Discomycetes are an artificial grouping of apothecia-producing fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.Molecular-based studies have revealed that the discomycetes can be found among ten classes of Ascomycota.The classification...Discomycetes are an artificial grouping of apothecia-producing fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.Molecular-based studies have revealed that the discomycetes can be found among ten classes of Ascomycota.The classification of discomycetes has been a major challenge due to the lack of a clear understanding of the important morphological characters,as well as a lack of reference strains.In this review,we provide a historical perspective of discomycetes,notes on their morphology(including both asexual and sexual morphs),ecology and importance,an outline of discomycete families and a synoptical cladogram of currently accepted families in Ascomycota showing their systematic position.We also calculated evolutionary divergence times for major discomycetous taxa based on phylogenetic relationships using a combined LSU,SSU and RPB2 data set from 175 strains and fossil data.Our results confirm that discomycetes are found in two major subphyla of the Ascomycota:Taphrinomycotina and Pezizomycotina.The taxonomic placement of major discomycete taxa is briefly discussed.The most basal group of discomycetes is the class Neolectomycetes,which diverged from other Taphrinomycotina around 417 MYA(216–572),and the most derived group of discomycetes,the class Lecanoromycetes,diverged from Eurotiomycetes around 340 MYA(282–414).Further clarifications based on type specimens,designation of epitypes or reference specimens from fresh collections,and multi-gene analyses are needed to determine the taxonomic arrangement of many discomycetes.展开更多
Here,we show that Lichinodium(Lichinaceae,Lichinomycetes,Ascomycota)constitutes a formerly unrecognized lineage within the Leotiomycetes,thus being the first lichenized lineage recognized in the superclass Sordariomyc...Here,we show that Lichinodium(Lichinaceae,Lichinomycetes,Ascomycota)constitutes a formerly unrecognized lineage within the Leotiomycetes,thus being the first lichenized lineage recognized in the superclass Sordariomyceta(Leotiomycetes,Laboulbeniomycetes and Sordariomycetes).To infer the position of Lichinodium,we constructed two multilocus phylogenies based on six and five gene regions(nuLSU rDNA,nuSSU rDNA,mtSSU rDNA,RPB1,RPB2 and MCM7)including main Pezizomycotina groups in the first analysis and focusing secondly on a comprehensive selection of Sordariomyceta.The results show that Lichinodium is sister to Leotiaceae.We discuss the morphological and ecological similarities between Lichinodium and other Leotiomycetes,and describe the new order Lichinodiales and family Lichinodiaceae.The sister relationship between Sordariomycetes and Laboulbeniomycetes is here supported as it is the relationship between this clade and the Leotiomycetes.The results also support the polyphyly of Helotiales,the recognition of the Leotiales in a strict sense or the inclusion of the Triblidiales in Leotiomycetes.The photobionts of Lichinodium were sequenced for two genetic markers(rbcLX and 16S rDNA)and identified as Rhizonema,a recently described genus of filamentous cyanobacteria belonging to Nostocaceae.TEM studies revealed that the mycobiont-cyanobiont interface in Lichinodium does not produce haustoria,thus differing from a typical Lichinomycete(e.g.Ephebe).展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31360015)the Autonomous Deployment Program of the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.KIB2016002 and Y62B9111Q1)and the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams+2 种基金Peter R.Johnston and Robert Lucking are thanked for providing suggestions during the preparation of this manuscript,Martin Ryberg is thanked for discussion on the evolution of discomycetes and Samantha C.Karunarathna is thanked for suppling some photographs used in this manuscript.Kevin D.Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Project No.2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of BotanyAlan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute(BioISI,FCT/UID/Multi/04046/2013)Anusha H.Ekanayaka was supported by a postgraduate scholarship from Professor Gareth Jones.Anusha H.Ekanayaka is grateful to(Late)Mr.W.Ekanayaka and Mrs.C.Ekanayaka and Mr.A.Surasinghe for their valuable support and encouragement.
文摘Discomycetes are an artificial grouping of apothecia-producing fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.Molecular-based studies have revealed that the discomycetes can be found among ten classes of Ascomycota.The classification of discomycetes has been a major challenge due to the lack of a clear understanding of the important morphological characters,as well as a lack of reference strains.In this review,we provide a historical perspective of discomycetes,notes on their morphology(including both asexual and sexual morphs),ecology and importance,an outline of discomycete families and a synoptical cladogram of currently accepted families in Ascomycota showing their systematic position.We also calculated evolutionary divergence times for major discomycetous taxa based on phylogenetic relationships using a combined LSU,SSU and RPB2 data set from 175 strains and fossil data.Our results confirm that discomycetes are found in two major subphyla of the Ascomycota:Taphrinomycotina and Pezizomycotina.The taxonomic placement of major discomycete taxa is briefly discussed.The most basal group of discomycetes is the class Neolectomycetes,which diverged from other Taphrinomycotina around 417 MYA(216–572),and the most derived group of discomycetes,the class Lecanoromycetes,diverged from Eurotiomycetes around 340 MYA(282–414).Further clarifications based on type specimens,designation of epitypes or reference specimens from fresh collections,and multi-gene analyses are needed to determine the taxonomic arrangement of many discomycetes.
基金Grants 148/2012,144/2013 and 71/2015“Lichinomycetes i Sverige”from the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative(Svenska artprojektet)administered by the Swedish Species Information Center(ArtDatabanken)Grant 2016-03589 from the Swedish Research Council(VR).
文摘Here,we show that Lichinodium(Lichinaceae,Lichinomycetes,Ascomycota)constitutes a formerly unrecognized lineage within the Leotiomycetes,thus being the first lichenized lineage recognized in the superclass Sordariomyceta(Leotiomycetes,Laboulbeniomycetes and Sordariomycetes).To infer the position of Lichinodium,we constructed two multilocus phylogenies based on six and five gene regions(nuLSU rDNA,nuSSU rDNA,mtSSU rDNA,RPB1,RPB2 and MCM7)including main Pezizomycotina groups in the first analysis and focusing secondly on a comprehensive selection of Sordariomyceta.The results show that Lichinodium is sister to Leotiaceae.We discuss the morphological and ecological similarities between Lichinodium and other Leotiomycetes,and describe the new order Lichinodiales and family Lichinodiaceae.The sister relationship between Sordariomycetes and Laboulbeniomycetes is here supported as it is the relationship between this clade and the Leotiomycetes.The results also support the polyphyly of Helotiales,the recognition of the Leotiales in a strict sense or the inclusion of the Triblidiales in Leotiomycetes.The photobionts of Lichinodium were sequenced for two genetic markers(rbcLX and 16S rDNA)and identified as Rhizonema,a recently described genus of filamentous cyanobacteria belonging to Nostocaceae.TEM studies revealed that the mycobiont-cyanobiont interface in Lichinodium does not produce haustoria,thus differing from a typical Lichinomycete(e.g.Ephebe).
