The genetic basis for Gossypium hirsutum race latifolium,the putative ancestor of cultivated upland cotton,emerging from the semi-wild races to be domesticated into cultivated upland cotton is unknown.Here,we reported...The genetic basis for Gossypium hirsutum race latifolium,the putative ancestor of cultivated upland cotton,emerging from the semi-wild races to be domesticated into cultivated upland cotton is unknown.Here,we reported a high-quality genome assembly of G.latifolium.Comparative genome analyses revealed substantial variations in both gene group composition and genomic sequences across 13 cotton genomes,including the expansion of photosynthesis-related gene groups in G.latifolium compared with other races and the pivotal contribution of structural variations(SVs)to G.hirsutum domestication.Based on the resequencing reads and constructed pan-genome of upland cotton,co-selection regions and SVs with significant frequency differences among different populations were identified.Genes located in these regions or affected by these variations may characterize the differences between G.latifolium and other races,and could be involved in maintenance of upland cotton domestication phenotypes.These findings may assist in mining genes for upland cotton improvement and improving the understanding of the genetic basis of upland cotton domestication.展开更多
Background Unveiling genetic diversity features and understanding the genetic mechanisms of diverse goat pheno-types are pivotal in facilitating the preservation and utilization of these genetic resources.However,the ...Background Unveiling genetic diversity features and understanding the genetic mechanisms of diverse goat pheno-types are pivotal in facilitating the preservation and utilization of these genetic resources.However,the total genetic diversity within a species can’t be captured by the reference genome of a single individual.The pan-genome is a col-lection of all the DNA sequences that occur in a species,and it is expected to capture the total genomic diversity of the specific species.Results We constructed a goat pan-genome using map-to-pan assemble based on 813 individuals,including 723 domestic goats and 90 samples from their wild relatives,which presented a broad regional and global represen-tation.In total,146 Mb sequences and 974 genes were identified as absent from the reference genome(ARS1.2;GCF_001704415.2).We identified 3,190 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)using the pan-genome analysis.These novel SNPs could properly reveal the population structure of domestic goats and their wild relatives.Presence/absence variation(PAV)analysis revealed gene loss and intense negative selection during domestication and improvement.Conclusions Our research highlights the importance of the goat pan-genome in capturing the missing genetic variations.It reveals the changes in genomic architecture during goat domestication and improvement,such as gene loss.This improves our understanding of the evolutionary and breeding history of goats.展开更多
Akebia is a wild fruit originating in the Yangtse river valley and the surrounding areas. It includes mainly three species （subspecies）： Akebia trifoliata, Akebia trifoliata subsp, australis, and Akebia quinata. It...Akebia is a wild fruit originating in the Yangtse river valley and the surrounding areas. It includes mainly three species （subspecies）： Akebia trifoliata, Akebia trifoliata subsp, australis, and Akebia quinata. It has many good traits, such as large fruit size, early fruit-setting and high yield, excellent eating quality, and good environmental adaptability. However, there are some shortcomings with the fruit, including thick skin, excessive number of seeds, and relatively small proportion of edible flesh. Akebia is also a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the functions of relieving internal heat and diuresis, dredging venation and improving blood circulation, cleansing facial chloasma, detoxication and anti-cancer activities. Akebia can be used as fresh fruit, for processing, and for pharmaceutical purposes. We have been undertaking a series of research on the domestication and utilization of Akebia, including cultivar selection, techniques for cultivation, storage and processing, and related basic studies. A Chinese trade name “Hehuanguo” and an English trade name “Joyfruit” have been registered for Akebia to facilitate its commercial development.展开更多
Nowadays,cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have become increasingly frequent,which boosts the development of film industry and highlights the importance of subtitle translation.However,in China,su...Nowadays,cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have become increasingly frequent,which boosts the development of film industry and highlights the importance of subtitle translation.However,in China,subtitling is a relatively new research field of translation.This study explores the guiding role of domestication and foreignization strategies in English film subtitle translation.On the basis of material from Ice Age,the paper carries on the analysis of film subtitle translation in terms of expressions with typical cultural features and idioms&proverbs under the effective guidance of domestication and foreignization translation strategies.It’s concluded that domestication and foreignization strategies can provide theoretical guidance for subtitling and appropriate combination of the two strategies can achieve better translation effects.展开更多
As translating in most cases is considered a bicultural or even multicultural activity,cultural discrepancies and voids inevitably occur during the language decoding and encoding process of the translating.This is a h...As translating in most cases is considered a bicultural or even multicultural activity,cultural discrepancies and voids inevitably occur during the language decoding and encoding process of the translating.This is a heated issue that has existed for long,and translators frequently turn to two major approaches for a solutiondomestication and foreignization.However,no matter which approach a translator chooses,it is essential to make a comprehensive analysis of the cultural and influential factors that contained in the source language text,rather than simply checking through a dictionary or cyclopedia.Based on the types of culture classified by Professor Chen Hongweimaterial culture,institutional culture and mental culture,the following discussion will make an exemplification of the merits and choice between domestication and foreignization,concerning the relation between culture types and translating approaches.展开更多
The research explored rapid multiplication on Bletilla striata and the re- suits showed that the medium of MS＋2.5 mg/L6-BA＋0.2 mg/L NAA performed the best in induction, with induction rate at 98%; the medium with MS...The research explored rapid multiplication on Bletilla striata and the re- suits showed that the medium of MS＋2.5 mg/L6-BA＋0.2 mg/L NAA performed the best in induction, with induction rate at 98%; the medium with MS＋IAA2.5mg/L＋ 2.5 mg/L6-BA＋2.0 mg/L NAA was the best in terms of induction and multiplication; the medium with 1/2MS＋0.01 mg/L NAA 1＋0.01 mg/L IAA promoted rooting.The harden- ing temperature was the optimal at 23℃-28 ℃ and relative humidity of 80%-90% the best.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to acquire a large quantity of wide raspberry plantlets and provide a basis for large-scale production. [Method] Re- search was performed on series tissue culture propagation of wi...[Objective] This study was conducted to acquire a large quantity of wide raspberry plantlets and provide a basis for large-scale production. [Method] Re- search was performed on series tissue culture propagation of wide raspberry. [Re- sult] Adventitious shoots were induced with stem segments, and the best induction medium was MS ＋1.5 mg/L BA ＋0.3 mg/L NAA with an induction rate of 96%; and the best differentiation medium was MS ＋2.0 mg/L KT ＋0.5 mg/L NAA, which ex- hibited high root number and quality, with an average root number of 4.5 per plant. The substratum for training plantlets was leaf mould 60%＋perlite 30%＋vermiculite 10%; and the temperature of 23-27℃ and relative air humidity of 80%-90% were beneficial to survival of trained plantlets.[Conclusion] This study laid a foundation for further large-area cultivation of Rubus chingii Hu.展开更多
Domestication of crops is one of the greatest inventions of the human race and has played a vital role in the progress of human civilization.Understanding the genetic mechanisms of crop domestication could shed light ...Domestication of crops is one of the greatest inventions of the human race and has played a vital role in the progress of human civilization.Understanding the genetic mechanisms of crop domestication could shed light on its history and would advance crop breeding.Cultivated rice species,which were domesticated from wild rice species,are important food crops worldwide.Morphological traits,physiological characteristics,and ecological adaptability of cultivated rice are very different from those characters of wild rice.In this review,we summarize current knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences between wild and cultivated rice and discuss the application of wild rice species in modern breeding.展开更多
Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) stress resistance and fruit total soluble solid(TSS) content have changed dramatically during selective breeding, and transcriptome variation has played a critical role in this rewiring. H...Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) stress resistance and fruit total soluble solid(TSS) content have changed dramatically during selective breeding, and transcriptome variation has played a critical role in this rewiring. However, the single tomato reference genome impedes characterization of whole-transcriptome variation during domestication and breeding at the population level. Here, we constructed a pan-transcriptome of orange-stage tomato fruit, and investigated global expression presence/absence variation(e PAV) and differentially expressed genes(DEGs) based on RNA sequencing(RNA-seq) data from 399 tomato accessions. A total of 7 181 genes absent from the reference genome were identified, 6 122 of which were e PAV genes during tomato domestication and breeding including resistance genes such as late blight resistance gene PIM_DN29746_c0_g3_i1 and peroxidase P7-like gene PIM_DN30274_c0_g2_i1. In addition, 3 629 genes were significantly differentially expressed during tomato selection, among which 19 genes were associated with the reduced fruit TSS content of modern tomato cultivars, including LIN5, TIV1, and seven novel sugar transporter genes. Our results indicate that natural and artificial selection greatly shaped the tomato transcriptome, thereby altering the fruit TSS content and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses.展开更多
The domestic dog,as a highly successful domestication model,is well known as a favored human companion.Exploring its domestication history should provide great insight into our understanding of the prehistoric develop...The domestic dog,as a highly successful domestication model,is well known as a favored human companion.Exploring its domestication history should provide great insight into our understanding of the prehistoric development of human culture and productivity.Furthermore,investigation on the mechanisms underpinning the morphological and behavioral traits associated with canid domestication syndrome is of significance not only for scientific study but also for human medical research.Current development of a multidisciplinary canine genome database,which includes enormous omics data,has substantially improved our understanding of the genetic makeup of dogs.Here,we reviewed recent advances associated with the original history and genetic basis underlying environmental adaptations and phenotypic diversities in domestic dogs,which should provide perspectives on improving the communicative relationship between dogs and humans.展开更多
Polyploidy plays a major role in genome evolution,which corresponds to environmental changes over millions of years.The mechanisms of genome evolution,particularly during the process of domestication,are of broad inte...Polyploidy plays a major role in genome evolution,which corresponds to environmental changes over millions of years.The mechanisms of genome evolution,particularly during the process of domestication,are of broad interest in the fields of plant science and crop breeding.Upland cotton is derived from the hybridization and polyploidization of its ancient A and D diploid ancestors.As a result,cotton is a model for polyploid genome evolution and crop domestication.To explore the genomic mysteries of allopolyploid cotton,we investigated asymmetric evolution and domestication in the A and D subgenomes.Interestingly,more structural rearrangements have been characterized in the A subgenome than in the D subgenome.Correspondingly,more transposable elements,a greater number of lost and disrupted genes,and faster evolution have been identified in the A subgenome.In contrast,the centromeric retroelement(RT-domain related) sequence of tetraploid cotton derived from the D subgenome progenitor was found to have invaded the A subgenome centromeres after allotetrapolyploid formation.Although there is no genome-wide expression bias between the subgenomes,as with expression-level alterations,gene expression bias of homoeologous gene pairs is widespread and varies from tissue to tissue.Further,there are more positively selected genes for fiber yield and quality in the A subgenome and more for stress tolerance in the D subgenome,indicating asymmetric domestication.This review highlights the asymmetric subgenomic evolution and domestication of allotetraploid cotton,providing valuable genomic resources for cotton research and enhancing our understanding of the basis of many other allopolyploids.展开更多
Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefits from marula [Sclerocarya birrea（A.Rich.） Hochst.subsp.caffra（Sond.） Kokwaro].These include the contribution of this species towards health,nutrition,food s...Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefits from marula [Sclerocarya birrea（A.Rich.） Hochst.subsp.caffra（Sond.） Kokwaro].These include the contribution of this species towards health,nutrition,food security and conservation by sharing local skills and knowledge related to it.Marula fruits can be eaten fresh,squeezed to make juice,brewed in traditional beer or used to make jam and jelly.The kernels are also edible and can be pressed to extract oil for cooking and cosmetics,i.e.,for skin and hair application.The bark,roots,seeds and leaves are exploited for traditional medicinal purposes.Marula has acquired significant commercial value since its fruits and other products have entered local,regional and international trade in southern Africa.To diver-sify fruit production and satisfy the increasing demands for this resource,several domestication initiatives have been carried out at regional and international levels.The accumulated knowledge and skills relevant to the establishment and commercialization of marula therefore provide an effective guide in areas where marula remains undomesticated or underutilized.We discuss the great importance of marula in southern Africa to reveal its great potential to regions where it remains unexploited.展开更多
African cultivated rice,Oryza glaberrima,is characterized by its glabrous glumes.During domestication,the pubescent glumes of its wild ancestor,Oryza barthii,lost their trichomes,and in this study,we show that glabrou...African cultivated rice,Oryza glaberrima,is characterized by its glabrous glumes.During domestication,the pubescent glumes of its wild ancestor,Oryza barthii,lost their trichomes,and in this study,we show that glabrous glume 5(GLAG5),a WUSCHEL-like homeobox transcription factor gene on chromosome 5,is required for trichome development.DNA methylation associated with an hATtransposable element inserted in the promoter region of GLAG5 is found to reduce its expression,leading to the formation of glabrous glumes and leaves in African cultivated rice.Among 82 African cultivated rice varieties investigated in this study,59(approximately 71%)lines exhibit glabrous glumes and harbor the hAT transposon;however,the other 23 varieties(approximately 29%),which exhibit pubescent glumes,lack the hAT transposon,indicating that glag5 had undergone strong artificial selection.Theπ;/π;ratios also show the hAT transposon insertions influence the genetic diversity of an approximately 150-kb interval encompassing the GLAG5 locus.The identification of the GLAG5 gene provides new insights into the domestication of cultivated rice in Africa.We speculate that the selection of varieties with mutations in their promoter regions is an important aspect of crop domestication.展开更多
This paper introduced the translation theory of domestication and foreignization at first.Then,the author made a comparison about the cultural connotations of color words between English and Chinese,and set detailed e...This paper introduced the translation theory of domestication and foreignization at first.Then,the author made a comparison about the cultural connotations of color words between English and Chinese,and set detailed examples to explain the application of these two strategies with literal translation,free translation and annotation in color words translation from English to Chinese.At last,the paper tries to propose that domestication and foreignization can be used when translating color words and the tendency of usage of these two strategies.展开更多
AIM: To train Tibetan monkey (Macaca thibetana) for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in conscious state and obtain normal IOP in conscious Tibetan Macaque. METHODS: The training was based on award-conditioned be...AIM: To train Tibetan monkey (Macaca thibetana) for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in conscious state and obtain normal IOP in conscious Tibetan Macaque. METHODS: The training was based on award-conditioned behavior. Food stimulation and human-animal interaction were used in this training. RESULTS: Trained Tibetan monkeys calmly accepted IOP measurement by the TonoVete (R) rebound tonometer without sedation or anesthesia and their IOP values were similar to other primates. CONCLUSION: Human-cultivated Thibetan monkeys are tamable, and can be used for biomedical research such as ophthalmic research without anesthesia.展开更多
Cotton is considered as a major cash crop of the world. It earns huge foreign exchange by its valuable products;fiber, lint, cotton seed oil, hull and a lot more. Being an important fiber crop, it earns huge foreign e...Cotton is considered as a major cash crop of the world. It earns huge foreign exchange by its valuable products;fiber, lint, cotton seed oil, hull and a lot more. Being an important fiber crop, it earns huge foreign exchange by contributing to textile and seed oil industry. This review summarizes cotton biology, its diversity and domestication, genome assembly, constraints in its production and methods to improve cotton plant to fulfill the need of textile and oil industry. But cotton is facing enormous biotic and abiotic stresses with insect pests being most prominent. Massive destruction caused by insects needs to be controlled for maintaining fruitful cotton crop production. Conventional breeding approaches are limited to improving single trait and integrate stable genes within plant genome in approximately 7 - 8 years. Improved biotechnological procedures have paved new pathways to target genes specifically and improve cotton germplasm in lesser time than conventional breeding.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201873)the Key Research and Development Plan of Hubei Province(2023BBB050)。
文摘The genetic basis for Gossypium hirsutum race latifolium,the putative ancestor of cultivated upland cotton,emerging from the semi-wild races to be domesticated into cultivated upland cotton is unknown.Here,we reported a high-quality genome assembly of G.latifolium.Comparative genome analyses revealed substantial variations in both gene group composition and genomic sequences across 13 cotton genomes,including the expansion of photosynthesis-related gene groups in G.latifolium compared with other races and the pivotal contribution of structural variations(SVs)to G.hirsutum domestication.Based on the resequencing reads and constructed pan-genome of upland cotton,co-selection regions and SVs with significant frequency differences among different populations were identified.Genes located in these regions or affected by these variations may characterize the differences between G.latifolium and other races,and could be involved in maintenance of upland cotton domestication phenotypes.These findings may assist in mining genes for upland cotton improvement and improving the understanding of the genetic basis of upland cotton domestication.
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA24030205)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20246,32102511)+3 种基金National Key Research and Development Program-Key Projects(2021YFD1200900 and 2021YFD1300904)Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(No.2019QZKK0501)Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0407106)Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(2024TC162).
文摘Background Unveiling genetic diversity features and understanding the genetic mechanisms of diverse goat pheno-types are pivotal in facilitating the preservation and utilization of these genetic resources.However,the total genetic diversity within a species can’t be captured by the reference genome of a single individual.The pan-genome is a col-lection of all the DNA sequences that occur in a species,and it is expected to capture the total genomic diversity of the specific species.Results We constructed a goat pan-genome using map-to-pan assemble based on 813 individuals,including 723 domestic goats and 90 samples from their wild relatives,which presented a broad regional and global represen-tation.In total,146 Mb sequences and 974 genes were identified as absent from the reference genome(ARS1.2;GCF_001704415.2).We identified 3,190 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)using the pan-genome analysis.These novel SNPs could properly reveal the population structure of domestic goats and their wild relatives.Presence/absence variation(PAV)analysis revealed gene loss and intense negative selection during domestication and improvement.Conclusions Our research highlights the importance of the goat pan-genome in capturing the missing genetic variations.It reveals the changes in genomic architecture during goat domestication and improvement,such as gene loss.This improves our understanding of the evolutionary and breeding history of goats.
文摘Akebia is a wild fruit originating in the Yangtse river valley and the surrounding areas. It includes mainly three species （subspecies）： Akebia trifoliata, Akebia trifoliata subsp, australis, and Akebia quinata. It has many good traits, such as large fruit size, early fruit-setting and high yield, excellent eating quality, and good environmental adaptability. However, there are some shortcomings with the fruit, including thick skin, excessive number of seeds, and relatively small proportion of edible flesh. Akebia is also a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the functions of relieving internal heat and diuresis, dredging venation and improving blood circulation, cleansing facial chloasma, detoxication and anti-cancer activities. Akebia can be used as fresh fruit, for processing, and for pharmaceutical purposes. We have been undertaking a series of research on the domestication and utilization of Akebia, including cultivar selection, techniques for cultivation, storage and processing, and related basic studies. A Chinese trade name “Hehuanguo” and an English trade name “Joyfruit” have been registered for Akebia to facilitate its commercial development.
文摘Nowadays,cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have become increasingly frequent,which boosts the development of film industry and highlights the importance of subtitle translation.However,in China,subtitling is a relatively new research field of translation.This study explores the guiding role of domestication and foreignization strategies in English film subtitle translation.On the basis of material from Ice Age,the paper carries on the analysis of film subtitle translation in terms of expressions with typical cultural features and idioms&proverbs under the effective guidance of domestication and foreignization translation strategies.It’s concluded that domestication and foreignization strategies can provide theoretical guidance for subtitling and appropriate combination of the two strategies can achieve better translation effects.
文摘As translating in most cases is considered a bicultural or even multicultural activity,cultural discrepancies and voids inevitably occur during the language decoding and encoding process of the translating.This is a heated issue that has existed for long,and translators frequently turn to two major approaches for a solutiondomestication and foreignization.However,no matter which approach a translator chooses,it is essential to make a comprehensive analysis of the cultural and influential factors that contained in the source language text,rather than simply checking through a dictionary or cyclopedia.Based on the types of culture classified by Professor Chen Hongweimaterial culture,institutional culture and mental culture,the following discussion will make an exemplification of the merits and choice between domestication and foreignization,concerning the relation between culture types and translating approaches.
基金Supported by Students’S&T Innovation Project of Zhejiang Colleges and Universities(2015R463001)~~
文摘The research explored rapid multiplication on Bletilla striata and the re- suits showed that the medium of MS＋2.5 mg/L6-BA＋0.2 mg/L NAA performed the best in induction, with induction rate at 98%; the medium with MS＋IAA2.5mg/L＋ 2.5 mg/L6-BA＋2.0 mg/L NAA was the best in terms of induction and multiplication; the medium with 1/2MS＋0.01 mg/L NAA 1＋0.01 mg/L IAA promoted rooting.The harden- ing temperature was the optimal at 23℃-28 ℃ and relative humidity of 80%-90% the best.
基金Supported by Taizhou College Students’Innovative Team Funding Project(classⅠ)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to acquire a large quantity of wide raspberry plantlets and provide a basis for large-scale production. [Method] Re- search was performed on series tissue culture propagation of wide raspberry. [Re- sult] Adventitious shoots were induced with stem segments, and the best induction medium was MS ＋1.5 mg/L BA ＋0.3 mg/L NAA with an induction rate of 96%; and the best differentiation medium was MS ＋2.0 mg/L KT ＋0.5 mg/L NAA, which ex- hibited high root number and quality, with an average root number of 4.5 per plant. The substratum for training plantlets was leaf mould 60%＋perlite 30%＋vermiculite 10%; and the temperature of 23-27℃ and relative air humidity of 80%-90% were beneficial to survival of trained plantlets.[Conclusion] This study laid a foundation for further large-area cultivation of Rubus chingii Hu.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830065 and 31960159)。
文摘Domestication of crops is one of the greatest inventions of the human race and has played a vital role in the progress of human civilization.Understanding the genetic mechanisms of crop domestication could shed light on its history and would advance crop breeding.Cultivated rice species,which were domesticated from wild rice species,are important food crops worldwide.Morphological traits,physiological characteristics,and ecological adaptability of cultivated rice are very different from those characters of wild rice.In this review,we summarize current knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences between wild and cultivated rice and discuss the application of wild rice species in modern breeding.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP-CAAS)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601360)the 13th Five-Year Plan Vegetable Breeding Program of Sichuan Province, China (2016NYZ0033)
文摘Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) stress resistance and fruit total soluble solid(TSS) content have changed dramatically during selective breeding, and transcriptome variation has played a critical role in this rewiring. However, the single tomato reference genome impedes characterization of whole-transcriptome variation during domestication and breeding at the population level. Here, we constructed a pan-transcriptome of orange-stage tomato fruit, and investigated global expression presence/absence variation(e PAV) and differentially expressed genes(DEGs) based on RNA sequencing(RNA-seq) data from 399 tomato accessions. A total of 7 181 genes absent from the reference genome were identified, 6 122 of which were e PAV genes during tomato domestication and breeding including resistance genes such as late blight resistance gene PIM_DN29746_c0_g3_i1 and peroxidase P7-like gene PIM_DN30274_c0_g2_i1. In addition, 3 629 genes were significantly differentially expressed during tomato selection, among which 19 genes were associated with the reduced fruit TSS content of modern tomato cultivars, including LIN5, TIV1, and seven novel sugar transporter genes. Our results indicate that natural and artificial selection greatly shaped the tomato transcriptome, thereby altering the fruit TSS content and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(2019QZKK0501)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA2004010302)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860305)supported by the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province。
文摘The domestic dog,as a highly successful domestication model,is well known as a favored human companion.Exploring its domestication history should provide great insight into our understanding of the prehistoric development of human culture and productivity.Furthermore,investigation on the mechanisms underpinning the morphological and behavioral traits associated with canid domestication syndrome is of significance not only for scientific study but also for human medical research.Current development of a multidisciplinary canine genome database,which includes enormous omics data,has substantially improved our understanding of the genetic makeup of dogs.Here,we reviewed recent advances associated with the original history and genetic basis underlying environmental adaptations and phenotypic diversities in domestic dogs,which should provide perspectives on improving the communicative relationship between dogs and humans.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.3133058,31290213)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe 111 Project(B08025)
文摘Polyploidy plays a major role in genome evolution,which corresponds to environmental changes over millions of years.The mechanisms of genome evolution,particularly during the process of domestication,are of broad interest in the fields of plant science and crop breeding.Upland cotton is derived from the hybridization and polyploidization of its ancient A and D diploid ancestors.As a result,cotton is a model for polyploid genome evolution and crop domestication.To explore the genomic mysteries of allopolyploid cotton,we investigated asymmetric evolution and domestication in the A and D subgenomes.Interestingly,more structural rearrangements have been characterized in the A subgenome than in the D subgenome.Correspondingly,more transposable elements,a greater number of lost and disrupted genes,and faster evolution have been identified in the A subgenome.In contrast,the centromeric retroelement(RT-domain related) sequence of tetraploid cotton derived from the D subgenome progenitor was found to have invaded the A subgenome centromeres after allotetrapolyploid formation.Although there is no genome-wide expression bias between the subgenomes,as with expression-level alterations,gene expression bias of homoeologous gene pairs is widespread and varies from tissue to tissue.Further,there are more positively selected genes for fiber yield and quality in the A subgenome and more for stress tolerance in the D subgenome,indicating asymmetric domestication.This review highlights the asymmetric subgenomic evolution and domestication of allotetraploid cotton,providing valuable genomic resources for cotton research and enhancing our understanding of the basis of many other allopolyploids.
基金supported by the "948" Project of State Forestry Administration of China (Grant No. 2011-4-43) the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Grant No. 2009ZX09308-002)
文摘Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefits from marula [Sclerocarya birrea（A.Rich.） Hochst.subsp.caffra（Sond.） Kokwaro].These include the contribution of this species towards health,nutrition,food security and conservation by sharing local skills and knowledge related to it.Marula fruits can be eaten fresh,squeezed to make juice,brewed in traditional beer or used to make jam and jelly.The kernels are also edible and can be pressed to extract oil for cooking and cosmetics,i.e.,for skin and hair application.The bark,roots,seeds and leaves are exploited for traditional medicinal purposes.Marula has acquired significant commercial value since its fruits and other products have entered local,regional and international trade in southern Africa.To diver-sify fruit production and satisfy the increasing demands for this resource,several domestication initiatives have been carried out at regional and international levels.The accumulated knowledge and skills relevant to the establishment and commercialization of marula therefore provide an effective guide in areas where marula remains undomesticated or underutilized.We discuss the great importance of marula in southern Africa to reveal its great potential to regions where it remains unexploited.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31925029)。
文摘African cultivated rice,Oryza glaberrima,is characterized by its glabrous glumes.During domestication,the pubescent glumes of its wild ancestor,Oryza barthii,lost their trichomes,and in this study,we show that glabrous glume 5(GLAG5),a WUSCHEL-like homeobox transcription factor gene on chromosome 5,is required for trichome development.DNA methylation associated with an hATtransposable element inserted in the promoter region of GLAG5 is found to reduce its expression,leading to the formation of glabrous glumes and leaves in African cultivated rice.Among 82 African cultivated rice varieties investigated in this study,59(approximately 71%)lines exhibit glabrous glumes and harbor the hAT transposon;however,the other 23 varieties(approximately 29%),which exhibit pubescent glumes,lack the hAT transposon,indicating that glag5 had undergone strong artificial selection.Theπ;/π;ratios also show the hAT transposon insertions influence the genetic diversity of an approximately 150-kb interval encompassing the GLAG5 locus.The identification of the GLAG5 gene provides new insights into the domestication of cultivated rice in Africa.We speculate that the selection of varieties with mutations in their promoter regions is an important aspect of crop domestication.
文摘This paper introduced the translation theory of domestication and foreignization at first.Then,the author made a comparison about the cultural connotations of color words between English and Chinese,and set detailed examples to explain the application of these two strategies with literal translation,free translation and annotation in color words translation from English to Chinese.At last,the paper tries to propose that domestication and foreignization can be used when translating color words and the tendency of usage of these two strategies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81170851)Capital Project of the Transfer of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Research Institutes of Sichuan Province, China (2009 Chuan fiscal teach [2009] No.36)Sichuan Provincial Health Department Scientific Research Project, China (No.100474)
文摘AIM: To train Tibetan monkey (Macaca thibetana) for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in conscious state and obtain normal IOP in conscious Tibetan Macaque. METHODS: The training was based on award-conditioned behavior. Food stimulation and human-animal interaction were used in this training. RESULTS: Trained Tibetan monkeys calmly accepted IOP measurement by the TonoVete (R) rebound tonometer without sedation or anesthesia and their IOP values were similar to other primates. CONCLUSION: Human-cultivated Thibetan monkeys are tamable, and can be used for biomedical research such as ophthalmic research without anesthesia.
文摘Cotton is considered as a major cash crop of the world. It earns huge foreign exchange by its valuable products;fiber, lint, cotton seed oil, hull and a lot more. Being an important fiber crop, it earns huge foreign exchange by contributing to textile and seed oil industry. This review summarizes cotton biology, its diversity and domestication, genome assembly, constraints in its production and methods to improve cotton plant to fulfill the need of textile and oil industry. But cotton is facing enormous biotic and abiotic stresses with insect pests being most prominent. Massive destruction caused by insects needs to be controlled for maintaining fruitful cotton crop production. Conventional breeding approaches are limited to improving single trait and integrate stable genes within plant genome in approximately 7 - 8 years. Improved biotechnological procedures have paved new pathways to target genes specifically and improve cotton germplasm in lesser time than conventional breeding.
