technology fund,under National Grassroots Initiatives Program of ICT R&D(NIGRI),Project ID.NGIRI-2024-23901 of 2024.
文摘This research focuses on developing innovative hybrid solar dryers that combine solar Photovoltaic(PV)and solar thermal systems for sustainable food preservation in Pakistan,addressing the country’s pressing issues of high post-harvest losses and unreliable energy sources.The proposed active hybrid solar dryer features a drying cabinet,two Direct Current(DC)fans for forced convection,and a resistive heating element powered by a 180 W solar PV panel.An energy-storing battery ensures continuous supply to the auxiliaries during periods of low solar irradiance,poor weather conditions,or nighttime.Tomatoes,a delicate and in-demand crop,were selected for experimentation due to their high perishability.Three experiments were conducted on the same prototype:natural convection direct solar dryer(NCDSD),forced convection direct solar dryer(FCDSD),and forced convection hybrid solar dryer(FCHSD).Each experiment began with 0.2 kg of tomatoes at 94%moisture content,achieving significant reductions:28.57%with NCDSD,16.667%with FCDSD,and 16.667%with FCHSD.The observed drying rates varied:1.161 kg/h for NCDSD,2.062 kg/h for FCDSD,and 2.8642 kg/h for FCHSD.This study presents a comparative analysis of efficiency,drying rate,and cost-effectiveness,alongside the system’s economic and environmental feasibility.
文摘The heating area of the material is large and the thermal efficiency is high,but it is n ecessary to control the suitable drying temperature ofdiffere nt medici nal materials to preserve the effective in gredients.D iff ere nt kinds of Chinese medicine need different drying conditions to fulfill good drying requirements.Natural drying in the shade is one of the traditional drying methods,which takes a long time and is easily affected by the weather.The water volatilizes slowly.It is prone to mildew and discoloration during the drying process.However,it can better preserve the volatile oil components of Chinese medicine.The hot-air drying machine has lower requirements.The medicinal materials have a large heating area and high thermal efficiency,but it is necessary to control the appropriate drying temperature of different medicinal materials in order to preserve the active ingredients of the medicinal materials;it is not suitable for medicinal materials that stick and bind easily.The microwave drying method possesses superiority in drying some valuable medicinal materials such as Ren she n(Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng)and Lurong(Co「nu Cervi Pantotrichum),and the effective ingredients are preserved at a high degree;it can also achieve the purpose of killing enzymes and protecting glycosides and have a good bactericidal effect,but it is not suitable for Chinese medicines containing heat-sensitive ingredients,because it will destroy most of the proteins,amino acids,and peptides of Chinese medicine and result in the loss of efficacy.The far-infrared drying method is suitable for drying thin-layer medicinal materials and is friendly to the environment.Freeze-drying can preserve the active ingredients very well and greatly retain the efficacy,but it has obvious limitations in preserving some Chinese medicinal materials that need to kill enzymes and protect glycosides;besides,the cost is relatively high and the drying time is long.
文摘The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.
文摘BACKGROUND Dry eye,also known as keratoconjunctival dryness,refers to a group of conditions that lead to eye discomfort and visual dysfunction.Being one of the most common complications of diabetes,it can lead to vision loss and,in severe cases,blindness in patients with diabetes.AIM To investigate ocular dryness manifestations,assess corneal neuropathy,and identify associated influencing factors in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D)complicated with comorbid dry eye syndrome(DES).METHODS Data from 81 patients with T2D admitted to Xianyang First People’s Hospital between January 2022 and June 2023(18 months)were retrospectively reviewed.Patients were divided into the DES and non-DES groups.Additionally,50 individuals who concurrently underwent medical examinations served as the control group.Standardized assessments were conducted,including evaluations using the standard patient evaluation of eye dryness(SPEED)tool,noninvasive tear film breakup time(NIBUT)analysis,and Schirmer I test(SIt)determination of wetting length.Under a corneal confocal microscope,subbasal corneal neuropathy evaluations were conducted to determine the density,length,number,and tortuosity of the main nerves.Associations among SPEED scores,NIBUT,SIt results,and subbasal corneal neuropathy parameters in the DES group were examined.The DES and non-DES groups were further analyzed for differences in baseline characteristics,and potential risk factors for DES in patients with T2D were identified by multivariate logistic regression modeling.RESULTS The T2D+DES group showed an increase in the SPEED score,along with a decrease in the NIBUT and SIt wetting length,compared with the non-DES and control groups(P<0.05);however,no marked inter-group differences were noted for fluorescein staining test scores between T2D+DES group and DES group.Compared with the non-DES groups,the DES group exhibited reductions in density,length,and number of the main nerves,as well as an increase in nerve tortuosity(all P<0.05),and all these changes were more pronounced in the non-DES group than in the DES group(all P<0.05).In the DES group,the SPEED score demonstrated a significant negative correlation with nerve density and the length and number of the main nerves but a positive correlation with nerve tortuosity.Conversely,both the NIBUT and SIt wetting length showed a positive association with the density and number of the main nerves;however,the SIt wetting length demonstrated an inverse correlation with nerve tortuosity.Multivariate modeling identified several independent risk factors for DES in T2D,such as age,diabetes duration,lacrimal gland dysfunction,and insufficient insulin secretion,as well as fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin.CONCLUSION Patients with T2D are more susceptible to DES.The T2D+DES group exhibited significant reductions in the density,length,and count,along with increased tortuosity,of the main nerve.These corneal nerve changes are also intimately linked to the severity of DES.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2023B0101200006)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515011926)+1 种基金Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates,Guangzhou 510640,China(South China University of Technology)(No.2023B1212060003)State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China(No.SKLAM008-2022)。
文摘The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)droplets using a gold nanoparticle tracer,where the heterogeneous flow field in different regions was illustrated.This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticles at either the center or the edge regions of the droplet exhibit anisotropic kinematic behavior.At early stage,Marangoni backflow causes gold nanoparticles to move towards the edge firstly,and the circles back towards the droplet center after arriving the contact line with a sudden increase in z axis for 10.4μm,indicating the scale of the upward-moving microscopic flow vortices.This phenomenon does not occur in water droplets in the absence of polymers.The gold nanoparticles underwent Brownian-like motion at the center of the PEO droplet or water droplet owing to the low perturbation of the flow field.At the late stage of pinning of the PEO droplets,the motion showed multiple reverses in the direction of the gold nanoparticles,indicating the complexity of the flow field.This study enhances the understanding of the drying dynamics of polymer solution droplets and offers valuable insights into the fabrication of surface materials.
基金Supported by PetroChina Prospective and Basic Technological Project(2022DJ5503).
文摘China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict the evaluation efficiency and exploration process of dry hot rocks.This paper is based on the understanding of the geologic features and genesis mechanisms of hot dry rocks in China and abroad.By integrating the main controlling factors of hot dry rock formation,and using index grading and quantification,the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive method is applied to establish an evaluation system and standards for favorable areas of hot dry rocks.The evaluation system is based on four indicators:heat source,thermal channel,thermal reservoir and cap rock.It includes 11 evaluation parameters,including time of magmatic/volcanic activity,depth of molten mass or magma chamber,distribution of discordogenic faults,burial depth of thermal reservoir,cap rock type and thickness,surface thermal anomaly,heat flow,geothermal gradient,Moho depth,Curie depth,Earthquake magnitude and focal depth.Each parameter is divided into 3 levels.Applying this evaluation system to assess hot dry rock in central Inner Mongolia revealed that Class I favorable zones cover approximately 494 km^(2),while Class II favorable zones span about 5.7×10^(4) km^(2).The Jirgalangtu Sag and Honghaershute Sag in the Erlian Basin,along with Reshuitang Town in Keshiketeng Banner,Reshui Town in Ningcheng County,and Reshuitang Town in Aohan Banner of Chifeng City,are identified as Class I favorable zones for hot dry rock resources.These areas are characterized by high-temperature subsurface molten bodies or magma chambers serving as high-quality heat sources,shallow thermal reservoir depths,and overlying thick sedimentary rock layers acting as caprock.The establishment and application of the evaluation system for favorable areas of hot dry rock are expected to provide new approaches and scientific basis for guiding the practice of selecting hot dry rock areas in China.
基金he National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671617)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),China。
文摘Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while balancing yield to maintain sustainable rice production.A japonica upland rice cultivar and a japonica paddy rice cultivar were cultivated in the field with three cultivation methods:plastic film mulching dry cultivation(PFMC),bare dry cultivation(BC),and continuous flooding cultivation(CF)as control.There was no significant difference in upland rice yield between PFMC and BC,nor in paddy rice yield between PFMC and CF.Compared with CF,the two varieties'yields decreased significantly with BC.Dry cultivation,especially PFMC,could decrease the active filling period,chalky rice rate,chalkiness,amylose content,gel consistency,breakdown viscosity,the ratio of glutelin to prolamin,and leaf senescence while increasing water use efficiency,protein components content,setback viscosity,grain starch branching enzyme(Q-enzyme)activity,and average filling rate.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had a lower yield,shorter active filling period,lower chalkiness grain rate and gel consistency,higher amylose content,breakdown viscosity,protein components content,and average filling rate.Grain Q-enzyme activity and grain-filling parameters were closely related to rice quality.Reasonable dry cultivation methods could balance yield and quality,especially by improving rice's nutritional and appearance quality.
文摘Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial disorder that disturbs ocular surface equilibrium,considerably diminishing quality of life.Present therapies only offer symptomatic alleviation.Stem cell treatment,especially mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),has surfaced as a viable approach for tissue regeneration and immunological regulation in DED.Preclinical and early clinical investigations indicate that MSCs can improve lacrimal gland functionality,diminish inflammation,and facilitate corneal regeneration.Nonetheless,obstacles persist in enhancing MSC viability,determining the optimal MSC source,and guaranteeing sustained therapeutic effectiveness.Additional extensive randomized clinical trials are required to confirm the efficacy of MSC-based therapies for severe DED.
文摘The performance of an AflaSTOP dryer which utilises biomass energy for drying maize was investigated. The drying behaviour of maize grains in the dryer was also investigated using ten (10) thin-layer mathematical models. The models were compared based on coefficient of determination (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>) and Root Mean Square Error (<em>RMSE</em>) values between experimental and predicted moisture ratios. At an average drying air temperature of 50<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and drying air velocity of 2.5 m/s, maize at average moisture content (MC) of 17.5% (wb) was dried to an average MC of 11.5% (wb) in three (3) hours. The drying and thermal efficiency were calculated as 81.1% and 29.6% respectively. Overall, drying took place in the falling rate period. The Logistics model was best to describe the thin-layer drying kinetics of maize in the dryer with <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> value of 0.9902 and <em>RMSE</em> value of 0.04908.
基金supported by the Hyundai NGV and Technology Innovation Program(20010900)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)+1 种基金the support by BK21 FOUR(Human Tech Materials-based Global Elite Cultivation Center for Student Success)funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE,Korea)supported by the Technology Innovation Program Development Program(Grant No.20017477)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)。
文摘Particle-to-particle dry graphene coatings on Ni-rich layered oxide materials are proposed for highenergy lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)to mitigate the inherent and engineering challenges related to the electrochemically fragile surfaces,as well as limiting electrode thickness and density.Utilizing a shear stress-based coating process without supplementary solvent or heat treatment,graphene sheets derived from graphene powder are applied onto the surface of spherical LiNi_(0.89)Co_(0.055)Mn_(0.055)O_(2)(NCM)material.This process achieves a coating thickness equivalent to or fewer than 10 layers of graphene and exposes the basal plane.The graphene-coated material increases particle hardness and mitigates degradation caused by inter-particle pressure,enabling the formation of high-density electrodes without pulverization.In the absence of additional carbon-conducting agents for the high-density composite electrode with a density of 4.0 g cm^(-3),it significantly enhances rate capability,demonstrating more than 5 times improvement by achieving 149.4 mAh g^(-1)at 2 C compared to the bare sample(28.9 mAh g^(-1)).Furthermore,the dry graphene coating enables the high areal capacity of 6.98 mAh cm^(-2).By exposing the basal plane of the graphene coating,the process enhances chemical stability,effectively inhibiting side reactions at the interface and mitigating cycle degradation.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Key Laboratory of Geological Safety of Coastal Urban Underground Space,Ministry of Natural Resources(BHKF2022Y03)Shandong Provincial Colleges and Universities Youth Innovation Technology Support Program,Education Department of Shandong Province(grant number 2023KJ092).
文摘The study focuses on the creep characteristics of significant yellow sandstone for water conservancy, hydropower, and other waterrelated slope excavation unloading rock-graded loading creep characteristics. It conducts a uniaxial graded loading creep test on yellow sandstone under different pre-peak unloading and wetting-drying cycles. The improved nonlinear Nishihara model was obtained by introducing a nonlinear viscous element with an accelerated creep threshold switch. The sensitivity characteristics of the parameters of the improved creep model were analyzed and a nonlinear creep constitutive model was established, considering the unloading-cyclic intrinsic damage induced by water intrusion. The research results show that:(1)With an increase in the unloading point, the porosity of the rock samples initially decreases and then increases. As the number of cyclic water intrusions rises, the porosity of the rock samples gradually increases, reaching a maximum of 9.58% at an unloading point of 70% uniaxial compression stress(0.7 Rc) after five cycles.(2) Total creep deformation increases with the number of cyclic water intrusions;however, with an increase in the unloading ratio, the original samples show an initial decrease, followed by an increase in creep deformation. With a higher unloading ratio and various instances of cyclic water intrusion, the total creep time of the rock samples,compared to the original samples, is reduced by 21.8%and 23.02%. The creep damage mode gradually changes from shear damage to tensile damage.(3) The sensitivity characteristics of the improved creep model parameters show that transient elasticity modulus E1 is affected by the coupling of unloading and cyclic water intrusion. The viscoelastic modulus E2 and viscous coefficient η1 are mainly affected by unloading and cyclic water intrusion.(4) Based on the strain equivalence principle of damage mechanics, the damage treatment of the parameters in the original model is improved to construct a nonlinear creep constitutive model that considers unloading-cyclic water intrusion damage. A parameter inversion and comparison to the traditional Nishihara model reveal an average relative standard deviation of 0.271%,significantly less than 1%, indicating a more accurate nonlinear creep constitutive model. The research results are crucial for analyzing the long-term stability of water-related steep rocky slopes post-excavation and unloading and for preventing and controlling creep-type landslide disasters.
