Exercise is a potent force of nature with significant potential for extending longevity and boosting physical fitness. It is also be- ing increasingly used as a prophylactic and curative measure for various physical a...Exercise is a potent force of nature with significant potential for extending longevity and boosting physical fitness. It is also be- ing increasingly used as a prophylactic and curative measure for various physical ailments, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.展开更多
The normal development and optimal functioning of the brain requires a vigilant immune surveillance system to detect and remove potential risk factors and prevent infection and tissue damage. Microglia are the residen...The normal development and optimal functioning of the brain requires a vigilant immune surveillance system to detect and remove potential risk factors and prevent infection and tissue damage. Microglia are the resident immune cells and the frontline defenders responsible for the immune response of the brain. Resting microglia possess a ramified morphology with numerous thin processes that continuously sample the environment. In response to inflammatory signals, microglia become activated and transform their morphology into a thick, amoeboid-like shape. Activated microglia proliferate, tolerate to sites of iniurv,展开更多
The central dogma(CD)of molecular biology is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.Major CD processes governing genetic flow include the cell cycle,DNA replication,chromosome packaging,epigene...The central dogma(CD)of molecular biology is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.Major CD processes governing genetic flow include the cell cycle,DNA replication,chromosome packaging,epigenetic changes,transcription,posttranscriptional alterations,translation,and posttranslational modifications.The CD processes are tightly regulated in plants to maintain genetic integrity throughout the life cycle and to pass genetic materials to next generation.Engineering of various CD processes involved in gene regulation will accelerate crop improvement to feed the growing world population.CRISPR technology enables programmable editing of CD processes to alter DNA,RNA,or protein,which would have been impossible in the past.Here,an overview of recent advancements in CRISPR tool development and CRISPR-based CD modulations that expedite basic and applied plant research is provided.Furthermore,CRISPR applications in major thriving areas of research,such as gene discovery(allele mining and cryptic gene activation),introgression(de novo domestication and haploid induction),and application of desired traits beneficial to farmers or consumers(biotic/abiotic stress-resilient crops,plant cell factories,and delayed senescence),are described.Finally,the global regulatory policies,challenges,and prospects for CRISPR-mediated crop improvement are discussed.展开更多
Background:The genetic central dogma(GCD)has been demonstrated its essential function in many biological processes and diseases.However,its roles in the process of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells(...Background:The genetic central dogma(GCD)has been demonstrated its essential function in many biological processes and diseases.However,its roles in the process of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)remain unclear.Methods:In this project,we analyzed an online database of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs after 14 days and 28 days by osteoinductive medium(GSE83770).The differentially expressed genes were screened by GEO2R,with further conducting of KEGG pathways using DAVID.In addition,protein-protein interactions of the enriched pathways were performed using STRING with marked hub genes measured by the CytoHubba.Hub genes were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results:Results showed that six pathways related to GCD,including DNA replication,Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis,Mismatch repair,Ribosome,Spliceosome,and RNA degradation pathways enriched in the early stage(14 days vs.undifferentiated MSCs)of osteogenesis.The Lysosome pathway was highly enriched in the late stage(28 vs.14 days)of osteogenesis,and Ribosome pathway plays a key role throughout the entire process(28 days vs.undifferentiated MSCs)of osteogenesis.Conclusion:Both DNA replication and protein translation were functionally worked in the early stage of osteogenesis,whereas the Lysosome pathway was the only GCD-related one in the late stage of osteogenesis.The GCD-related Ribosome pathway occupied the entire process of osteogenesis.展开更多
The 'central dogma 'of molecular biology indicated that the direction of the genetic information flow is from DNA - RNA - protein. However, up to now, the central dogma has not obtained a sufficient theoretica...The 'central dogma 'of molecular biology indicated that the direction of the genetic information flow is from DNA - RNA - protein. However, up to now, the central dogma has not obtained a sufficient theoretical support from cybernetics and information theory. In addition, some special cases in biology, such as, although the scrapie prion is irreversibly inactivated by alkali, five procedures with more specificity for modifying nucleic acids failed to cause inactivation and when a resting cell is activated by some factors and division occurs, protein synthesis has begun before DNA synthesis etc., are also very difficult to explain clearly by the central dogma. A broad outline of a mechanism for reverse translation can easily be 'designed', based on the normal translation process, and this serves both to prove that there is no fundamental theoretical reason for the central dogma, and to illustrate why the redundancy of genetic code is not a problem.This paper, based on some previous research work of authors, from the view of cybernetics, information theory and theoretical biology, explored the possibility of protein as a genetic information carrier, the probable pairing ways between ammo acids-codons, and the direction of genetic information flows etc., at theory, by comparing and analyzing theoretically the characteristics of information carriers existing in DNA and protein. The authors inferred that perhaps protein may join the informational transferring as a genetic information carrier; the direction of genetic information flows, besides the way described by the central dogma, seem also to have another type, that is, genetic information flowing from protein - DNA (RNA) - protein, which also includes the genetic information flow in the central dogma. Undoubtedly, the research on problems about the position and roles of protein during the genetic information transferring will have an important effect on the investigation and development of molecular biology, molecular genetics and gene engineering.展开更多
文摘Exercise is a potent force of nature with significant potential for extending longevity and boosting physical fitness. It is also be- ing increasingly used as a prophylactic and curative measure for various physical ailments, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
基金supported by the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant(No.2012M3A9C6049935)the DGIST Convergence Science Center Program(15-BD-04)of the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning of Korea
文摘The normal development and optimal functioning of the brain requires a vigilant immune surveillance system to detect and remove potential risk factors and prevent infection and tissue damage. Microglia are the resident immune cells and the frontline defenders responsible for the immune response of the brain. Resting microglia possess a ramified morphology with numerous thin processes that continuously sample the environment. In response to inflammatory signals, microglia become activated and transform their morphology into a thick, amoeboid-like shape. Activated microglia proliferate, tolerate to sites of iniurv,
基金This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(grants NRF 2020M3A9I4038352,2020R1A6A1A03044344)by the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program(SSAC,grant PJ01322601)the Program for New Plant Breeding Techniques(NBT,grant PJ01478401),Rural Development Administration,Korea.
文摘The central dogma(CD)of molecular biology is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.Major CD processes governing genetic flow include the cell cycle,DNA replication,chromosome packaging,epigenetic changes,transcription,posttranscriptional alterations,translation,and posttranslational modifications.The CD processes are tightly regulated in plants to maintain genetic integrity throughout the life cycle and to pass genetic materials to next generation.Engineering of various CD processes involved in gene regulation will accelerate crop improvement to feed the growing world population.CRISPR technology enables programmable editing of CD processes to alter DNA,RNA,or protein,which would have been impossible in the past.Here,an overview of recent advancements in CRISPR tool development and CRISPR-based CD modulations that expedite basic and applied plant research is provided.Furthermore,CRISPR applications in major thriving areas of research,such as gene discovery(allele mining and cryptic gene activation),introgression(de novo domestication and haploid induction),and application of desired traits beneficial to farmers or consumers(biotic/abiotic stress-resilient crops,plant cell factories,and delayed senescence),are described.Finally,the global regulatory policies,challenges,and prospects for CRISPR-mediated crop improvement are discussed.
文摘Background:The genetic central dogma(GCD)has been demonstrated its essential function in many biological processes and diseases.However,its roles in the process of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)remain unclear.Methods:In this project,we analyzed an online database of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs after 14 days and 28 days by osteoinductive medium(GSE83770).The differentially expressed genes were screened by GEO2R,with further conducting of KEGG pathways using DAVID.In addition,protein-protein interactions of the enriched pathways were performed using STRING with marked hub genes measured by the CytoHubba.Hub genes were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results:Results showed that six pathways related to GCD,including DNA replication,Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis,Mismatch repair,Ribosome,Spliceosome,and RNA degradation pathways enriched in the early stage(14 days vs.undifferentiated MSCs)of osteogenesis.The Lysosome pathway was highly enriched in the late stage(28 vs.14 days)of osteogenesis,and Ribosome pathway plays a key role throughout the entire process(28 days vs.undifferentiated MSCs)of osteogenesis.Conclusion:Both DNA replication and protein translation were functionally worked in the early stage of osteogenesis,whereas the Lysosome pathway was the only GCD-related one in the late stage of osteogenesis.The GCD-related Ribosome pathway occupied the entire process of osteogenesis.
文摘The 'central dogma 'of molecular biology indicated that the direction of the genetic information flow is from DNA - RNA - protein. However, up to now, the central dogma has not obtained a sufficient theoretical support from cybernetics and information theory. In addition, some special cases in biology, such as, although the scrapie prion is irreversibly inactivated by alkali, five procedures with more specificity for modifying nucleic acids failed to cause inactivation and when a resting cell is activated by some factors and division occurs, protein synthesis has begun before DNA synthesis etc., are also very difficult to explain clearly by the central dogma. A broad outline of a mechanism for reverse translation can easily be 'designed', based on the normal translation process, and this serves both to prove that there is no fundamental theoretical reason for the central dogma, and to illustrate why the redundancy of genetic code is not a problem.This paper, based on some previous research work of authors, from the view of cybernetics, information theory and theoretical biology, explored the possibility of protein as a genetic information carrier, the probable pairing ways between ammo acids-codons, and the direction of genetic information flows etc., at theory, by comparing and analyzing theoretically the characteristics of information carriers existing in DNA and protein. The authors inferred that perhaps protein may join the informational transferring as a genetic information carrier; the direction of genetic information flows, besides the way described by the central dogma, seem also to have another type, that is, genetic information flowing from protein - DNA (RNA) - protein, which also includes the genetic information flow in the central dogma. Undoubtedly, the research on problems about the position and roles of protein during the genetic information transferring will have an important effect on the investigation and development of molecular biology, molecular genetics and gene engineering.
