This study discusses the scope of application of the Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic for the tokamak with reactor technologies(TRT)project.This involved numerical modeling of the three-dimensional(3D)beam trajec...This study discusses the scope of application of the Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic for the tokamak with reactor technologies(TRT)project.This involved numerical modeling of the three-dimensional(3D)beam trajectories.Calculations were performed to investigate the propagation of microwaves in the V(40–75 GHz)and W(75–110 GHz)frequency ranges with O-mode polarization for the density profile of the base TRT scenario.Our analysis showed that the DBS system antenna on the TRT would need to be tilted in both the poloidal and toroidal directions in order to meet the condition Kperp/Kpar<10%..For the DBS system located in the equatorial plane it was shown that a wide range of poloidal and toroidal angles is available for the successful implementation of the diagnostic to study the core,pedestal and scrape-off layer(SOL)regions.The DBS system located at 35 cm above the equatorial plane would be more limited in measurements only covering the SOL and pedestal regions.A shift of the cut-offs in the toroidal direction highlighted the need for 3D analysis of the DBS data.展开更多
As an advanced device for observing atmospheric winds,the spaceborne Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne(DASH)interferometer also encounters challenges associated with phase distortion,par-ticularly in limb sounding...As an advanced device for observing atmospheric winds,the spaceborne Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne(DASH)interferometer also encounters challenges associated with phase distortion,par-ticularly in limb sounding scenarios.This paper discusses interferogram modeling and phase distortion cor-rection techniques for spaceborne DASH interferometers.The modeling of phase distortion interferograms with and without Doppler shift for limb observation was conducted,and the effectiveness of the analytical expression was verified through numerical simulation.The simulation results indicate that errors propagate layer by layer while using the onion-peeling inversion algorithm to handle phase-distorted interferograms.In contrast,the phase distortion correction algorithm can achieve effective correction.This phase correction method can be successfully applied to correct phase distortions in the interferograms of the spaceborne DASH interferometer,providing a feasible solution to enhance its measurement accuracy.展开更多
Orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)can resist the Doppler effect and guarantee reliable communication in high-speed scenarios.However,the Doppler rate induced by the relative acceleration between the transmitter and...Orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)can resist the Doppler effect and guarantee reliable communication in high-speed scenarios.However,the Doppler rate induced by the relative acceleration between the transmitter and receiver degrades the performance of the OTFS.So far,the impact of the Doppler rate on OTFS systems has not been addressed.In this paper,we first introduce the Doppler rate in the OTFS system and derive the delay-Doppler domain input-output relation.In addition,the impact of the Doppler rate on the effective delay-Doppler domain channel is characterized by utilizing the first mean value theorem for definite integrals to avoid complicated integrals.To mitigate the effect of the Doppler rate,a large-scale antenna array is arranged at the receiver to separate each path of the multi-path channel through a high-resolution spatial matched filter beamformer.Next,the Doppler rate estimation scheme for an arbitrary order Doppler rate is proposed based on the successive interference cancellation pattern and the maximization of the spectrum of the ratio of high-order moments between the received samples in the identified branch and the transmitted samples.Finally,the estimation accuracy of the Doppler rate and the error performance of the proposed transceiver are validated by the numerical results.展开更多
The Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic is widely used to measure the localized density fluctuations and the propagation velocity of turbulent structures.Microwave is launched at a frequency that approaches a cutoff...The Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic is widely used to measure the localized density fluctuations and the propagation velocity of turbulent structures.Microwave is launched at a frequency that approaches a cutoff layer in the plasma at an angle oblique to the cutoff layer.A new Q-band multichannel DBS system based on a comb generator has been designed and tested for application on the HL-3 tokamak.With the comb generator and heterodyne scheme,the stability and flexibility of the new DBS system are improved.The new DBS diagnostic has a high output power(~10 dBm),good power flatness(<5 dB in Q-band),and frequency stability,and the inter-frequency separation is tunable remotely.This article introduces the system design,laboratory test results,and initial experimental results from the HL-3 tokamak.With the help of the newly developed multichannel DBS,the turbulence information can be studied with high temporal and spatial resolution.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia is a significant challenge in obstetric care and adversely affects the feto-maternal outcomes,causing significant perinatal morbidity and mortality.Early detection of women at higher risk of d...BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia is a significant challenge in obstetric care and adversely affects the feto-maternal outcomes,causing significant perinatal morbidity and mortality.Early detection of women at higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia in the first trimester provides a vital opportunity to initiate timely prophylactic therapies.First-trimester uterine artery Doppler is gaining prominence as a promising tool in early risk stratification.AIM To assess the role of uterine artery Doppler in screening for pre-eclampsia at 11-14 weeks of gestation.METHODS Pregnant women attending routine antenatal care between 11 weeks and 14 weeks of gestation and undergoing first-trimester nuchal translucency screening were offered enrolment in the study.After calculating gestational age from the last menstrual period or fetal biometry(crown-rump length),Doppler ultrasound of bilateral uterine arteries was performed,and relevant Doppler parameters were recorded.Patients were followed until delivery for development of preeclampsia.RESULTS Out of a total of 342 participants,42 women(12.28%)developed preeclampsia,while the remaining 300 women(87.71%)had a normal pregnancy without preeclampsia.The mean uterine artery pulsatility index was significantly elevated in the pre-eclampsia group(1.9455±0.36)compared to the normal group(1.474±0.52)(P<0.001).Using a pulsatility index threshold of 1.622,the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 75%(95%confidence internal:0.66-0.82),specificity of 86%(95%confidence internal:0.78-0.91),positive predictive value of 84.27%,and negative predictive value of 77.48%with a diagnostic accuracy of 80.5%.The area under the curve was 0.896,indicating good diagnostic performance.Uterine artery notching was observed in 88%of the pre-eclampsia group compared to 16%in the control group,a difference that was statistically significant(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Uterine artery Doppler in the first trimester at 11-14 weeks of gestation showed a good diagnostic value for forecasting the development of pre-eclampsia and holds promise as a valuable tool for early risk stratification.展开更多
Low-frequency signals have been proven valuable in the fields of target detection and geological exploration.Nevertheless,the practical implementation of these signals is hindered by large antenna diameters,limiting t...Low-frequency signals have been proven valuable in the fields of target detection and geological exploration.Nevertheless,the practical implementation of these signals is hindered by large antenna diameters,limiting their potential applications.Therefore,it is imperative to study the creation of lowfrequency signals using antennas with suitable dimensions.In contrast to conventional mechanical antenna techniques,our study generates low-frequency signals in the spatial domain utilizing the principle of the Doppler effect.We also defines the antenna array architecture,the timing sequency,and the radiating element signal waveform,and provides experimental prototypes including 8/64 antennas based on earlier research.In the conducted experiments,121 MHz,40 MHz,and 10 kHz composite signals are generated by 156 MHz radiating element signals.The composite signal spectrum matches the simulations,proving our low-frequency signal generating method works.This holds significant implications for research on generating low-frequency signals with small-sized antennas.展开更多
Patent foramen ovale(PFO)is a common congenital heart disorder associated with stroke,decompression sickness and migraine.Combining synchronized contrast transcranial Doppler with contrast transthoracic echocardiograp...Patent foramen ovale(PFO)is a common congenital heart disorder associated with stroke,decompression sickness and migraine.Combining synchronized contrast transcranial Doppler with contrast transthoracic echocardiography has important clinical significance and can improve the accuracy of detecting right-left shunts(RLSs)in patients with PFO.In this letter,regarding an original study presented by Yao et al,we present our insights and discuss how to better help clinicians evaluate changes in PFO-related RLS.展开更多
The research on ocean dynamics information plays a crucial role in understanding ocean phenomena, assessing marine environmental impacts, and guiding engineering designs. The Doppler information observed by radars ref...The research on ocean dynamics information plays a crucial role in understanding ocean phenomena, assessing marine environmental impacts, and guiding engineering designs. The Doppler information observed by radars reflects sea surface dynamics, to which ocean waves make important contributions. Low-incidence-angle real aperture radar(RAR)demonstrates great potential for independently observing vectorial Doppler information on the ocean surface. To systematically characterize and accurately estimate the wave-induced Doppler frequency shift(WVF) from lowincidence-angle RAR, this study conducts comprehensive influencing factor analysis and establishes sea-stateparameterized WVF models. First, a simulated WVF dataset is generated under a rotating low-incidence-angle RAR.The feature parameters of WVF are then determined by analysing contributing factors including wind waves, swells,and sea state parameters. Furthermore, two WVF models(WVF_Ku P9 with 9 inputs and WVF_Ku P4 with 4 inputs) are constructed by the Transformer encoder for different application scenarios. Both models achieve high accuracy for WVF estimation with root mean square errors(RMSE) of 1.874 Hz and 2.716 Hz, respectively. The reliability and superiority of the proposed models are validated through comparisons with the Ka DOP, which is a typical geophysical model function(GMF). The findings in this paper advance the understanding of WVF characteristics and generation mechanisms. The proposed estimation models can provide reliable estimates, offering critical references for lowincidence-angle RAR applications such as ocean surface current retrieval.展开更多
Velocity incorporates user dynamic characteristics,facilitating more precise predictions about the positioning.However,the positioning,velocity,and timing services derived from Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)...Velocity incorporates user dynamic characteristics,facilitating more precise predictions about the positioning.However,the positioning,velocity,and timing services derived from Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)undergo accuracy degradation in urban environments due to multipath/Non-Line of Sight(NLOS)effects.Fault detection and exclusion(FDE)methods can mitigate these effects.However,the existing methods,such as the multi-hypothesis separation solution(MHSS),exhibit high computational burdens and cannot perform accurate exclusion due to the excessive fault modes.In response,a fault detection and correction(FDC)method is developed to address outliers arising from multipath/NLOS in the Doppler measurements.To alleviate computational demands while simultaneously improving velocity estimation accuracy,multipath/NLOS sparsity assumptions and grouping constraints are introduced.Specifically,the grouping-sparsity enforcing Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(GS-LASSO)is introduced to jointly detect and correct multipath/NLOS-induced outliers.A grouping strategy based on sky-map and carrier-to-noise ratio is introduced,which is coupled with a new cost function to improve sparsity estimation.To facilitate the implementation,a solver and parameter-tuning method incorporating false alarm rates are developed.The performance of GS-LASSO is compared with that of MHSS.The results show that GS-LASSO reduces greater velocity errors in the urban environment,while requiring limited computational load.展开更多
This paper addresses the challenges of insufficient navigation accuracy,low path-planning efficiency,and poor environmental adaptability faced by deep space rovers in complex extraterrestrial environments(e.g.,the Moo...This paper addresses the challenges of insufficient navigation accuracy,low path-planning efficiency,and poor environmental adaptability faced by deep space rovers in complex extraterrestrial environments(e.g.,the Moon and Mars).A novel autonomous navigation scheme is proposed that integrates laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV)with star trackers(ST)and inertial navigation system(INS).The scheme suppresses slip errors from wheel odometry through non-contact,high-precision laser speed measurement(accuracy better than 0.1%).By deeply fusing multi-source data via a Kalman filter algorithm,high-precision positioning is realized under extreme extraterrestrial conditions such as weak illumination and dust coverage.This solution features high accuracy,non-contact measurement,and anti-interference capabilities,significantly improving the navigation accuracy and autonomy of deep space rovers in complex environments.展开更多
To address the issue of low measurement accuracy caused by noise interference in the acquisition of low fluid flow rate signals with ultrasonic Doppler flow meters,a novel signal processing algorithm that combines ens...To address the issue of low measurement accuracy caused by noise interference in the acquisition of low fluid flow rate signals with ultrasonic Doppler flow meters,a novel signal processing algorithm that combines ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)and cross-correlation algorithm was proposed.Firstly,a fast Fourier transform(FFT)spectrum analysis was utilized to ascertain the frequency range of the signal.Secondly,data acquisition was conducted at an appropriate sampling frequency,and the acquired Doppler flow rate signal was then decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions(IMFs)by EEMD.Subsequently,these decomposed IMFs were recombined based on their energy entropy,and then the noise of the recombined Doppler flow rate signal was removed by cross-correlation filtering.Finally,an ideal ultrasonic Doppler flow rate signal was extracted.Simulation and experimental verification show that the proposed Doppler flow signal processing method can effectively enhance the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and extend the lower limit of measurement of the ultrasonic Doppler flow meter.展开更多
An innovative complex lidar system deployed on an airborne rotorcraft platform for remote sensing of atmospheric pollution is proposed and demonstrated.The system incorporates integrated-path differential absorption l...An innovative complex lidar system deployed on an airborne rotorcraft platform for remote sensing of atmospheric pollution is proposed and demonstrated.The system incorporates integrated-path differential absorption lidar(DIAL) and coherent-doppler lidar(CDL) techniques using a dual tunable TEA CO_(2)laser in the 9—11 μm band and a 1.55 μm fiber laser.By combining the principles of differential absorption detection and pulsed coherent detection,the system enables agile and remote sensing of atmospheric pollution.Extensive static tests validate the system’s real-time detection capabilities,including the measurement of concentration-path-length product(CL),front distance,and path wind speed of air pollution plumes over long distances exceeding 4 km.Flight experiments is conducted with the helicopter.Scanning of the pollutant concentration and the wind field is carried out in an approximately 1 km slant range over scanning angle ranges from 45°to 65°,with a radial resolution of 30 m and10 s.The test results demonstrate the system’s ability to spatially map atmospheric pollution plumes and predict their motion and dispersion patterns,thereby ensuring the protection of public safety.展开更多
As a new type of wind field detection equipment, coherent Doppler wind lidar(CDWL) still needs more relevant observation experiments to compare and verify whether it can achieve the accuracy and precision of tradition...As a new type of wind field detection equipment, coherent Doppler wind lidar(CDWL) still needs more relevant observation experiments to compare and verify whether it can achieve the accuracy and precision of traditional observation equipment in urban areas. In this experiment, a self-developed CDWL provided four months of observations in the southern Beijing area. After the data acquisition time and height match, the wind profile data obtained based on a Doppler beam swinging(DBS) five-beam inversion algorithm were compared with radiosonde data released from the same location. The standard deviation(SD) of wind speed is 0.8 m s^(–1), and the coefficient of determination R~2 is 0.95. The SD of the wind direction is 17.7° with an R~2 of 0.96. Below the height of the roughness sublayer(about 400 m), the error in wind speed and wind direction is significantly greater than the error above the height of the boundary layer(about 1500 m). For the case of wind speeds less than 4 m s^(–1), the error of wind direction is more significant and is affected by the distribution of surrounding buildings. Averaging at different height levels using suitable time windows can effectively reduce the effects of turbulence and thus reduce the error caused by the different measurement methods of the two devices.展开更多
The World Journal of Cardiology published an article written by Kuwahara et al that we take the pleasure to comment on.We focused our attention on venous congestion.In intensive care settings,it is now widely accepted...The World Journal of Cardiology published an article written by Kuwahara et al that we take the pleasure to comment on.We focused our attention on venous congestion.In intensive care settings,it is now widely accepted that venous congestion is an important clinical feature worthy of investigation.Evaluating venous Doppler profile abnormalities at multiple sites could suggest adequate treatment and monitor its efficacy.Renal dysfunction could trigger or worsen fluid overload in heart disease,and cardio-renal syndrome is a well-characterized spectrum of disorders describing the complex interactions between heart and kidney diseases.Fluid overload and venous congestion,including renal venous hypertension,are major determinants of acute and chronic renal dysfunction arising in heart disease.Organ congestion from venous hypertension could be involved in the development of organ injury in several clinical situations,such as critical diseases,congestive heart failure,and chronic kidney disease.Ultrasonography and abnormal Doppler flow patterns diagnose clinically significant systemic venous congestion.Cardiologists and nephrologists might use this valuable,noninvasive,bedside diagnostic tool to establish fluid status and guide clinical choices.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patent foramen ovale(PFO)-related right-to-left shunts(RLSs)have been impli-cated in cryptogenic stroke and migraine,with larger shunts posing a higher risk.When used individually to detect RLS,contrast tra...BACKGROUND Patent foramen ovale(PFO)-related right-to-left shunts(RLSs)have been impli-cated in cryptogenic stroke and migraine,with larger shunts posing a higher risk.When used individually to detect RLS,contrast transcranial Doppler(cTCD)and contrast transthoracic echocardiography(cTTE)may yield false-negative results.Further,the literature exposes gaps regarding the understanding of the limitations of cTCD and cTTE,presents conflicting recommendations on their exclusive use,and highlights inefficiencies associated with nonsynchronous testing.AIM To investigate the accuracy of multimodal ultrasound to improve diagnostic efficiency in detecting PFO-related RLSs.METHODS We prospectively enrolled four patients with cryptogenic stroke(n=1),migraine(n=2),and unexplained dizziness(n=1)who underwent synchronized cTCD combined with cTTE.The participants were monitored and followed-up for 24 months.RESULTS cTTE identified moderate and large RLSs in patients with recurrent cryptogenic stroke and migraines,whereas cTCD revealed only small RLSs.Moderate and large RLS were confirmed on combined cTTE and cTCD.After excluding other causes,both patients underwent PFO occlusion.At 21-and 24-month follow-up examinations,neither stroke nor migraine had recurred.cTTE revealed a small RLS in a third patient with unexplained dizziness and a fourth patient with migraines;however,simultaneous cTCD detected a large RLS.These patients did not undergo interventional occlusion,and dizziness and headache recurred at the 17-and 24-month follow-up examin-ations.CONCLUSION Using cTTE or cTCD may underestimate RLS,impairing risk assessments.Combining synchronized cTCD with cTTE could enhance testing accuracy and support better diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.展开更多
The first results of investigation of the turbulence structure using Doppler backscattering(DBS)on the Globus-M2 tokamak are presented.A one-channel DBS system with a variable probing frequency within the 18–26 GHz r...The first results of investigation of the turbulence structure using Doppler backscattering(DBS)on the Globus-M2 tokamak are presented.A one-channel DBS system with a variable probing frequency within the 18–26 GHz range was installed to investigate the edge plasma at normalized minor radiiρ=0.9–1.1.Radial correlation Doppler reflectometry was used to study the changes in turbulence eddies after the LH transition.Correlation analysis was applied to the phase derivative of complex in-phase and quadrature(IQ)signals of the DBS diagnostic as it contains information about the poloidal plasma rotation velocity.In L-mode,the radial correlation length L_(r)is estimated to be 3 cm and after transition to H-mode reduces to approximately 2 cm.Gyrokinetic modelling in a linear local approximation using code GENE indicates that the instability with positive growth rate at the normalized minor radiusρ=0.75 in L-mode and H-mode on Globus-M2 was the ion temperature gradient(ITG)mode.展开更多
In contrast to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,the Indian Ocean has lacked in-situ observations of wind profiles over open sea areas for decades.In 2021,a shipborne coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)was used to observe in-si...In contrast to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,the Indian Ocean has lacked in-situ observations of wind profiles over open sea areas for decades.In 2021,a shipborne coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)was used to observe in-situ wind profiles in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.This equipment successfully captured low-level jets(LLJs)in the region,and their characteristics were thoroughly analyzed.Results reveal that the observed wind speed of LLJs in the eastern Indian Ocean ranges from 6 m s^(-1) to 10 m s^(-1) during the boreal winter and spring seasons,showing a height range of 0.6 to 1 km and two peak times at 0800 and 2000 UTC.This wind shear is weaker than that in land or offshore areas,ranging from 0 s^(-1) to 0.006 s^(-1).Moreover,the accuracy of the CDL data is compared to that of ERA5 data in the study area.The results indicate that the zonal wind from ERA5 data significantly deviated from the CDL measurement data,and the overall ERA5 data are substantially weaker than the in-situ observations.Notably,ERA5 underestimates northwestward LLJs.展开更多
Pulse echo accumulation is commonly employed in coherent Doppler wind LiDAR(light detection and ranging)under the assumption of steady wind.Here,the measured spectral data are analyzed in the time dimension and freque...Pulse echo accumulation is commonly employed in coherent Doppler wind LiDAR(light detection and ranging)under the assumption of steady wind.Here,the measured spectral data are analyzed in the time dimension and frequency dimension to cope with the temporal wind shear and achieve the optimal accumulation time.A hardware-efficient algorithm combining the interpolation and cross-correlation is used to enhance the wind retrieval accuracy by reducing the frequency sampling interval and then reduce the spectral width calculation error.Moreover,the temporal broadening effect and spatial broadening effect are decoupled according to the strategy we developed.展开更多
In this paper we present a new experimental observation using a conventional reflectometry technique,poloidal correlation reflectometry(PCR),in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The turbulence sp...In this paper we present a new experimental observation using a conventional reflectometry technique,poloidal correlation reflectometry(PCR),in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The turbulence spectrum detected by the PCR system exhibits an asymmetry and induced Doppler shift f_(D)during the internal kink mode(IKM)rotation phase.This Doppler shift f_(D)is the target measurement of Doppler reflectometry,but captured by conventional reflectometry.Results show that the Doppler shift f_(D)is modulated by the periodic changes in the effective angle between the probing wave and cutoff layer normal,but not by plasma turbulence.The fishbone mode and saturated long-lived mode are typical IKMs,and this modulation phenomenon is observed in both cases.Moreover,the value of the Doppler shift f_(D)is positively correlated with the amplitude of the IKM,even when the latter is small.However,the positive and negative frequency components of the Doppler shift f_(D)can be asymmetric,which is related to the plasma configuration.A simulated analysis is performed by ray tracing to verify these observations.These results establish a clear link between f_(D)and IKM rotation,and are helpful for studying the characteristics of IKM and related physical phenomena.展开更多
In order to improve the detection accuracy of Doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne(DASH)interferometer in harsh temperatures,an opto-mechanical-thermal integration analysis is carried out.Firstly,the correlation betw...In order to improve the detection accuracy of Doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne(DASH)interferometer in harsh temperatures,an opto-mechanical-thermal integration analysis is carried out.Firstly,the correlation between the interference phase and temperature is established according to the working principle and the phase algorithm of the interferometer.Secondly,the optical mechanical thermal analysis model and thermal deformation data acquisition model are designed.The deformation data of the interference module and the imaging optical system at different temperatures are given by temperature load simulation analysis,and the phase error caused by thermal deformation is obtained by fitting.Finally,based on the wind speed error caused by thermal deformation of each component,a reasonable temperature control scheme is proposed.The results show that the interference module occupies the main cause,the temperature must be controlled within(20±0.05)℃,and the temperature control should be carried out for the temperature sensitive parts,and the wind speed error caused by the part is 3.8 m/s.The thermal drift between the magnification of the imaging optical system and the thermal drift of the relative position between the imaging optical system and the detector should occupy the secondary cause,which should be controlled within(20±2)℃,and the wind speed error caused by the part is 3.05 m/s.In summary,the wind measurement error caused by interference module,imaging optical system,and the relative position between the imaging optical system and the detector can be controlled within 6.85 m/s.The analysis and temperature control schemes presented in this paper can provide theoretical basis for DASH interferometer engineering applications.展开更多
基金financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of the state contract in the field of science(No.FSEG-2024-0005)。
文摘This study discusses the scope of application of the Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic for the tokamak with reactor technologies(TRT)project.This involved numerical modeling of the three-dimensional(3D)beam trajectories.Calculations were performed to investigate the propagation of microwaves in the V(40–75 GHz)and W(75–110 GHz)frequency ranges with O-mode polarization for the density profile of the base TRT scenario.Our analysis showed that the DBS system antenna on the TRT would need to be tilted in both the poloidal and toroidal directions in order to meet the condition Kperp/Kpar<10%..For the DBS system located in the equatorial plane it was shown that a wide range of poloidal and toroidal angles is available for the successful implementation of the diagnostic to study the core,pedestal and scrape-off layer(SOL)regions.The DBS system located at 35 cm above the equatorial plane would be more limited in measurements only covering the SOL and pedestal regions.A shift of the cut-offs in the toroidal direction highlighted the need for 3D analysis of the DBS data.
文摘As an advanced device for observing atmospheric winds,the spaceborne Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne(DASH)interferometer also encounters challenges associated with phase distortion,par-ticularly in limb sounding scenarios.This paper discusses interferogram modeling and phase distortion cor-rection techniques for spaceborne DASH interferometers.The modeling of phase distortion interferograms with and without Doppler shift for limb observation was conducted,and the effectiveness of the analytical expression was verified through numerical simulation.The simulation results indicate that errors propagate layer by layer while using the onion-peeling inversion algorithm to handle phase-distorted interferograms.In contrast,the phase distortion correction algorithm can achieve effective correction.This phase correction method can be successfully applied to correct phase distortions in the interferograms of the spaceborne DASH interferometer,providing a feasible solution to enhance its measurement accuracy.
基金supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.2022JBQY004the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.62471026 and 62221001+3 种基金the Zhongguancun Xin Xi Disruptive Technology Innovation Foundation under Grant No.ZZ-2024-001the Joint Funds for Railway Fundamental Research of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.U2368201the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation BX20240471ZTE Industry-University-Institute Cooperation Funds under Grant No.HC-CN-03-2019-12。
文摘Orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)can resist the Doppler effect and guarantee reliable communication in high-speed scenarios.However,the Doppler rate induced by the relative acceleration between the transmitter and receiver degrades the performance of the OTFS.So far,the impact of the Doppler rate on OTFS systems has not been addressed.In this paper,we first introduce the Doppler rate in the OTFS system and derive the delay-Doppler domain input-output relation.In addition,the impact of the Doppler rate on the effective delay-Doppler domain channel is characterized by utilizing the first mean value theorem for definite integrals to avoid complicated integrals.To mitigate the effect of the Doppler rate,a large-scale antenna array is arranged at the receiver to separate each path of the multi-path channel through a high-resolution spatial matched filter beamformer.Next,the Doppler rate estimation scheme for an arbitrary order Doppler rate is proposed based on the successive interference cancellation pattern and the maximization of the spectrum of the ratio of high-order moments between the received samples in the identified branch and the transmitted samples.Finally,the estimation accuracy of the Doppler rate and the error performance of the proposed transceiver are validated by the numerical results.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12105087,12275096,and 11922503)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U21A20440)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province(No.2023YFG0139)。
文摘The Doppler backscattering(DBS)diagnostic is widely used to measure the localized density fluctuations and the propagation velocity of turbulent structures.Microwave is launched at a frequency that approaches a cutoff layer in the plasma at an angle oblique to the cutoff layer.A new Q-band multichannel DBS system based on a comb generator has been designed and tested for application on the HL-3 tokamak.With the comb generator and heterodyne scheme,the stability and flexibility of the new DBS system are improved.The new DBS diagnostic has a high output power(~10 dBm),good power flatness(<5 dB in Q-band),and frequency stability,and the inter-frequency separation is tunable remotely.This article introduces the system design,laboratory test results,and initial experimental results from the HL-3 tokamak.With the help of the newly developed multichannel DBS,the turbulence information can be studied with high temporal and spatial resolution.
文摘BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia is a significant challenge in obstetric care and adversely affects the feto-maternal outcomes,causing significant perinatal morbidity and mortality.Early detection of women at higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia in the first trimester provides a vital opportunity to initiate timely prophylactic therapies.First-trimester uterine artery Doppler is gaining prominence as a promising tool in early risk stratification.AIM To assess the role of uterine artery Doppler in screening for pre-eclampsia at 11-14 weeks of gestation.METHODS Pregnant women attending routine antenatal care between 11 weeks and 14 weeks of gestation and undergoing first-trimester nuchal translucency screening were offered enrolment in the study.After calculating gestational age from the last menstrual period or fetal biometry(crown-rump length),Doppler ultrasound of bilateral uterine arteries was performed,and relevant Doppler parameters were recorded.Patients were followed until delivery for development of preeclampsia.RESULTS Out of a total of 342 participants,42 women(12.28%)developed preeclampsia,while the remaining 300 women(87.71%)had a normal pregnancy without preeclampsia.The mean uterine artery pulsatility index was significantly elevated in the pre-eclampsia group(1.9455±0.36)compared to the normal group(1.474±0.52)(P<0.001).Using a pulsatility index threshold of 1.622,the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 75%(95%confidence internal:0.66-0.82),specificity of 86%(95%confidence internal:0.78-0.91),positive predictive value of 84.27%,and negative predictive value of 77.48%with a diagnostic accuracy of 80.5%.The area under the curve was 0.896,indicating good diagnostic performance.Uterine artery notching was observed in 88%of the pre-eclampsia group compared to 16%in the control group,a difference that was statistically significant(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Uterine artery Doppler in the first trimester at 11-14 weeks of gestation showed a good diagnostic value for forecasting the development of pre-eclampsia and holds promise as a valuable tool for early risk stratification.
基金Science and Technology Project of Aerospace Information Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y910340Z2F)Science and Technology Project of BBEF(E3E2010201)。
文摘Low-frequency signals have been proven valuable in the fields of target detection and geological exploration.Nevertheless,the practical implementation of these signals is hindered by large antenna diameters,limiting their potential applications.Therefore,it is imperative to study the creation of lowfrequency signals using antennas with suitable dimensions.In contrast to conventional mechanical antenna techniques,our study generates low-frequency signals in the spatial domain utilizing the principle of the Doppler effect.We also defines the antenna array architecture,the timing sequency,and the radiating element signal waveform,and provides experimental prototypes including 8/64 antennas based on earlier research.In the conducted experiments,121 MHz,40 MHz,and 10 kHz composite signals are generated by 156 MHz radiating element signals.The composite signal spectrum matches the simulations,proving our low-frequency signal generating method works.This holds significant implications for research on generating low-frequency signals with small-sized antennas.
文摘Patent foramen ovale(PFO)is a common congenital heart disorder associated with stroke,decompression sickness and migraine.Combining synchronized contrast transcranial Doppler with contrast transthoracic echocardiography has important clinical significance and can improve the accuracy of detecting right-left shunts(RLSs)in patients with PFO.In this letter,regarding an original study presented by Yao et al,we present our insights and discuss how to better help clinicians evaluate changes in PFO-related RLS.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 42274159the Project supported by Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application,MNR under contract No.2023CFO016。
文摘The research on ocean dynamics information plays a crucial role in understanding ocean phenomena, assessing marine environmental impacts, and guiding engineering designs. The Doppler information observed by radars reflects sea surface dynamics, to which ocean waves make important contributions. Low-incidence-angle real aperture radar(RAR)demonstrates great potential for independently observing vectorial Doppler information on the ocean surface. To systematically characterize and accurately estimate the wave-induced Doppler frequency shift(WVF) from lowincidence-angle RAR, this study conducts comprehensive influencing factor analysis and establishes sea-stateparameterized WVF models. First, a simulated WVF dataset is generated under a rotating low-incidence-angle RAR.The feature parameters of WVF are then determined by analysing contributing factors including wind waves, swells,and sea state parameters. Furthermore, two WVF models(WVF_Ku P9 with 9 inputs and WVF_Ku P4 with 4 inputs) are constructed by the Transformer encoder for different application scenarios. Both models achieve high accuracy for WVF estimation with root mean square errors(RMSE) of 1.874 Hz and 2.716 Hz, respectively. The reliability and superiority of the proposed models are validated through comparisons with the Ka DOP, which is a typical geophysical model function(GMF). The findings in this paper advance the understanding of WVF characteristics and generation mechanisms. The proposed estimation models can provide reliable estimates, offering critical references for lowincidence-angle RAR applications such as ocean surface current retrieval.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3904401)。
文摘Velocity incorporates user dynamic characteristics,facilitating more precise predictions about the positioning.However,the positioning,velocity,and timing services derived from Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)undergo accuracy degradation in urban environments due to multipath/Non-Line of Sight(NLOS)effects.Fault detection and exclusion(FDE)methods can mitigate these effects.However,the existing methods,such as the multi-hypothesis separation solution(MHSS),exhibit high computational burdens and cannot perform accurate exclusion due to the excessive fault modes.In response,a fault detection and correction(FDC)method is developed to address outliers arising from multipath/NLOS in the Doppler measurements.To alleviate computational demands while simultaneously improving velocity estimation accuracy,multipath/NLOS sparsity assumptions and grouping constraints are introduced.Specifically,the grouping-sparsity enforcing Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(GS-LASSO)is introduced to jointly detect and correct multipath/NLOS-induced outliers.A grouping strategy based on sky-map and carrier-to-noise ratio is introduced,which is coupled with a new cost function to improve sparsity estimation.To facilitate the implementation,a solver and parameter-tuning method incorporating false alarm rates are developed.The performance of GS-LASSO is compared with that of MHSS.The results show that GS-LASSO reduces greater velocity errors in the urban environment,while requiring limited computational load.
文摘This paper addresses the challenges of insufficient navigation accuracy,low path-planning efficiency,and poor environmental adaptability faced by deep space rovers in complex extraterrestrial environments(e.g.,the Moon and Mars).A novel autonomous navigation scheme is proposed that integrates laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV)with star trackers(ST)and inertial navigation system(INS).The scheme suppresses slip errors from wheel odometry through non-contact,high-precision laser speed measurement(accuracy better than 0.1%).By deeply fusing multi-source data via a Kalman filter algorithm,high-precision positioning is realized under extreme extraterrestrial conditions such as weak illumination and dust coverage.This solution features high accuracy,non-contact measurement,and anti-interference capabilities,significantly improving the navigation accuracy and autonomy of deep space rovers in complex environments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61973234)Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(No.22YDTPJC00090)。
文摘To address the issue of low measurement accuracy caused by noise interference in the acquisition of low fluid flow rate signals with ultrasonic Doppler flow meters,a novel signal processing algorithm that combines ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)and cross-correlation algorithm was proposed.Firstly,a fast Fourier transform(FFT)spectrum analysis was utilized to ascertain the frequency range of the signal.Secondly,data acquisition was conducted at an appropriate sampling frequency,and the acquired Doppler flow rate signal was then decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions(IMFs)by EEMD.Subsequently,these decomposed IMFs were recombined based on their energy entropy,and then the noise of the recombined Doppler flow rate signal was removed by cross-correlation filtering.Finally,an ideal ultrasonic Doppler flow rate signal was extracted.Simulation and experimental verification show that the proposed Doppler flow signal processing method can effectively enhance the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and extend the lower limit of measurement of the ultrasonic Doppler flow meter.
文摘An innovative complex lidar system deployed on an airborne rotorcraft platform for remote sensing of atmospheric pollution is proposed and demonstrated.The system incorporates integrated-path differential absorption lidar(DIAL) and coherent-doppler lidar(CDL) techniques using a dual tunable TEA CO_(2)laser in the 9—11 μm band and a 1.55 μm fiber laser.By combining the principles of differential absorption detection and pulsed coherent detection,the system enables agile and remote sensing of atmospheric pollution.Extensive static tests validate the system’s real-time detection capabilities,including the measurement of concentration-path-length product(CL),front distance,and path wind speed of air pollution plumes over long distances exceeding 4 km.Flight experiments is conducted with the helicopter.Scanning of the pollutant concentration and the wind field is carried out in an approximately 1 km slant range over scanning angle ranges from 45°to 65°,with a radial resolution of 30 m and10 s.The test results demonstrate the system’s ability to spatially map atmospheric pollution plumes and predict their motion and dispersion patterns,thereby ensuring the protection of public safety.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC3700400&2022YFB3901700)。
文摘As a new type of wind field detection equipment, coherent Doppler wind lidar(CDWL) still needs more relevant observation experiments to compare and verify whether it can achieve the accuracy and precision of traditional observation equipment in urban areas. In this experiment, a self-developed CDWL provided four months of observations in the southern Beijing area. After the data acquisition time and height match, the wind profile data obtained based on a Doppler beam swinging(DBS) five-beam inversion algorithm were compared with radiosonde data released from the same location. The standard deviation(SD) of wind speed is 0.8 m s^(–1), and the coefficient of determination R~2 is 0.95. The SD of the wind direction is 17.7° with an R~2 of 0.96. Below the height of the roughness sublayer(about 400 m), the error in wind speed and wind direction is significantly greater than the error above the height of the boundary layer(about 1500 m). For the case of wind speeds less than 4 m s^(–1), the error of wind direction is more significant and is affected by the distribution of surrounding buildings. Averaging at different height levels using suitable time windows can effectively reduce the effects of turbulence and thus reduce the error caused by the different measurement methods of the two devices.
文摘The World Journal of Cardiology published an article written by Kuwahara et al that we take the pleasure to comment on.We focused our attention on venous congestion.In intensive care settings,it is now widely accepted that venous congestion is an important clinical feature worthy of investigation.Evaluating venous Doppler profile abnormalities at multiple sites could suggest adequate treatment and monitor its efficacy.Renal dysfunction could trigger or worsen fluid overload in heart disease,and cardio-renal syndrome is a well-characterized spectrum of disorders describing the complex interactions between heart and kidney diseases.Fluid overload and venous congestion,including renal venous hypertension,are major determinants of acute and chronic renal dysfunction arising in heart disease.Organ congestion from venous hypertension could be involved in the development of organ injury in several clinical situations,such as critical diseases,congestive heart failure,and chronic kidney disease.Ultrasonography and abnormal Doppler flow patterns diagnose clinically significant systemic venous congestion.Cardiologists and nephrologists might use this valuable,noninvasive,bedside diagnostic tool to establish fluid status and guide clinical choices.
基金Supported by The Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital Clinical Research Fund of the Shenzhen High-level Hospital Construction Project,No.20223357021 and No.20243357001Research Project of Teaching Reform in Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital,No.202209Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Project,No.2020B1515120061.
文摘BACKGROUND Patent foramen ovale(PFO)-related right-to-left shunts(RLSs)have been impli-cated in cryptogenic stroke and migraine,with larger shunts posing a higher risk.When used individually to detect RLS,contrast transcranial Doppler(cTCD)and contrast transthoracic echocardiography(cTTE)may yield false-negative results.Further,the literature exposes gaps regarding the understanding of the limitations of cTCD and cTTE,presents conflicting recommendations on their exclusive use,and highlights inefficiencies associated with nonsynchronous testing.AIM To investigate the accuracy of multimodal ultrasound to improve diagnostic efficiency in detecting PFO-related RLSs.METHODS We prospectively enrolled four patients with cryptogenic stroke(n=1),migraine(n=2),and unexplained dizziness(n=1)who underwent synchronized cTCD combined with cTTE.The participants were monitored and followed-up for 24 months.RESULTS cTTE identified moderate and large RLSs in patients with recurrent cryptogenic stroke and migraines,whereas cTCD revealed only small RLSs.Moderate and large RLS were confirmed on combined cTTE and cTCD.After excluding other causes,both patients underwent PFO occlusion.At 21-and 24-month follow-up examinations,neither stroke nor migraine had recurred.cTTE revealed a small RLS in a third patient with unexplained dizziness and a fourth patient with migraines;however,simultaneous cTCD detected a large RLS.These patients did not undergo interventional occlusion,and dizziness and headache recurred at the 17-and 24-month follow-up examin-ations.CONCLUSION Using cTTE or cTCD may underestimate RLS,impairing risk assessments.Combining synchronized cTCD with cTTE could enhance testing accuracy and support better diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
基金the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of the State Contract in the Field of Science(No.FSEG-2024-0005)。
文摘The first results of investigation of the turbulence structure using Doppler backscattering(DBS)on the Globus-M2 tokamak are presented.A one-channel DBS system with a variable probing frequency within the 18–26 GHz range was installed to investigate the edge plasma at normalized minor radiiρ=0.9–1.1.Radial correlation Doppler reflectometry was used to study the changes in turbulence eddies after the LH transition.Correlation analysis was applied to the phase derivative of complex in-phase and quadrature(IQ)signals of the DBS diagnostic as it contains information about the poloidal plasma rotation velocity.In L-mode,the radial correlation length L_(r)is estimated to be 3 cm and after transition to H-mode reduces to approximately 2 cm.Gyrokinetic modelling in a linear local approximation using code GENE indicates that the instability with positive growth rate at the normalized minor radiusρ=0.75 in L-mode and H-mode on Globus-M2 was the ion temperature gradient(ITG)mode.
基金supported by the Taishan Scholars Programs of Shandong Province(No.tsqn201909165)the Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction Program(Nos.GASI-04-QYQH-03,GASI-01-WIND-STwin)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41876028,42349910).
文摘In contrast to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,the Indian Ocean has lacked in-situ observations of wind profiles over open sea areas for decades.In 2021,a shipborne coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)was used to observe in-situ wind profiles in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.This equipment successfully captured low-level jets(LLJs)in the region,and their characteristics were thoroughly analyzed.Results reveal that the observed wind speed of LLJs in the eastern Indian Ocean ranges from 6 m s^(-1) to 10 m s^(-1) during the boreal winter and spring seasons,showing a height range of 0.6 to 1 km and two peak times at 0800 and 2000 UTC.This wind shear is weaker than that in land or offshore areas,ranging from 0 s^(-1) to 0.006 s^(-1).Moreover,the accuracy of the CDL data is compared to that of ERA5 data in the study area.The results indicate that the zonal wind from ERA5 data significantly deviated from the CDL measurement data,and the overall ERA5 data are substantially weaker than the in-situ observations.Notably,ERA5 underestimates northwestward LLJs.
基金Project supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action(Grant No.22dz1208700).
文摘Pulse echo accumulation is commonly employed in coherent Doppler wind LiDAR(light detection and ranging)under the assumption of steady wind.Here,the measured spectral data are analyzed in the time dimension and frequency dimension to cope with the temporal wind shear and achieve the optimal accumulation time.A hardware-efficient algorithm combining the interpolation and cross-correlation is used to enhance the wind retrieval accuracy by reducing the frequency sampling interval and then reduce the spectral width calculation error.Moreover,the temporal broadening effect and spatial broadening effect are decoupled according to the strategy we developed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFE03050003,2022YFE03020004,2019YFE03080200 and 2022YFE03070004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12275315,11875289,12175277 and 11975271)+3 种基金partly supported by the Youth Science and Technology Talents Support Program(2020)by Anhui Association for Science and Technology(No.RCTJ202009)the Science Foundation of Institute of Plasma Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.DSJJ2021-08)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M703256)the Director Funding of Hefei Institutes of Physical Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.YZJJ2022QN16)。
文摘In this paper we present a new experimental observation using a conventional reflectometry technique,poloidal correlation reflectometry(PCR),in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The turbulence spectrum detected by the PCR system exhibits an asymmetry and induced Doppler shift f_(D)during the internal kink mode(IKM)rotation phase.This Doppler shift f_(D)is the target measurement of Doppler reflectometry,but captured by conventional reflectometry.Results show that the Doppler shift f_(D)is modulated by the periodic changes in the effective angle between the probing wave and cutoff layer normal,but not by plasma turbulence.The fishbone mode and saturated long-lived mode are typical IKMs,and this modulation phenomenon is observed in both cases.Moreover,the value of the Doppler shift f_(D)is positively correlated with the amplitude of the IKM,even when the latter is small.However,the positive and negative frequency components of the Doppler shift f_(D)can be asymmetric,which is related to the plasma configuration.A simulated analysis is performed by ray tracing to verify these observations.These results establish a clear link between f_(D)and IKM rotation,and are helpful for studying the characteristics of IKM and related physical phenomena.
文摘In order to improve the detection accuracy of Doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne(DASH)interferometer in harsh temperatures,an opto-mechanical-thermal integration analysis is carried out.Firstly,the correlation between the interference phase and temperature is established according to the working principle and the phase algorithm of the interferometer.Secondly,the optical mechanical thermal analysis model and thermal deformation data acquisition model are designed.The deformation data of the interference module and the imaging optical system at different temperatures are given by temperature load simulation analysis,and the phase error caused by thermal deformation is obtained by fitting.Finally,based on the wind speed error caused by thermal deformation of each component,a reasonable temperature control scheme is proposed.The results show that the interference module occupies the main cause,the temperature must be controlled within(20±0.05)℃,and the temperature control should be carried out for the temperature sensitive parts,and the wind speed error caused by the part is 3.8 m/s.The thermal drift between the magnification of the imaging optical system and the thermal drift of the relative position between the imaging optical system and the detector should occupy the secondary cause,which should be controlled within(20±2)℃,and the wind speed error caused by the part is 3.05 m/s.In summary,the wind measurement error caused by interference module,imaging optical system,and the relative position between the imaging optical system and the detector can be controlled within 6.85 m/s.The analysis and temperature control schemes presented in this paper can provide theoretical basis for DASH interferometer engineering applications.
