The current quality standard for polyvinyl alcohol eye drops lacks an impurity assessment,despite the potential impact of raw material impurities on product safety.To strengthen quality control and ensure drug safety,...The current quality standard for polyvinyl alcohol eye drops lacks an impurity assessment,despite the potential impact of raw material impurities on product safety.To strengthen quality control and ensure drug safety,an investigation into the impurity profile of the formulation was conducted,and an HPLC-UV method was developed for impurity quantification.The method validation was performed using an H-type cation exchange column.A total of 116 batches of polyvinyl alcohol eye drops from four manufacturers and two batches of the innovator drug were analyzed.Formic acid was detected exclusively in 0.4 mL samples from Company A and the innovator drug,with concentrations below 0.002%in both cases.Acetic acid was identified in samples from all manufacturers,with levels not exceeding 0.1%.The method demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity,making it well-suited for the quantification of formic and acetic acids in polyvinyl alcohol eye drops.The presence of formic acid was attributed to excipients,whereas acetic acid originated from raw materials and was further generated during pH adjustment in manufacturing.Although the overall impurity levels were low and posed minimal risk to drug safety,manufacturers should remain vigilant regarding impurity control to maintain product quality.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the therapeutic effects of carteolol hydrochloride(CAR)eye drops combined with travoprost(TRA)eye drops in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma(OAG).Methods:A total of 72 OAG patients(87 eyes)hosp...Objective:To analyze the therapeutic effects of carteolol hydrochloride(CAR)eye drops combined with travoprost(TRA)eye drops in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma(OAG).Methods:A total of 72 OAG patients(87 eyes)hospitalized between October 2020 and October 2023 were randomly divided into two groups.The combination group received CAR and TRA eye drops,while the control group received CAR eye drops alone.Treatment outcomes were compared in terms of total efficacy rate,visual acuity,intraocular pressure,visual function indicators,hemodynamic parameters,and ocular surface damage indicators.Results:The combination group showed a higher total efficacy rate compared to the control group.After 3 months of treatment,the combination group had better visual acuity,lower intraocular pressure,higher mean sensitivity,lower mean defect,lower resistance index,and higher end-diastolic velocity and peak systolic velocity compared to the control group(P<0.05).Additionally,the combination group exhibited higher corneal fluorescein staining scores,shorter tear breakup time,and lower Schirmer tear test values compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination of CAR and TRA eye drops improves visual acuity,effectively reduces intraocular pressure,enhances visual function,regulates ocular hemodynamics,and mitigates ocular surface damage in OAG patients,demonstrating superior therapeutic efficacy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome(DES)after diabetic cataract surgery can seriously affect the patient’s quality of life.Therefore,effective alleviation of symptoms in patients with this disease has important clinical sign...BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome(DES)after diabetic cataract surgery can seriously affect the patient’s quality of life.Therefore,effective alleviation of symptoms in patients with this disease has important clinical significance.AIM To explore the clinical effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor(rhEGF)plus sodium hyaluronate(SH)eye drops on DES after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes.METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 82 patients with diabetes who experienced DES after cataract surgery at Tianjin Beichen Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University between April 2021 and April 2023.They were classified into an observation group(42 cases,rhEGF+SH eye drops)and a control group(40 cases,SH eye drops alone),depending on the different treatment schemes.The therapeutic efficacy,dry eye symptom score,tear film breakup time(TFBUT),basic tear secretion score[assessed using Schirmer I test(SIt)],corneal fluorescein staining(FL)score,tear inflammatory markers,adverse reactions during treat-ment,and treatment satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Therapeutic efficacy was higher in the observation group compared with the control group.Both groups showed improved TFBUT and dry eye,as well as improved SIt and FL scores after treatment,with a more pronounced improvement in the observation group.Although no marked differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups,treatment satisfaction was higher in the observation group.CONCLUSION rhEGF+SH eye drops rendered clinical benefits to patients by effectively ameliorating dry eye and visual impairment with favorable efficacy,fewer adverse reactions,and high safety levels.Thus,this treatment should be promoted in clinical practice.展开更多
Background: Dry eye and glaucoma are two common pathologies in the elderly, and are very often associated. This association suggests a link between them and between their treatments. Our purpose for this study is to d...Background: Dry eye and glaucoma are two common pathologies in the elderly, and are very often associated. This association suggests a link between them and between their treatments. Our purpose for this study is to determine the prevalence of dry eye in our glaucoma patients treated with eye drops and deduce the factors associated with it. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, analytical study from October 2022 to September 2023 in the ophthalmology department of Garoua Regional Hospital in glaucoma patients aged over 15 years able to answer the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaires and treated with antiglaucoma eye drops for more than 3 months. These patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination and a tear film break-up time test. Results: A total of 73 patients (146 eyes) were examined. The average age of the patients was 47.2 ± 16.5 years, with a male predominance of 54.8%. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome in our patients according to the OSDI score was 56.2% (95% CI) (44.8;67.6). The prevalence of dry eye syndrome on clinical examination of the BUT in the right eye was 83.7% (95% CI) (75.1;92.1) and 79.4% (70.2;88.7) in the left eye. The duration of antiglaucoma treatment was the factor associated with dry eye syndrome (p < 0.05) in glaucoma patients in our setting. Conclusion: Dry Eye Syndrome is common in glaucoma patients on drops in our setting. Treatment duration of more than 1 year seems to be associated with dry eyes.展开更多
Objective:To explore the value of cyclosporin eye drops in treating dry eye after cataract surgery.Methods:A total of 150 patients with dry eye after cataract surgery were randomly divided into group A(n=50),group B(n...Objective:To explore the value of cyclosporin eye drops in treating dry eye after cataract surgery.Methods:A total of 150 patients with dry eye after cataract surgery were randomly divided into group A(n=50),group B(n=50),and group C(n=50).Artificial tears combined with cyclosporin eye drops were used in group A,artificial tears were used in group B,and no dry eye medication was used in group C.The clinical efficacy,ocular surface function and tear inflammatory factor level before and after surgery were compared between the groups.Results:The total effective rate of group A was 96.00%,which was significantly higher than that of group B and group C(p<.05);three months after surgery,the levels of cornealfluorescein staining score(FL score),tear meniscus height(TMH)and tear inflammatory factors[interleukin 6(IL-6),interleukin 8(IL-8),tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)]in group A were lower than those in group B,and those indicators in group B were lower than those in group C,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(p<.05);three months after surgery,Schirmer test(SIT)and break-up time(BUT)in group A were higher than those in group B,and those indicators in group B were higher than those in group C,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(p<.05).Conclusions:The effect of cyclosporin eye drops in treating dry eye after cataract surgery is satisfactory,significantly improving the ocular surface function and reducing the level of tear inflammatory factors,which is worthy of promotion.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(rbFGF)eye gel combined with tobramycin-dexamethasone(TOB-Dex)eye drops on dry eye syndrome(DES)after cataract surgery.M...Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(rbFGF)eye gel combined with tobramycin-dexamethasone(TOB-Dex)eye drops on dry eye syndrome(DES)after cataract surgery.Methods:86 patients with DES after cataract surgery,admitted from November 2021 to November 2023,were randomly divided into groups.The observation group included 43 patients treated with rbFGF eye gel combined with TOB-Dex eye drops.The reference group included 43 patients treated with TOB-Dex eye drops alone.Multiple indicators,including total effective rate and clinical symptom scores,were compared between the two groups.Results:The total effective rate in the observation group was higher than in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there were no differences in clinical symptom scores,serum factors,or disease severity scores between the two groups(P>0.05).Three weeks after treatment,the observation group had lower clinical symptom scores,serum factors,and disease severity scores compared to the reference group(P<0.05).The adverse reaction rate in the observation group was lower than in the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:rbFGF eye gel combined with TOB-Dex eye drops can improve the clinical efficacy for patients with DES after cataract surgery,alleviate disease symptoms,reduce inflammatory responses,and have fewer adverse reactions.展开更多
The low drug bioavailability of eye drops challenges the therapy of ocular disorders with high efficacy.One of solutions is to extend the corneal retention and enhance the penetration of drug into cornea.Here we synth...The low drug bioavailability of eye drops challenges the therapy of ocular disorders with high efficacy.One of solutions is to extend the corneal retention and enhance the penetration of drug into cornea.Here we synthesize two fluorophore-conjugated peptide based analogs rich in positive charges(i.e.,NBDFFKK)and with a specific ligand(i.e.,NBD-FFRGD),respectively,to visualize their performances in vitro and in vivo.The peptides both can self-assemble into supramolecular hydrogels with the microstructure of nanofibers.The in vitro experiments exhibit that two peptides are both uniformly distributed in cytoplasm,and the intracellular amount of peptide rich in positive charges is significantly larger than that of peptide with a specific ligand.The living corneal fluorescence shows that two peptides enter the corneal stroma within 15 min,and the peptide rich in positive charges is accumulated more extensively throughout the entire cornea,revealing that the supramolecular hydrogel eye drops penetrate the cornea more efficiently via electrostatic interaction than that via ligand-receptor interaction.This work,as a comparative study of supramolecular hydrogel eye drops on penetrating efficiency,indicates a possible direction for the design of eye drops with efficient corneal penetration.展开更多
Objective: to observe the effect of sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with flumirone eye drops in the treatment of children with dry eye. Methods: 120 children with dry eye in our hospital were divided into contro...Objective: to observe the effect of sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with flumirone eye drops in the treatment of children with dry eye. Methods: 120 children with dry eye in our hospital were divided into control group (60 cases: treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops) and experimental group (60 cases: treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with fluoromilone eye drops) according to whether sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with fluoromilone eye drops were used. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Results: after two courses of treatment, the total effective rate of the experimental group (97.22%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group (11.12%) was slightly higher than that in the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: the therapeutic effect of sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with flumirone eye drops in children with dry eye is significantly better than that of sodium hyaluronate eye drops.展开更多
Objective: to determine the efficacy, intraocular pressure, and visual field defects of eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with travoprost ophthalmic solution. Methods: a total of 120 primary open-angle gla...Objective: to determine the efficacy, intraocular pressure, and visual field defects of eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with travoprost ophthalmic solution. Methods: a total of 120 primary open-angle glaucoma patients who volunteered to participate were recruited as test subjects and divided into a control group (n 60, pilocarpine eye drop therapy) versus an observation group (n 60, travoprost eye drop therapy) according to the randomization principle, and the time of the patients admission to the ophthalmology department was in the range of February 2020 to August 2021. The clinical effects after treatment were compared between different groups;The IOP and visual field defects were analyzed before and after treatment in different groups. Results: the overall response rate was 66.67% in the control group while it was 90.00% in the observation group, which was obviously an excellent treatment modality( χ 28.298,P0.004);There was no difference in the IOP performance of the different groups before treatment (P > 0.05), and the IOP improvement after treatment showed a trend toward reduction, and the reduction was more pronounced in the observation group (P 0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of conjunctival hyperemia between the two groups (P 1.000), and periocular hyperpigmentation was observed in the observation group compared with the control group( χ 2 4.386, P 0.036) and thicker and longer eyelashes( χ 2 9.784, P 0.002). Conclusions: travoprost ophthalmic solution, when used in the treatment of patients with primary open angle glaucoma, although it can lead to the thickening of the patients eyelashes growth and periocular pigmentation, it can significantly improve the patients clinical efficacy, has an indispensable role in reducing intraocular pressure and protecting the patients visual field and vision, and has high clinical application and promotion value.展开更多
This article studies numerically a familiar important phenomenon in spray combustion which is deformation and breakup of liquid drops in gas flow. The SIMPLER method is used to solve the two-dimensional （2D） unstead...This article studies numerically a familiar important phenomenon in spray combustion which is deformation and breakup of liquid drops in gas flow. The SIMPLER method is used to solve the two-dimensional （2D） unsteady axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations for both the drop and the ambient gas flow. The level set method is applied to capturing the liquid/gas interface. Through calculation are obtained four typical breakup modes--oscillation, bag breakup, sheet stripping breakup and shear breakup governed by four non-dimensional numbers which are gas Weber number （Weg）, liquid Reynolds number （Rel）, gas Reynolds number （Reg） and density ratio （γ）. Their effects upon each mode are analyzed. The results indicate that among the four numbers, Weg is of the highest importance with Rel, Reg and γfollowing up. By widening the range of the density ratio up to 1 000, the breakup mode is discovered to be so complicated that a new one called multimode breakup mode turns up. This mode contains the shearing breakup and piercing breakup, which successively happen. The calculation results agree well with what is observed from the experiments.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the effects of atropine 0.01% on slowing myopia progression. METHODS: We searched for relevant studies in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Ovid, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wan Fang Data in Chinese. A sup...AIM: To evaluate the effects of atropine 0.01% on slowing myopia progression. METHODS: We searched for relevant studies in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Ovid, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wan Fang Data in Chinese. A supplementary search was conducted in OpenGrey(System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe), the ISRCTN registry, Clinical Trials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform(ICTRP) from the dates of inception to June 30, 2018. RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials(RCTs) with a total of 1079 subjects were included(505 in the atropine 0.01% group and 574 in the control group). The results showed that the atropine 0.01% group exhibited significantly greater control of axial growth than the control group (MD=-0.12, 95%CI(-0.19,-0.06))There was also a statistically significant difference between the atropine 0.01% and control groups in the changes in axial length [MD=-0.14, 95%CI(-0.25,-0.03)], but the quality of evidence was low. There were no significant differences between the atropine 0.01% and control groups in the overall effect with respect to diopter value, change in diopter, distance vision and intraocular pressure (MD=0.08, 95%CI(-0.27, 0.42);MD=0.09, 95%CI(-0.17, 0.36);MD=-0.01, 95%CI(-0.02, 0.00);MD=0.08, 95%CI(-0.56,0.40))The sensitivity analysis showed that the conclusion of the Meta-analysis is relatively stable. With respect to adverse events, there were significant differences between the atropine 0.01% and control groups (OR=0.26, 95%CI(0.11, 0.61))CONCLUSION: Based on the available evidence, atropine 0.01% eye drops offer benefits in controlling axial growth and safety without causing significant differences in diopter values, distance vision and intraocular pressure.展开更多
A high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） system was used in the reversed phase mode for the determination ofbenzalkonium chloride （BKC） in azithromycin viscous ophthalmic drops. A Venusil-XBP（L）-C18 （150...A high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） system was used in the reversed phase mode for the determination ofbenzalkonium chloride （BKC） in azithromycin viscous ophthalmic drops. A Venusil-XBP（L）-C18 （150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 gm） column was used at 50℃. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol-potassium phosphate （16：5, v/v）. Two sample preparation methods were compared. The results suggested that, compared with an extraction procedure, a deproteinization procedure was much quicker and more convenient. Using the deproteinization procedure for sample preparation, calibration curves were linear in the range 5.0-50μg/ml. The within-day and inter-day coefficients of variation were less than 10%. The average recoveries were determined as 96.70%, 98.52%, and 97.96% at concentrations of 10.0, 30.0, and 50.0 μg/ml, respectively. Variability in precision did not exceed 5%. In conclusion, this HPLC method using a simple sample treatment procedure appears suitable for monitoring BKC content in azithromycin viscous ophthalmic drops.展开更多
By virtue of alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM), Newton-Raphson method, ratio consensus approach and running sum method, two distributed iterative strategies are presented in this paper to address the e...By virtue of alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM), Newton-Raphson method, ratio consensus approach and running sum method, two distributed iterative strategies are presented in this paper to address the economic dispatch problem(EDP) in power systems. Different from most of the existing distributed ED approaches which neglect the effects of packet drops or/and time delays, this paper takes into account both packet drops and time delays which frequently occur in communication networks. Moreover, directed and possibly unbalanced graphs are considered in our algorithms, over which many distributed approaches fail to converge. Furthermore, the proposed schemes can address the EDP with local constraints of generators and nonquadratic convex cost functions, not just quadratic ones required in some existing ED approaches. Both theoretical analyses and simulation studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.展开更多
As a case study of spatial and temporal variations in earthquake stress drops between the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan and 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquakes,we computed 1828 stress-drop values for earthquakes with magnitudes 1.7...As a case study of spatial and temporal variations in earthquake stress drops between the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan and 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquakes,we computed 1828 stress-drop values for earthquakes with magnitudes 1.7≤ML≤5.0 during an eight-year time span before and after major earthquakes.We divide the study area into three subregions(the southern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone;the southwestern junction of the Longmen Shan and Sichuan Basin;and the southwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin)and calculate individual event stress drops in each.The results show that regions of alternating high and low stress drop are found on either side of the southwestern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone.During the two-year period after the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,the stress state of the southern Longmen Shan fault shows no significant change.A marked increase in stress level appears about 18 months before the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake near the Lushan hypocenter zone.Two months after the Ms 7.0 event,the stress drops suddenly attenuate,with significantly less seismic energy release per event.We find that changes in the patterns of high and low stress drop values are consistent with the process of stress accumulation or transfer from the pre-mainshock to postmainshock periods.The results indicate that major earthquakes are the dominant cause of temporal and spatial evolution in stress levels.Stress drop variations show obvious temporal and spatial patterns that may suggests subtle changes in the character of stress fields on faults and spatial variations related to local intense compression and tectonic effects.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate effects of endogenous dopamine induced by low concentration atropine eye drops on choroidal neovascularization(CNV)in high myopia mice.METHODS:The C57BL/6J mice were deprived of the right eye for 4wk,a...AIM:To evaluate effects of endogenous dopamine induced by low concentration atropine eye drops on choroidal neovascularization(CNV)in high myopia mice.METHODS:The C57BL/6J mice were deprived of the right eye for 4wk,and the high myopia was diagnosed by optometry,the diopter was less than-6.00 D,and CNV was induced by 532 nm laser.The changes of dopamine D1 receptor(DRD1),dopamine D2 receptor(DRD2),and vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA)were detected by Western blot technology at 0.5,1,2h,and 7d after 0.01%,0.05%,and 0.1%atropine eye drops,respectively,the area of CNV was measured.RESULTS:Significant increases were observed on the expression of DRD2 in mouse high myopia model at 0.5,1,2h,7d with 0.05%and 0.1%atropine eye drops(P<0.05).Significant decreases were observed on the expression of DRD1 and VEGFA in mouse high myopia model at 0.5,1,2h,7d with 0.05%and 0.1%atropine eye drops(P<0.05).The area of CNV induced by laser in the drug-treated group was significantly smaller than that in the control group,and the higher the concentration,the more significant the inhibitory effect(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The 0.01%,0.05%,0.1%atropine eye drops can decrease the level of VEGFA and inhibit high myopia CNV indirectly by up-regulating the level of DRD2 and down-regulating the level of DRD1,and the effect of 0.05%and 0.1%atropine eye drops is more significant.展开更多
In this study we characterized and investigated the specific phenomenon of "companion drops" in the drop-ondemand(DOD) ink jetting process.A series of simulations based on a piezoelectric DOD printhead syste...In this study we characterized and investigated the specific phenomenon of "companion drops" in the drop-ondemand(DOD) ink jetting process.A series of simulations based on a piezoelectric DOD printhead system is presented,adapting the volume-of-fluid(VOF) interface-capturing method to track the boundary evolution and model the interfacial physics.The results illustrate the causality between the generation of companion drops and droplet deviation behavior,as well as their close correlations with ink jetting straightness and printing accuracy.The characteristics of companion drops are summarized and compared with those of satellite drops.Also,a theoretical mechanism for the generation of companion drops is presented,and their effects and behaviors are analyzed and discussed.Finally,the effects of critical factors on the generation of companion drops are investigated and characterized based on variations in the printable pressure range.Recommendations are given for the suppression of companion drops and for the improvement of printing accuracy.展开更多
·AIM:To assess the effect of 0.01%atropine eye drops on intraocular pressure(IOP)in myopic children.·METHODS:A placebo-controlled,double-masked,randomized study.Totally 220 children aged 6 to 12 y with myopi...·AIM:To assess the effect of 0.01%atropine eye drops on intraocular pressure(IOP)in myopic children.·METHODS:A placebo-controlled,double-masked,randomized study.Totally 220 children aged 6 to 12 y with myopia ranging from-1.00 to-6.00 D in both eyes were enrolled.Children were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either 0.01%atropine eye drops or a placebo group using generated random numbers.All participants underwent the examination of IOP and cycloplegic refraction at baseline,6 and 12 mo.The change of IOP and the proportion of subjects with increased IOP in atropine and placebo groups were compared.·RESULTS:Of 220 children,117 were boys(53.2%).A total of 159(72.3%)participants completed the follow-up at the 1-year study.At baseline,the mean IOP was 15.74 mm Hg(95%CI,15.13 to 16.34 mm Hg)for the 0.01%atropine group and 15.59 mm Hg(95%CI,15.00 to 16.19 mm Hg)for placebo group(mean difference,0.14 mm Hg;P=0.743)after adjusting for central corneal thickness at baseline.At one year follow-up,the mean change of IOP was 0.16 mm Hg(95%CI,-0.43 to 0.76 mm Hg)for the 0.01%atropine group and-0.11 mm Hg(95%CI,-0.71 to 0.50 mm Hg)for placebo group(mean difference,0.27 mm Hg;P=0.525)after adjusting for central corneal thickness.The 51.4%of children have increased IOP in the 0.01%atropine group,compared with 45.9%in the placebo group(P=0.511).·CONCLUSION:The 0.01%atropine eye drops do not significantly affect the risk of elevated IOP.It is relatively safer to use in the studies that try to minimize myopia progression.However,a further long-duration study is required to be validated.展开更多
Background:Dry eye is a multifactor disease of the tear film and ocular surface that substantially affects quality of life.Case presentation:Dobesilate administered as eye drops was well tolerated and effective in tre...Background:Dry eye is a multifactor disease of the tear film and ocular surface that substantially affects quality of life.Case presentation:Dobesilate administered as eye drops was well tolerated and effective in treating both the objective signs and subjective symptoms of dry eye disease in this 2-week study.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge,this is the first clinical report of using dobesilate in eye drops.Dobesilate may provide a novel approach to treating drying diseases of the eye.展开更多
A numerical study on the interaction of two spherical drops in the thermocapillary migration is presented in the microgravity environment. Finite-difference methods are adopted. The interfaces of the drops are capture...A numerical study on the interaction of two spherical drops in the thermocapillary migration is presented in the microgravity environment. Finite-difference methods are adopted. The interfaces of the drops are captured by the front-tracking technique. It is found that the arrangement of the drops directly influences their migration and interaction, and the motion of one drop is mainly determined by the disturbed temperature field because of the existence of the other drop.展开更多
基金National Drug Sampling Inspection Project(No.NMPA Drug Admin[2024]1).
文摘The current quality standard for polyvinyl alcohol eye drops lacks an impurity assessment,despite the potential impact of raw material impurities on product safety.To strengthen quality control and ensure drug safety,an investigation into the impurity profile of the formulation was conducted,and an HPLC-UV method was developed for impurity quantification.The method validation was performed using an H-type cation exchange column.A total of 116 batches of polyvinyl alcohol eye drops from four manufacturers and two batches of the innovator drug were analyzed.Formic acid was detected exclusively in 0.4 mL samples from Company A and the innovator drug,with concentrations below 0.002%in both cases.Acetic acid was identified in samples from all manufacturers,with levels not exceeding 0.1%.The method demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity,making it well-suited for the quantification of formic and acetic acids in polyvinyl alcohol eye drops.The presence of formic acid was attributed to excipients,whereas acetic acid originated from raw materials and was further generated during pH adjustment in manufacturing.Although the overall impurity levels were low and posed minimal risk to drug safety,manufacturers should remain vigilant regarding impurity control to maintain product quality.
文摘Objective:To analyze the therapeutic effects of carteolol hydrochloride(CAR)eye drops combined with travoprost(TRA)eye drops in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma(OAG).Methods:A total of 72 OAG patients(87 eyes)hospitalized between October 2020 and October 2023 were randomly divided into two groups.The combination group received CAR and TRA eye drops,while the control group received CAR eye drops alone.Treatment outcomes were compared in terms of total efficacy rate,visual acuity,intraocular pressure,visual function indicators,hemodynamic parameters,and ocular surface damage indicators.Results:The combination group showed a higher total efficacy rate compared to the control group.After 3 months of treatment,the combination group had better visual acuity,lower intraocular pressure,higher mean sensitivity,lower mean defect,lower resistance index,and higher end-diastolic velocity and peak systolic velocity compared to the control group(P<0.05).Additionally,the combination group exhibited higher corneal fluorescein staining scores,shorter tear breakup time,and lower Schirmer tear test values compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination of CAR and TRA eye drops improves visual acuity,effectively reduces intraocular pressure,enhances visual function,regulates ocular hemodynamics,and mitigates ocular surface damage in OAG patients,demonstrating superior therapeutic efficacy.
基金Supported by Tianjin Health Research Project,No.TJWJ2023MS062。
文摘BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome(DES)after diabetic cataract surgery can seriously affect the patient’s quality of life.Therefore,effective alleviation of symptoms in patients with this disease has important clinical significance.AIM To explore the clinical effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor(rhEGF)plus sodium hyaluronate(SH)eye drops on DES after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes.METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 82 patients with diabetes who experienced DES after cataract surgery at Tianjin Beichen Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University between April 2021 and April 2023.They were classified into an observation group(42 cases,rhEGF+SH eye drops)and a control group(40 cases,SH eye drops alone),depending on the different treatment schemes.The therapeutic efficacy,dry eye symptom score,tear film breakup time(TFBUT),basic tear secretion score[assessed using Schirmer I test(SIt)],corneal fluorescein staining(FL)score,tear inflammatory markers,adverse reactions during treat-ment,and treatment satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Therapeutic efficacy was higher in the observation group compared with the control group.Both groups showed improved TFBUT and dry eye,as well as improved SIt and FL scores after treatment,with a more pronounced improvement in the observation group.Although no marked differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups,treatment satisfaction was higher in the observation group.CONCLUSION rhEGF+SH eye drops rendered clinical benefits to patients by effectively ameliorating dry eye and visual impairment with favorable efficacy,fewer adverse reactions,and high safety levels.Thus,this treatment should be promoted in clinical practice.
文摘Background: Dry eye and glaucoma are two common pathologies in the elderly, and are very often associated. This association suggests a link between them and between their treatments. Our purpose for this study is to determine the prevalence of dry eye in our glaucoma patients treated with eye drops and deduce the factors associated with it. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, analytical study from October 2022 to September 2023 in the ophthalmology department of Garoua Regional Hospital in glaucoma patients aged over 15 years able to answer the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaires and treated with antiglaucoma eye drops for more than 3 months. These patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination and a tear film break-up time test. Results: A total of 73 patients (146 eyes) were examined. The average age of the patients was 47.2 ± 16.5 years, with a male predominance of 54.8%. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome in our patients according to the OSDI score was 56.2% (95% CI) (44.8;67.6). The prevalence of dry eye syndrome on clinical examination of the BUT in the right eye was 83.7% (95% CI) (75.1;92.1) and 79.4% (70.2;88.7) in the left eye. The duration of antiglaucoma treatment was the factor associated with dry eye syndrome (p < 0.05) in glaucoma patients in our setting. Conclusion: Dry Eye Syndrome is common in glaucoma patients on drops in our setting. Treatment duration of more than 1 year seems to be associated with dry eyes.
文摘Objective:To explore the value of cyclosporin eye drops in treating dry eye after cataract surgery.Methods:A total of 150 patients with dry eye after cataract surgery were randomly divided into group A(n=50),group B(n=50),and group C(n=50).Artificial tears combined with cyclosporin eye drops were used in group A,artificial tears were used in group B,and no dry eye medication was used in group C.The clinical efficacy,ocular surface function and tear inflammatory factor level before and after surgery were compared between the groups.Results:The total effective rate of group A was 96.00%,which was significantly higher than that of group B and group C(p<.05);three months after surgery,the levels of cornealfluorescein staining score(FL score),tear meniscus height(TMH)and tear inflammatory factors[interleukin 6(IL-6),interleukin 8(IL-8),tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)]in group A were lower than those in group B,and those indicators in group B were lower than those in group C,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(p<.05);three months after surgery,Schirmer test(SIT)and break-up time(BUT)in group A were higher than those in group B,and those indicators in group B were higher than those in group C,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(p<.05).Conclusions:The effect of cyclosporin eye drops in treating dry eye after cataract surgery is satisfactory,significantly improving the ocular surface function and reducing the level of tear inflammatory factors,which is worthy of promotion.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(rbFGF)eye gel combined with tobramycin-dexamethasone(TOB-Dex)eye drops on dry eye syndrome(DES)after cataract surgery.Methods:86 patients with DES after cataract surgery,admitted from November 2021 to November 2023,were randomly divided into groups.The observation group included 43 patients treated with rbFGF eye gel combined with TOB-Dex eye drops.The reference group included 43 patients treated with TOB-Dex eye drops alone.Multiple indicators,including total effective rate and clinical symptom scores,were compared between the two groups.Results:The total effective rate in the observation group was higher than in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there were no differences in clinical symptom scores,serum factors,or disease severity scores between the two groups(P>0.05).Three weeks after treatment,the observation group had lower clinical symptom scores,serum factors,and disease severity scores compared to the reference group(P<0.05).The adverse reaction rate in the observation group was lower than in the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:rbFGF eye gel combined with TOB-Dex eye drops can improve the clinical efficacy for patients with DES after cataract surgery,alleviate disease symptoms,reduce inflammatory responses,and have fewer adverse reactions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82102215 and 82372129)Wenzhou Medical University Scientific Research Fund(No.KYQD20210602)。
文摘The low drug bioavailability of eye drops challenges the therapy of ocular disorders with high efficacy.One of solutions is to extend the corneal retention and enhance the penetration of drug into cornea.Here we synthesize two fluorophore-conjugated peptide based analogs rich in positive charges(i.e.,NBDFFKK)and with a specific ligand(i.e.,NBD-FFRGD),respectively,to visualize their performances in vitro and in vivo.The peptides both can self-assemble into supramolecular hydrogels with the microstructure of nanofibers.The in vitro experiments exhibit that two peptides are both uniformly distributed in cytoplasm,and the intracellular amount of peptide rich in positive charges is significantly larger than that of peptide with a specific ligand.The living corneal fluorescence shows that two peptides enter the corneal stroma within 15 min,and the peptide rich in positive charges is accumulated more extensively throughout the entire cornea,revealing that the supramolecular hydrogel eye drops penetrate the cornea more efficiently via electrostatic interaction than that via ligand-receptor interaction.This work,as a comparative study of supramolecular hydrogel eye drops on penetrating efficiency,indicates a possible direction for the design of eye drops with efficient corneal penetration.
文摘Objective: to observe the effect of sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with flumirone eye drops in the treatment of children with dry eye. Methods: 120 children with dry eye in our hospital were divided into control group (60 cases: treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops) and experimental group (60 cases: treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with fluoromilone eye drops) according to whether sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with fluoromilone eye drops were used. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Results: after two courses of treatment, the total effective rate of the experimental group (97.22%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group (11.12%) was slightly higher than that in the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: the therapeutic effect of sodium hyaluronate eye drops combined with flumirone eye drops in children with dry eye is significantly better than that of sodium hyaluronate eye drops.
文摘Objective: to determine the efficacy, intraocular pressure, and visual field defects of eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with travoprost ophthalmic solution. Methods: a total of 120 primary open-angle glaucoma patients who volunteered to participate were recruited as test subjects and divided into a control group (n 60, pilocarpine eye drop therapy) versus an observation group (n 60, travoprost eye drop therapy) according to the randomization principle, and the time of the patients admission to the ophthalmology department was in the range of February 2020 to August 2021. The clinical effects after treatment were compared between different groups;The IOP and visual field defects were analyzed before and after treatment in different groups. Results: the overall response rate was 66.67% in the control group while it was 90.00% in the observation group, which was obviously an excellent treatment modality( χ 28.298,P0.004);There was no difference in the IOP performance of the different groups before treatment (P > 0.05), and the IOP improvement after treatment showed a trend toward reduction, and the reduction was more pronounced in the observation group (P 0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of conjunctival hyperemia between the two groups (P 1.000), and periocular hyperpigmentation was observed in the observation group compared with the control group( χ 2 4.386, P 0.036) and thicker and longer eyelashes( χ 2 9.784, P 0.002). Conclusions: travoprost ophthalmic solution, when used in the treatment of patients with primary open angle glaucoma, although it can lead to the thickening of the patients eyelashes growth and periocular pigmentation, it can significantly improve the patients clinical efficacy, has an indispensable role in reducing intraocular pressure and protecting the patients visual field and vision, and has high clinical application and promotion value.
文摘This article studies numerically a familiar important phenomenon in spray combustion which is deformation and breakup of liquid drops in gas flow. The SIMPLER method is used to solve the two-dimensional （2D） unsteady axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations for both the drop and the ambient gas flow. The level set method is applied to capturing the liquid/gas interface. Through calculation are obtained four typical breakup modes--oscillation, bag breakup, sheet stripping breakup and shear breakup governed by four non-dimensional numbers which are gas Weber number （Weg）, liquid Reynolds number （Rel）, gas Reynolds number （Reg） and density ratio （γ）. Their effects upon each mode are analyzed. The results indicate that among the four numbers, Weg is of the highest importance with Rel, Reg and γfollowing up. By widening the range of the density ratio up to 1 000, the breakup mode is discovered to be so complicated that a new one called multimode breakup mode turns up. This mode contains the shearing breakup and piercing breakup, which successively happen. The calculation results agree well with what is observed from the experiments.
基金Supported by National Major Science and Technology Project “Application of Multi-wavelength Structure Functional Retina Imager in Theoretical Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine”(No.2013YQ49085904)Sichuan Science and Technology Department-Research on the basic protection of retinal ganglion cells in traditional Chinese medicine(No.17CXTD0064)Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau-Promotion and demonstration of fundus screening technology for diabetic microangiopathy(No.2015-HM02-00093-SF)
文摘AIM: To evaluate the effects of atropine 0.01% on slowing myopia progression. METHODS: We searched for relevant studies in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Ovid, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wan Fang Data in Chinese. A supplementary search was conducted in OpenGrey(System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe), the ISRCTN registry, Clinical Trials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform(ICTRP) from the dates of inception to June 30, 2018. RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials(RCTs) with a total of 1079 subjects were included(505 in the atropine 0.01% group and 574 in the control group). The results showed that the atropine 0.01% group exhibited significantly greater control of axial growth than the control group (MD=-0.12, 95%CI(-0.19,-0.06))There was also a statistically significant difference between the atropine 0.01% and control groups in the changes in axial length [MD=-0.14, 95%CI(-0.25,-0.03)], but the quality of evidence was low. There were no significant differences between the atropine 0.01% and control groups in the overall effect with respect to diopter value, change in diopter, distance vision and intraocular pressure (MD=0.08, 95%CI(-0.27, 0.42);MD=0.09, 95%CI(-0.17, 0.36);MD=-0.01, 95%CI(-0.02, 0.00);MD=0.08, 95%CI(-0.56,0.40))The sensitivity analysis showed that the conclusion of the Meta-analysis is relatively stable. With respect to adverse events, there were significant differences between the atropine 0.01% and control groups (OR=0.26, 95%CI(0.11, 0.61))CONCLUSION: Based on the available evidence, atropine 0.01% eye drops offer benefits in controlling axial growth and safety without causing significant differences in diopter values, distance vision and intraocular pressure.
基金Project (No. 2008BAI55B03) supported by the Key Project of the National Science and Technology Pillar Program, China
文摘A high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） system was used in the reversed phase mode for the determination ofbenzalkonium chloride （BKC） in azithromycin viscous ophthalmic drops. A Venusil-XBP（L）-C18 （150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 gm） column was used at 50℃. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol-potassium phosphate （16：5, v/v）. Two sample preparation methods were compared. The results suggested that, compared with an extraction procedure, a deproteinization procedure was much quicker and more convenient. Using the deproteinization procedure for sample preparation, calibration curves were linear in the range 5.0-50μg/ml. The within-day and inter-day coefficients of variation were less than 10%. The average recoveries were determined as 96.70%, 98.52%, and 97.96% at concentrations of 10.0, 30.0, and 50.0 μg/ml, respectively. Variability in precision did not exceed 5%. In conclusion, this HPLC method using a simple sample treatment procedure appears suitable for monitoring BKC content in azithromycin viscous ophthalmic drops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61673077)。
文摘By virtue of alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM), Newton-Raphson method, ratio consensus approach and running sum method, two distributed iterative strategies are presented in this paper to address the economic dispatch problem(EDP) in power systems. Different from most of the existing distributed ED approaches which neglect the effects of packet drops or/and time delays, this paper takes into account both packet drops and time delays which frequently occur in communication networks. Moreover, directed and possibly unbalanced graphs are considered in our algorithms, over which many distributed approaches fail to converge. Furthermore, the proposed schemes can address the EDP with local constraints of generators and nonquadratic convex cost functions, not just quadratic ones required in some existing ED approaches. Both theoretical analyses and simulation studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
基金supported by the China Seismic Experiment Site Project(Grant No.2018CSES0209)the Project of Science for Earthquake Resilience(Grant No.XH202302),part of the China Earthquake Administration。
文摘As a case study of spatial and temporal variations in earthquake stress drops between the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan and 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquakes,we computed 1828 stress-drop values for earthquakes with magnitudes 1.7≤ML≤5.0 during an eight-year time span before and after major earthquakes.We divide the study area into three subregions(the southern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone;the southwestern junction of the Longmen Shan and Sichuan Basin;and the southwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin)and calculate individual event stress drops in each.The results show that regions of alternating high and low stress drop are found on either side of the southwestern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone.During the two-year period after the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,the stress state of the southern Longmen Shan fault shows no significant change.A marked increase in stress level appears about 18 months before the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake near the Lushan hypocenter zone.Two months after the Ms 7.0 event,the stress drops suddenly attenuate,with significantly less seismic energy release per event.We find that changes in the patterns of high and low stress drop values are consistent with the process of stress accumulation or transfer from the pre-mainshock to postmainshock periods.The results indicate that major earthquakes are the dominant cause of temporal and spatial evolution in stress levels.Stress drop variations show obvious temporal and spatial patterns that may suggests subtle changes in the character of stress fields on faults and spatial variations related to local intense compression and tectonic effects.
文摘AIM:To evaluate effects of endogenous dopamine induced by low concentration atropine eye drops on choroidal neovascularization(CNV)in high myopia mice.METHODS:The C57BL/6J mice were deprived of the right eye for 4wk,and the high myopia was diagnosed by optometry,the diopter was less than-6.00 D,and CNV was induced by 532 nm laser.The changes of dopamine D1 receptor(DRD1),dopamine D2 receptor(DRD2),and vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA)were detected by Western blot technology at 0.5,1,2h,and 7d after 0.01%,0.05%,and 0.1%atropine eye drops,respectively,the area of CNV was measured.RESULTS:Significant increases were observed on the expression of DRD2 in mouse high myopia model at 0.5,1,2h,7d with 0.05%and 0.1%atropine eye drops(P<0.05).Significant decreases were observed on the expression of DRD1 and VEGFA in mouse high myopia model at 0.5,1,2h,7d with 0.05%and 0.1%atropine eye drops(P<0.05).The area of CNV induced by laser in the drug-treated group was significantly smaller than that in the control group,and the higher the concentration,the more significant the inhibitory effect(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The 0.01%,0.05%,0.1%atropine eye drops can decrease the level of VEGFA and inhibit high myopia CNV indirectly by up-regulating the level of DRD2 and down-regulating the level of DRD1,and the effect of 0.05%and 0.1%atropine eye drops is more significant.
基金Project supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(No. 2011BAD01B03)the Key Project of Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province (No. 2009C11099)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. Y1110230)
文摘In this study we characterized and investigated the specific phenomenon of "companion drops" in the drop-ondemand(DOD) ink jetting process.A series of simulations based on a piezoelectric DOD printhead system is presented,adapting the volume-of-fluid(VOF) interface-capturing method to track the boundary evolution and model the interfacial physics.The results illustrate the causality between the generation of companion drops and droplet deviation behavior,as well as their close correlations with ink jetting straightness and printing accuracy.The characteristics of companion drops are summarized and compared with those of satellite drops.Also,a theoretical mechanism for the generation of companion drops is presented,and their effects and behaviors are analyzed and discussed.Finally,the effects of critical factors on the generation of companion drops are investigated and characterized based on variations in the printable pressure range.Recommendations are given for the suppression of companion drops and for the improvement of printing accuracy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071000)the Beijing Science Foundation for Distinguished Yong Scholars(No.JQ20029)+2 种基金the Capital Health Research and Development of Special(No.2020-2-1081)Supported by the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program(No.PX2022007)the Primary Scientific Research Foundation for the Junior Researcher in Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University(No.2020-YJJ-ZZL-011)。
文摘·AIM:To assess the effect of 0.01%atropine eye drops on intraocular pressure(IOP)in myopic children.·METHODS:A placebo-controlled,double-masked,randomized study.Totally 220 children aged 6 to 12 y with myopia ranging from-1.00 to-6.00 D in both eyes were enrolled.Children were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either 0.01%atropine eye drops or a placebo group using generated random numbers.All participants underwent the examination of IOP and cycloplegic refraction at baseline,6 and 12 mo.The change of IOP and the proportion of subjects with increased IOP in atropine and placebo groups were compared.·RESULTS:Of 220 children,117 were boys(53.2%).A total of 159(72.3%)participants completed the follow-up at the 1-year study.At baseline,the mean IOP was 15.74 mm Hg(95%CI,15.13 to 16.34 mm Hg)for the 0.01%atropine group and 15.59 mm Hg(95%CI,15.00 to 16.19 mm Hg)for placebo group(mean difference,0.14 mm Hg;P=0.743)after adjusting for central corneal thickness at baseline.At one year follow-up,the mean change of IOP was 0.16 mm Hg(95%CI,-0.43 to 0.76 mm Hg)for the 0.01%atropine group and-0.11 mm Hg(95%CI,-0.71 to 0.50 mm Hg)for placebo group(mean difference,0.27 mm Hg;P=0.525)after adjusting for central corneal thickness.The 51.4%of children have increased IOP in the 0.01%atropine group,compared with 45.9%in the placebo group(P=0.511).·CONCLUSION:The 0.01%atropine eye drops do not significantly affect the risk of elevated IOP.It is relatively safer to use in the studies that try to minimize myopia progression.However,a further long-duration study is required to be validated.
文摘Background:Dry eye is a multifactor disease of the tear film and ocular surface that substantially affects quality of life.Case presentation:Dobesilate administered as eye drops was well tolerated and effective in treating both the objective signs and subjective symptoms of dry eye disease in this 2-week study.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge,this is the first clinical report of using dobesilate in eye drops.Dobesilate may provide a novel approach to treating drying diseases of the eye.
基金Project supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KJCX2-YW-L08)
文摘A numerical study on the interaction of two spherical drops in the thermocapillary migration is presented in the microgravity environment. Finite-difference methods are adopted. The interfaces of the drops are captured by the front-tracking technique. It is found that the arrangement of the drops directly influences their migration and interaction, and the motion of one drop is mainly determined by the disturbed temperature field because of the existence of the other drop.
